Frequency of sudden cardiac death and profiles of risk

American Journal of Cardiology

Volumn 80, Issue 5 B, 1997, Pages

  Myerburg, Robert J ^a   Interian Jr , Alberto ^a   Mitrani, Raul M ^a   Kessler, Kenneth M ^a   Castellanos, Agustin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARDIOMYOPATHY; CONFERENCE PAPER; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE EJECTION FRACTION; HEART VENTRICLE FIBRILLATION; HEART VENTRICLE TACHYCARDIA; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; POPULATION DYNAMICS; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SUDDEN DEATH;

EID: 0030820117     PISSN: 00029149     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00477-3     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (87)

1. Report of the Working Group on Arteriosclerosis of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (Volume 2): Patient Oriented Research - Fundamental and Applied, Sudden Cardiac Death, DHEW, NIH Publication #83-2035, Washington 1981, 114-122.
2. Epstein FH, Pisa Z. International comparisons in ischemic heart disease mortality. Proc Conf on the Decline in Coronary Heart Disease Mortality. DHEW. NIH Publication No. 79-1610. Washington D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979,58-88.
3. Gillum RF. Sudden coronary deaths in the United States, 1980-1985. Circulation. 79:1989;756-765.
4. Myerburg RJ, Castellanos A. Cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death. Braunwald E. Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 5th :1997;742-779 WB Saunders, New York.
5. Myerburg RJ, Kessler KM, Castellanos A. Sudden cardiac death: structure, function, and time-dependence of risk. Circulation. 85:((suppl I)):1992;1-2,1-10.
6. Myerburg RJ, Kessler KM, Castellanos A. Epidemiology of sudden cardiac death: population characteristics, conditioning risk factors, and dynamic risk factors. Spooner PM, Brown AM, Catterall WA, Kaczorowski GJ, Strauss HC. Ion Channels in the Cardiovascular System. 1994;15-33 Futura, Armonk, NY.
7. Kannel WB, Thomas HE. Sudden coronary death: the Framingham study. Ann NY Acad Sci. 382:1982;3-21.
8. Doyle JT, Kannel WB, McNamara RM, Quikenton R, Gordon T. Factors related to suddenness of death from coronary heart disease: combined Albany-Framingham Studies. Am J Cardiol. 37:1976;1073-1078.
9. Chiang B, Perlman HV, Fulton M, Ostrander ID, Epstein RH. Predisposing factor in sudden cardiac death in Tecumseh, Michigan: a prospective study. Circulation. 41:1970;31-37.
10. Demirovic J. Risk factors in the incidence of sudden cardiac death and possibilities for its prevention. Doctoral Thesis, University of Belgrade Press, Belgrade, YU. 1985.
11. Myerburg RJ, Demirovic J. Epidemiologic considerations in cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death: etiology and prehospital and posthospital outcomes. Podrid RJ, Kowey PR. Cardiac Arrhythmia: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Management. 1995;964-1003 Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
12. Myerburg RJ, Kessler KM, Castellanos A. Sudden cardiac death: epidemiology, transient risk, and intervention assessment. Ann Intern Med. 119:1993;1187-1197.
13. Bigger JT, Fleiss JL, Steinman RC, Rolnitzky LM, Kleiger RE, Rottman JN. Frequency domain measures of heart period variability and mortality after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 85:1992;164-171.
14. Huikuri HV, Linnaluoto MK, Seppanen T, Airaksinen KEJ, Kessler KM, Takkunen JT, Myerburg RJ. Heart rate variability and its circadian rhythm in survivors of cardiac arrest. Am J Cardiol. 70:1992;610-615.
15. Huikuri HV, Valkama JO, Airaksinen KEJ, Seppanen T, Kessler M, Takkunen JT1, Myerburg RJ. Frequency domain measures of heart rate variability before the onset of nonsustained and sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 87:1993;1220-1228.
16. Le Rovere MT, Specchia G, Mortara A, Schwartz PJ. Baroreflex sensitivity, clinical correlates and cardiovascular mortality among patients with first myocardial infarction: a prospective study. Circulation. 78:1988;816-824.
17. La Rovere MT, Bigger JT Jr, Marcus FI, Mortara A, Camm AJ, Hohnloser SH, Nohara R, Schwartz PJ. Prognostic value of depressed baroreflex sensitivity: the ATRAMI Study. Circulation. 92:((suppl I)):1995;I-676.
18. Bigger JT, Fleiss JL, Kleiger R, Miller JP, Rolnitzky LM. The relationships among ventricular arrhythmias, left ventricular dysfunction, and mortality in the 2 years after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 69:1984;250-258.
19. Bigger JT. Antiarrhythmic therapy: an overview after myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 53:1984;8B-16B.
20. Furukawa T, Rozanski JJ, Nogami A, Moroe K, Gosselin AJ, Lister JW. Time-dependent risk of and predictors for cardiac arrest recurrence in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with chronic coronary artery disease. Circulation. 80:1989;599-608.
21. Schechtman KB, Bipone RJ, Kleiger RE, Gibson RS, Schwartz DJ, Roberts R, Yeng PK, Boden WE. Risk stratification of patients with non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Circulation. 80:1989;1148-1158.
22. Preliminary report: effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 331:199;406-412.
23. Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell B, Peters RW, Obias-Manno D, Barker AH, Arensberg D, Baker A, Friedman L, Greene HL, Huther ML, Richardson DW. Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmias Suppression Trial. N Engl J Med. 324:1991;781-788.
24. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, Basta L, Brown EJ Jr, Cuddy TE, Davis BR, Geltman EM, Goldman S, Flaker GC, Klein M, Lamas GA, Packer M, Rouleau J, Rouleau JL, Rutherford J, Wertheimer JH, Hawkins CM. The effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction: results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. N Engl J Med. 327:1992;669-677.
25. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, Rutherford JD, Cole TG, Brown L, Warnica JW, Arnold JMO, Wun C-C, Davis BR, Braunwald E. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Eng J Med. 335:1996;1001-1009.
26. Myerburg RJ, Kessler KM, Bassett AL, Castellanos A. A biological approach to sudden cardiac death: structure, function and cause. Am J Cardiol. 63:1989;1512-1516.
27. Roden DM, George AL, Bennett PB. Recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of the long QT syndrome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 6:1995;1023-1031.
28. Kannel WB, Thomas HE. Sudden coronary death: the Framingham Study. Ann NY Acad Sci. 38:1982;3-21.
29. Cupples LA, Gagnon DR, Kannel WB. Long- and short-term risk of sudden coronary death. Circulation. 85:((suppl I)):1992;I-11-I-18.
30. Anderson KP. Sudden death, hypertension, and hypertrophy. J Cardiovasc Pharm. 6:((suppl III)):1984;S498-S503.
31. Messerli FH, Ventura HO, Elizardi DJ, Dunn FG, Frohlich ED. Hypertension and sudden increased ventricular ectopic activity in left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Med. 77:1984;18-22.
32. Furukawa T, Myerburg RJ, Furukawa N, Kimura S, Bassett AL. Ionic mechanism of increased susceptibility of hypertrophied feline myocytes to metabolic inhibition. (Abstr.). Circulation. 82:((suppl III)):1990;III-522.
33. Furukawa T, Bassett AL, Kimura S, Furukawa N, Myerburg RJ. The ionic mechanism of reperfusion-induced early afterdepolarizations in feline left ventricular hypertrophy. J Clin Invest. 91:1993;1521-1531.
34. Ginzton LE, Conant R, Rodrigues DM, Laks MM. Functional significance of hypertrophy of the noninfarcted myocardium after myocardial infarction in humans. Circulation. 80:1989;816-822.
35. Cox MM, Berman I, Myerburg RJ, Smets MJD, Kozlovskis PL. Morphometric mapping of regional myocyte diameters after healing of myocardial infarction in cats. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 23:1991;127-135.
36. Kannel WB, Doyle JT, McNamara PM, Quickenton P, Gordon T. Precursors of sudden coronary death: factors related to the incidence of sudden death. Circulation. 51:1979;606-613.
37. Kufler LH. Sudden death: definition and epidemiologic considerations. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 23:1980;1-12.
38. Kjekshus J. Arrhythmias and mortality in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 65:1990;42-I-48-I.
39. Myerburg RJ, Kessler KM, Kimura S, Castellanos A. Sudden cardiac death: future approaches based on identification and control of transient risk factors. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 3:1992;626-640.
40. Rosen MR, Janse MJ, Myerburg RJ. Arrhythmias induced by coronary artery occlusion: what are the electrophysiologic mechanisms? Hearse D, Manning A, Janse M. Life-Threatening Arrhythmias During Ischemia and Infarction. 1987;11-47 Raven Press, New York.
41. Vismara LA, Amsterdam BA, Mason DT. Relation of ventricular arrhythmias in the late-hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction to sudden death after hospital discharge. Am J Med. 59:1975;6-12.
42. Ruberman W, Weinblatt M, Goldberg JD, Frank CW, Chaudhary BS, Shapiro S. Ventricular premature complexes and sudden death after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 64:1981;297-305.
43. Schulze RA, Strauss HW, Pitt B. Sudden death in the year following myocardial infarction: relationship of ventricular premature contractions in the late hospital phase and left ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Med. 62:1977;192-199.
44. Nikolic G, Bishop RL, Singh JB. Sudden death recorded during Holter monitoring. Circulation. 66:1984;218-225.
45. Myerburg RJ, Kessler KM, Luceri RM, Zaman L, Trohman RG, Estes D, Castellanos A. Classification of ventricular arrhythmias based on parallel hierarchies of frequency and form. Am J Cardiol. 54:1984;1355-1358.
46. Leclercq JF, Coumel PH, Maisonblanche P, Cauchemez B, Zimmwerman M, Choutz F, Slama R. Mise en evidence des mechanismes et determinants de la morte subite: enquete cooperative portant sur 69 cas enregistres par la methode de Holter. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 79:1986;1024-1036.
47. Muller JE, Tofler GH, Stone PH. Circadian variation and triggers of onset of acute cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 79:1989;733-743.
48. Maclure M. The case-crossover design: a method for studying transient effects on the risk of acute events. Am J Epidemiol. 133:1991;144-153.
49. Leor J, Poole WK, Kloner RA. Sudden cardiac death triggered by an earthquake. N Engl J Med. 334:1996;413-419.
50. Baum RS, Alvarez H, Cobb LA. Survival after resuscitation from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Circulation. 50:1974;1231-1235.
51. Myerburg RJ, Kessler KM, Zaman L, Conde CA, Castellanos A. Survivors of prehospital cardiac arrest. JAMA. 247:1982;1485-1490.
52. Gottlieb SO, Weisfeldt MI, Ouyang P, Mellits ED, Gerstenblith GL. Silent ischemia as a marker for early unfavorable outcomes in patients with unstable angina. N Engl J Med. 314:1986;1214.
53. Weintraub RM, Aroesty JM, Paulin S, Levine RH, Markis JE, LaRaia PJ, Cohen SI, Kurland GS. Medically refractory unstable angina pectoris. Long-term follow up of patients undergoing intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation and operation. Am J Cardiol. 43:1979;877.
54. Mulcahy R, Awadhi AHA, deBuitieor M, Tobin G, Johnson H, Contoy R. Natural history and prognosis of unstable angina. Am Heart J. 109:1985;753.
55. Nademanee K, Intarachot V, Josephson MA, Rieders D, Mody FV, Singh BN. Prognostic significance of silent myocardial ischemia in patients with unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1:1987;1-9.
56. Myerburg RJ, Kessler KM, Mallon SM, Cox M, deMarchena E, Interian A Jr, Castellanos A. Potentially fatal arrhythmias in patients with silent myocardial ischemia due to coronary artery spasm. N Engl J Med. 326:1992;1451-1455.
57. Furukawa T, Moroe K, Mayrovitz HN, Sampsell R, Myerburg RJ. Arrhythmogenic effects of graded coronary blood flow reduction superimposed upon prior myocardial infarction in dogs. Circulation. 84:1991;368-377.
58. Furukawa T, Kimura S, Furukawa N, Bassett AL, Myerburg RJ. Role of cardiac ATP-regulated potassium channels in differential responses of endocardial and epicardial cells to ischemia. Circ Res. 68:1991;1693-1702.
59. Coronel R, Wilms-Schopman FJG, Opthof T, Cinca J, Fiolet JWT, Janse MJ. Reperfusion arrhythmias in isolated perfused pig hearts: inhomogeneities in extracellular potassium, ST and TO potentials and transmembrane action potentials. Circ Res. 71:1992;1131-1142.
60. Ideker RE, Klein GJ, Harrison L, Smith WM, Kasell J, Reimer KA, Wallace AG, Gallagher JJ. The transition to ventricular fibrillation induced by reperfusion after ischemia in the dog: a period of organized epicardial activation. Circulation. 63:1981;1371-1379.
61. Priori SG, Mantica M, Napolitano C, Schwartz PJ. Early afterdepolarization induced in vivo by reperfusion of ischemic myocardium. Circulation. 81:1990;1911-1920.
62. Koyha T, Kimura S, Myerburg RJ, Bassett AL. Susceptibility of hypertrophied rat hearts to ventricular fibrillation during acute ischemia. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 20:1988;159-168.
63. Myerburg RJ, Kessler KM, Castellanos A. Pathophysiology of sudden cardiac death. PACE. 14:((Part II)):1991;935-943.
64. Packer M. Sudden unexpected death in patients with congestive heart failure: a second frontier. Circulation. 72:1985;681-685.
65. Multiple-risk factor intervention trial: risk factor changes in mortality results. JAMA. 248:1982;1465-1477.
66. Gettes LS. Electrolyte abnormalities underlying lethal ventricular arrhythmias. Circulation. 85:((suppl I)):1992;I70-I76.
67. + channels in hypertrophied cells: effects of pH. (Abstr.). Circulation. 86:((suppl I)):1992;I92.
68. Jackman WM, Friday KJ, Anderson JL, Aliot EM, Clark K, Lazzara R. The long QT syndrome: a critical review, new clinical observations, and a unifying hypothesis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 32:((2)):1988;115-172.
69. Robinson JS, Sloman G, Mathew TH, Goble AJ. Survival after resuscitation from cardiac arrest in acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 69:1965;740-747.
70. Lab MJ. Contraction-excitation feedback in myocardium: physiologic basis and clinical relevance. Circ Res. 50:1982;757-766.
71. Calkins H, Maughan WL, Weissman HF, Sugiura S, Sagawa K, Levine JH. Effect of acute volume load on refractoriness and arrhythmia development in isolated chronically infarcted canine hearts. Circulation. 79:1989;687-697.
72. Schwartz PJ, La Rovere T, Vanoli E. Autonomic nervous system and sudden cardiac death: experimental basis and clinical observations for post-myocardial infarction risk stratification. Circulation. 85:((suppl I)):1992;I77-I91.
73. Barber MJ, Mueller TM, Henry DF, Felton SJ, Zipes DP. Transmural myocardial infarction in the dog produces sympathectomy in noninfarcted myocardium. Circulation. 67:1982;787-796.
74. Gaide MS, Myerburg RJ, Kozlovskis PL, Bassett AL. Elevated sympathetic response of epicardium proximal to healed myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol. 14:1983;646-652.
75. Schwartz PJ, Billman GE, Stone HL. Autonomic mechanisms in ventricular fibrillation induced by myocardial ischemia during exercise in dogs with a heated myocardial infarction: an experimental preparation for sudden cardiac death. Circulation. 69:1984;780-790.
76. Kammerling JJ, Green FJ, Watanabe AM, Inoue H, Barber MJ, Henry DP, Zipes DP. Denervation supersensitivity of refractoriness in noninfarcted areas apical to transmural myocardial infarction. Circulation. 76:1987;383-393.
77. Schwartz PJ, Vanoli E, Stramba-Badiale M, De Ferrari GM, Billman GE, Foreman RD. Autonomic mechanisms and sudden death: new insights from analysis of baroreceptor reflexes in conscious dogs with and without a myocardial infarction. Circulation. 78:1988;969-979.
78. Kozlovskis PL, Smets MJD, Duncan RC, Bailey BK, Bassett AL, Myerburg RJ. Regional β-adrenergic receptors and adenylate cyclase activity after healing of myocardial infarction in cats. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 22:1990;311-322.
79. Tull M, Minardo J, Mock BH, Weiner RE, Siddiqui AR, Zipes DP, Wellman HN. SPECT with high purity 1 123-MIBG after transmural myocardial infarction (TMI), demonstrating sympathetic denervation followed by reinnervation in a dog model. J Nucl Med. 28:1987;669.
80. Interian A, Fernandez P, Robinson E, Zeno J, Garcia 0, Castellanos A, Myerburg RJ. Long-term effect of propranolol in ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation patients with isoproterenol-dependent inducibility. Circulation. 82:((suppl III)):1990;435.
81. Huikuri HV, Cox M, Interian A Jr, Kessler KM, Castellanos A, Myerburg RJ. Efficacy of intravenous propranolol for suppression of inducibility of ventricular tachyarrhythmias with different electrophysiologic characteristics in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 64:1989;1305-1309.
82. Huikuri HV, Zaman L, Castellanos A, Kessler KM, Cox M, Glicksman F, Myerburg RJ. Changes in spontaneous sinus node rate as an estimate of cardiac autonomic tone during stable and unstable ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 13:1989;646-652.
83. Woosley RL, Chen Y, Freiman JP, Gfllis RA. Mechanism of cardiotoxic actions of terfenadine. JAMA. 269:1993;1532-1536.
84. Kimura S, Bassett AL, Xi H, Myerburg RJ. Early afterdepolarizations and triggered activity induced by cocaine: a possible mechanism of cocaine arrhythmogenesis. Circulation. 85:1992;2227-2235.
85. Gohn DC, Simmons TW. Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (torsades de pointes) associated with the use of probucol. N Engl J Med. 326:1992;1435-1436.
86. k activation in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Circ Res. 62:1988;1055-1058.
87. ++ current. Circ Res. 64:1989;977-990.