Serum magnesium and the risk of death from coronary heart disease and sudden cardiac death

Journal of the American Heart Association

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 1-11

  Kieboom, Brenda C T ^a,b   Niemeijer, Maartje N ^a   Leening, Maarten J G ^a,c   van den Berg, Marten E ^a   Franco, Oscar H ^a   Deckers, Jaap W ^a   Hofman, Albert ^a,c   Zietse, Robert ^a   Stricker, Bruno H ^a,b   Hoorn, Ewout J ^a  

^a ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b Netherlands Health Care Inspectorate   (Netherlands)

^c HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular diseases; Death; Epidemiology; Mortality; Risk factors; Sudden

Indexed keywords

MAGNESIUM; BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

AGED; ARTERIAL WALL THICKNESS; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART RATE; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MAGNESIUM BLOOD LEVEL; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NETHERLANDS; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; QT PROLONGATION; RISK; RR INTERVAL; SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH; ARRHYTHMIAS, CARDIAC; BLOOD; CAROTID ARTERY DISEASES; CAUSE OF DEATH; CORONARY DISEASE; DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC; DOWN REGULATION; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODEL; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; STATISTICAL MODEL; TIME FACTOR;

AGED; ARRHYTHMIAS, CARDIAC; BIOMARKERS; CAROTID ARTERY DISEASES; CAROTID INTIMA-MEDIA THICKNESS; CAUSE OF DEATH; CORONARY DISEASE; DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC; DOWN-REGULATION; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; FEMALE; HEART RATE; HUMANS; LINEAR MODELS; MAGNESIUM; MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; NETHERLANDS; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODELS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 84998981076     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20479980     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002707     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Leone N, Courbon D, Ducimetiere P, Zureik M. Zinc, copper, and magnesium and risks for all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality. Epidemiology.2006;17:308-314.
2. World Health Organization. Definition and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus and Intermediate Hyperglycaemia: Report of WHO/IDF Consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006.
3. Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF III, Feldman HI, Kusek JW, Eggers P, Van Lente F, Greene T, Coresh J, Ckd EPI. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:604-612.
4. Leening MJ, Kavousi M, Heeringa J, van Rooij FJ, Verkroost-van Heemst J, Deckers JW, Mattace-Raso FU, Ziere G, Hofman A, Stricker BH, Witteman JC. Methods of data collection and definitions of cardiac outcomes in the Rotterdam Study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2012;27:173-185.
5. World Health Organization. ATC/DDD index. Available at: www.whocc.no/ atc_ddd_index. Accessed November 20, 2014.
6. Woosley R. Drugs that prolong the QTc interval and/or induce torsade de pointes. Available at: http://www.crediblemeds.org/everyone/composite-listall- qtdrugs. Accessed July 30, 2015.
7. Caspersen CJ, Bloemberg BP, Saris WH, Merritt RK, Kromhout D. The prevalence of selected physical activities and their relation with coronary heart disease risk factors in elderly men: the Zutphen Study, 1985. Am J Epidemiol.1991;133:1078-1092.
8. Niemeijer MN, van den Berg ME, Leening MJ, Hofman A, Franco OH, Deckers JW, Heeringa J, Rijnbeek PR, Stricker BH, Eijgelsheim M. Declining incidence of sudden cardiac death from 1990-2010 in a general middle-aged and elderly population: the Rotterdam Study. Heart Rhythm. 2015;12:123-129.
9. Myerburg RJ, Interian A Jr, Mitrani RM, Kessler KM, Castellanos A. Frequency of sudden cardiac death and profiles of risk. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80:10F-19F.
10. Priori SGA, Aliot E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Boassaert L, Breithardt G. Task force on sudden cardiac death of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:1374-1450.
11. Lorenz MW, Markus HS, Bots ML, Rosvall M, Sitzer M. Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation. 2007;115:459-467.
12. Bots ML, Hoes AW, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Grobbee DE. Common carotid intima-media thickness and risk of stroke and myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam Study. Circulation. 1997;96:1432-1437.
13. van Bemmel JH, Kors JA, van Herpen G. Methodology of the modular ECG analysis system MEANS. Methods Inf Med. 1990;29:346-353.
14. Bazett HC. An analysis of the time-relations of electrocardiograms. Heart.1920;7:353-367.
15. Fine JP, Gray RJ. A proportional hazards model for the subdistribution of a competing risk. J Am Stat Assoc. 1999;94:496-509.
16. Rautaharju PM, Surawicz B, Gettes LS, Bailey JJ, Childers R, Deal BJ, Gorgels A, Hancock EW, Josephson M, Kligfield P, Kors JA, Macfarlane P, Mason JW, Mirvis DM, Okin P, Pahlm O, van Herpen G, Wagner GS, Wellens H; American Heart Association E, Arrhythmias Committee CoCC, American College of Cardiology F, Heart Rhythm S. AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part IV: the ST segment, T and U waves, and the QT interval: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society: endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology. Circulation. 2009;119:e241-e250.
17. Hess KR. Graphical methods for assessing violations of the proportional hazards assumption in Cox regression. Stat Med. 1995;14:1707-1723.
18. Dempster AP, Laird NM, Rubin DB. Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via EM algorithm. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological). 1977;39:1-38.
19. Chiuve SE, Sun Q, Curhan GC, Taylor EN, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Manson JE, Rexrode KM, Albert CM. Dietary and plasma magnesium and risk of coronary heart disease among women. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2:e000114 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.113.000114.
20. Chiuve SE, Korngold EC, Januzzi JL Jr, Gantzer ML, Albert CM. Plasma and dietary magnesium and risk of sudden cardiac death in women. Am J Clin Nutr.2011;93:253-260.
21. Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, Buxton AE, Chaitman B, Fromer M, Gregoratos G, Klein G, Moss AJ, Myerburg RJ, Priori SG, Quinones MA, Roden DM, Silka MJ, Tracy C, Smith SC Jr, Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Antman EM, Anderson JL, Hunt SA, Halperin JL, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B, Blanc JJ, Budaj A, Dean V, Deckers JW, Despres C, Dickstein K, Lekakis J, McGregor K, Metra M, Morais J, Osterspey A, Tamargo JL, Zamorano JL; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task F, European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice G, European Heart Rhythm A, Heart Rhythm S. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation.2006;114:e385-e484.
22. Roden DM. Drug-induced prolongation of the QT interval. N Engl J Med.2004;350:1013-1022.
23. Bots ML, Grobbee DE, Hofman A, Witteman JC. Common carotid intima-media thickness and risk of acute myocardial infarction: the role of lumen diameter.Stroke. 2005;36:762-767.
24. Meyer TE, Verwoert GC, Hwang SJ, Glazer NL, Smith AV, van Rooij FJ, Ehret GB, Boerwinkle E, Felix JF, Leak TS, Harris TB, Yang Q, Dehghan A, Aspelund T, Katz R, Homuth G, Kocher T, Rettig R, Ried JS, Gieger C, Prucha H, Pfeufer A, Meitinger T, Coresh J, Hofman A, Sarnak MJ, Chen YD, Uitterlinden AG, Chakravarti A, Psaty BM, van Duijn CM, Kao WH, Witteman JC, Gudnason V, Siscovick DS, Fox CS, Kottgen A; Genetic Factors for Osteoporosis C, Meta Analysis of G, Insulin Related Traits C. Genome-wide association studies of serum magnesium, potassium, and sodium concentrations identify six loci influencing serum magnesium levels. PLoS Genet. 2010;6.
25. Zhang Z, Duckart J, Slatore CG, Fu Y, Petrik AF, Thorp ML, Cohen DM. Individuality of the plasma sodium concentration. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol.2014;306:F1534-F1543.
26. Zipes DP, Wellens HJ. Sudden cardiac death. Circulation. 1998;98:2334-2351.
27. de Baaij JH, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ. Magnesium in man: implications for health and disease. Physiol Rev. 2015;95:1-46.
28. Del Gobbo LC, Imamura F, Wu JH, de Oliveira Otto MC, Chiuve SE, Mozaffarian D. Circulating and dietary magnesium and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98:160-173.
29. Liamis G, Rodenburg EM, Hofman A, Zietse R, Stricker BH, Hoorn EJ. Electrolyte disorders in community subjects: prevalence and risk factors. Am J Med. 2013;126:256-263.
30. Adamopoulos C, Pitt B, Sui X, Love TE, Zannad F, Ahmed A. Low serum magnesium and cardiovascular mortality in chronic heart failure: a propensitymatched study. Int J Cardiol. 2009;136:270-277.
31. Ishimura E, Okuno S, Yamakawa T, Inaba M, Nishizawa Y. Serum magnesium concentration is a significant predictor of mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Magnes Res. 2007;20:237-244.
32. Shechter M, Sharir M, Labrador MJ, Forrester J, Silver B, Bairey Merz CN. Oral magnesium therapy improves endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2000;102:2353-2358.
33. Altura BM, Altura BT, Gebrewold A, Ising H, Gunther T. Magnesium deficiency and hypertension: correlation between magnesium-deficient diets and microcirculatory changes in situ. Science. 1984;223:1315-1317.
34. Maier JA, Malpuech-Brugere C, Zimowska W, Rayssiguier Y, Mazur A. Low magnesium promotes endothelial cell dysfunction: implications for atherosclerosis, inflammation and thrombosis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2004;1689:13-21.
35. Bernardini D, Nasulewic A, Mazur A, Maier JA. Magnesium and microvascular endothelial cells: a role in inflammation and angiogenesis. Front Biosci. 2005;10:1177-1182.
36. Amighi J, Sabeti S, Schlager O, Mlekusch W, Exner M, Lalouschek W, Ahmadi R, Minar E, Schillinger M. Low serum magnesium predicts neurological events in patients with advanced atherosclerosis. Stroke. 2004;35:22-27.
37. Ford ES. Serum magnesium and ischaemic heart disease: findings from a national sample of US adults. Int J Epidemiol. 1999;28:645-651.
38. Parikka H, Toivonen L, Naukkarinen V, Tierala I, Pohjola-Sintonen S, Heikkila J, Nieminen MS. Decreases by magnesium of QT dispersion and ventricular arrhythmias in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 1999;20:111-120.
39. Martin BJ, Black J, McLelland AS. Hypomagnesaemia in elderly hospital admissions: a study of clinical significance. Q J Med. 1991;78:177-184.
40. Reunanen A, Knekt P, Marniemi J, Maki J, Maatela J, Aromaa A. Serum calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc and risk of cardiovascular death. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1996;50:431-437.
41. Peacock JM, Ohira T, Post W, Sotoodehnia N, Rosamond W, Folsom AR. Serum magnesium and risk of sudden cardiac death in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Am Heart J. 2010;160:464-470.
42. Khan AM, Sullivan L, McCabe E, Levy D, Vasan RS, Wang TJ. Lack of association between serum magnesium and the risks of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J. 2010;160:715-720.
43. Orimo H, Ouchi Y. The role of calcium and magnesium in the development of atherosclerosis. Experimental and clinical evidence. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1990;598:444-457.
44. Straus SM, Kors JA, De Bruin ML, van der Hooft CS, Hofman A, Heeringa J, Deckers JW, Kingma JH, Sturkenboom MC, Stricker BH, Witteman JC. Prolonged QTc interval and risk of sudden cardiac death in a population of older adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:362-367.
45. McBride BF, Min B, Kluger J, Guertin D, Henyan NN, Coleman CI, Silver BB, White CM. An evaluation of the impact of oral magnesium lactate on the corrected QT interval of patients receiving sotalol or dofetilide to prevent atrial or ventricular tachyarrhythmia recurrence. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2006;11:163-169.
46. Hofman A, Brusselle GG, Darwish Murad S, van Duijn CM, Franco OH, Goedegebure A, Ikram MA, Klaver CC, Nijsten TE, Peeters RP, Stricker BH, Tiemeier HW, Uitterlinden AG, Vernooij MW. The Rotterdam Study: 2016 objectives and design update. Eur J Epidemiol. 2015;30:661-708.