Gender Differences in Strategy and Human Resource Management: The Case of Dutch Real Estate Brokerage

International Small Business Journal

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 443-476

  Verheul, Ingrid ^a   Risseeuw, Peter ^b   Bartelse, Gaby ^a  

^a ERASMUS UNIVERSITY ROTTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^b VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

entrepreneurship; gender; human resource management; real estate business; strategic management

Indexed keywords

EID: 84998180037     PISSN: 02662426     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0266242602204004     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Aldrich, H. (1989) ‘Networking among Women Entrepreneurs’, in O. Hagan, C. Rivchun and D. Sexton (eds) Women Owned Businesses (pp. 103-132). New York: Praeger.
2. Asher, J. J. (1972) ‘The Biographical Item: Can it be Improved?’, Personnel Psychology 25(2): 251-269.
3. Audretsch, D. B. and Thurik, A. R. (2001) ‘What is New about the New Economy: Sources of Growth in the Managed and Entrepreneurial Economies’, Industrial and Corporate Change 10(1): 267-315.
4. Bales, R. F. (1950) Interaction Process Analysis: A Method for the Study of Small Groups. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
5. Banks, M. C., Bures, A. L. and Champion, D. L. (1987) ‘Decision Making Factors in Small Business: Training and Development’, Journal of Small Business Management 25(1): 19-25.
6. Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J. and Atwater, L. (1996) ‘The Transformational and Transactional Leadership of Men and Women’, Applied Psychology 45(1): 5-34.
7. Birley, S. J., Moss, C. and Saunders, P. (1987) ‘Do Women Entrepreneurs Require Different Training?’, American Journal of Small Business 12(1): 27-35.
8. Blake, R. R. and Mouton, J. S. (1964) The Managerial Grid. Houston: Gulf.
9. Boselie, P., Paauwe, J. and Jansen, P. (2001) ‘Human Resource Management and Performance: Lessons from the Netherlands’, International Journal of Human Resource Management 12(7): 1107-1125.
10. Breedveld, K. (2000) ‘Verdienen en Verdelen’ [Earn and Distribute], in S. Keuzenkamp and E. Hooghiemstra (eds) De Kunst van het Combineren [The Art of Combining Responsibilities] (pp. 29-48). The Hague: Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau.
11. Brown, C., Hamilton, J. and Medoff, J. (1990) Employers Large and Small. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
12. Brown, C. and Medoff, J. (1989) ‘The Employer Size-Wage Effect’, Journal of Political Economy 97(5): 1027-1059.
13. Brush, C. G. (1992) ‘Research on Women Business Owners: Past Trends, a New Perspective and Future Directions’, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 16(4): 5-30.
14. Buttner, E. H. and Moore, D. P. (1997) ‘Women's Organizational Exodus to Entrepreneurship: Self-Reported Motivations and Correlates with Success’, Journal of Small Business Management 35(1): 34-46.
15. Campbell, J. P., Dunnette, M. D., Lawler, E. E. and Weick, K. E. (1970) Managerial Behavior, Performance, and Effectiveness. New York: McGraw-Hill.
16. Carson, D., Cromie, S., McGowan, P. and Hill, J. (1995) Marketing and Entrepreneurship in SMEs: An Innovative Approach. London: Prentice Hall.
17. Carter, N. M., Williams, M. and Reynolds, P. D. (1997) ‘Discontinuance among New Firms in Retail: The Influence of Initial Resources, Strategy and Gender’, Journal of Business Venturing 12: 125-145.
18. CBS (2000) Financiele Maandstatistiek 2000 5. Voorburg: Statistics Netherlands.
19. Chaganti, R. (1986) ‘Management in Women-owned Businesses’, Journal of Small Business Management 24(4): 18-29.
20. Chaganti, R. and Parasuraman, S. (1996) ‘A Study of the Impacts of Gender on Business Performance and Management Patterns in Small Businesses’, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 21(2): 73-75.
21. Cliff, J. E. (1998) ‘Does One Size Fit All? Exploring the Relationship between Attitudes towards Growth, Gender and Business Size’, Journal of Business Venturing 13(6): 523-542.
22. Cromie, S. and Birley, S. (1991) ‘Networking by Female Business Owners in Northern Ireland’, Journal of Business Venturing 7(3): 237-251.
23. Cuba, R., Decenzo, D. and Anish, A. (1983) ‘Management Practices of Successful Female Business Owners’, American Journal of Small Business 8(2): 40-45.
24. Curran, J., Kitching, J., Abbott, B. and Mills, V. (1993) Employment and Employment Relations in the Small Service Sector Enterprise. Kingston upon Thames, Surrey: Small Business Research Centre, Kingston Business School.
25. Daft, R. L. (1995) Organization Theory and Design. Minneapolis/St Paul, MN: West Publishing Company.
26. Deshpande, S. P. and Golhar, D. Y. (1994) ‘HRM Practices in Large and Small Manufacturing Firms: A Comparative Study’, Journal of Small Business Management 32(2): 49-56.
27. Eagly, A. H. and Johnson, B. T. (1990) ‘Gender and Leadership Style: A Meta-analysis’, Psychological Bulletin 108(2): 233-256.
28. Economist, The (1996) ‘Breaking the Glass Ceiling’, (10 August): 13-13.
29. EZ (2000) Ondernemerschapsmonitor Najaar 2000. The Hague: Ministry of Economic Affairs.
30. Fairfield-Sonn, J. W. (1987) ‘A Strategic Process Model for Small Business Training and Development’, Journal of Small Business Management 25(1): 11-18.
31. Fuller-Love, N. and Scapens, R. W. (1997) ‘Performance Related Pay: A Case Study of a Small Business’, International Small Business Journal 15(4): 48-63.
32. Goffee, R. and Scase, R. (1995) Corporate Realities: The Dynamics of Large and Small Organisations. London: International Thompson Business Press.
33. Guest, D. E. (1997) ‘Human Resource Management and Performance: A Review and Research Agenda’, The International Journal of Human Resource Management 8(3): 263-276.
34. Hall, R. (1993) ‘A Framework Linking Intangible Resources and Capabilities to Sustainable Competitive Advantage’, Strategic Management Journal 14(8): 607-618.
35. Helgesen, S. (1990) The Female Advantage Women's Way of Leadership. New York: Doubleday.
36. Heneman, H. G. and Berkley, R. A. (1999) ‘Applicant Attraction Practices and Outcomes among Small Businesses’, Journal of Small Business Management 37(1): 53-74.
37. Heskett, J. L., Sasser, W. E. and Schlesinger, L. A. (1997) The Service Profit Chain: How Leading Companies Link Profit and Growth to Loyalty, Satisfaction and Value. New York: Free Press.
38. Hornsby, J. S. and Kuratko, D. F. (1990) ‘Human Resource Management in Small Business: Critical Issues for the 1990's’, Journal of Small Business Management 28(3): 9-18.
39. Huselid, M. A. (1995) ‘The Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Turnover, Productivity and Corporate Financial Performance’, Academy of Management Journal 38(3): 635-672.
40. Huselid, M. A., Jackson, S. E. and Schuler, R. S. (1997) ‘Technical and Strategic Human Resource Management Effectiveness as Determinants of Firm Performance’, Academy of Management Journal 4(1): 171-188.
41. Ibarra, H. (1993) ‘Personal Networks of Women and Minorities in Management: A Conceptual Framework’, Academy of Management Review 18(1): 56-87.
42. Ichniowski, C., Shaw, C. and Prennushi, G. (1997) ‘The Effects of Human Resource Management Practices on Productivity: A Study of Steel Finishing Lines’, American Economic Review 87(3): 291-313.
43. Jackson, S. E., Schuler, R. S. and Rivero, J. C. (1989) ‘Organizational Characteristics as Predictors of Personnel Practices’, Personnel Psychology 42(4): 727-786.
44. Kalleberg, A. L. and Leicht, K. T. (1991) ‘Gender and Organizational Performance: Determinants of Small Business Survival and Success’, Academy of Management Journal 34(1): 136-161.
45. Kitching, J. (1994) ‘Employers' Work Force Construction Policies in the Small Service Sector Enterprise’, in J. Atkinson and D. Storey (eds) Employment, the Small Firm and the Labour Market pp. 172-205. London: Routledge.
46. Koch, C. L. Y. and De Kok, J. (1999) ‘A Human-Resource-Based Theory of the Small Firm’, Research Report No. 9906. Zoetermeer, the Netherlands: EIM Business and Policy Research.
47. Koch, C. L. Y. and Van Straten, E. (1997) ‘Personeelsbeleid in Enkele MKB-Bedrijven: Een Inventarisatie’ [Personnel Strategies in a Selection of Small-to-medium-sized Businesses: an Investigation], Research Report. Zoetermeer, the Netherlands: EIM Business and Policy Research.
48. Koch, M. J. and McGrath, R. G. (1996) ‘Improving Labor Productivity: Human Resource Management Policies Do Matter’, Strategic Management Journal 17(5): 335-354.
49. Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S. and Naffziger, D. W. (1997) ‘An Examination of Owner's Goals in Sustaining Entrepreneurship’, Journal of Small Business Management 35(1): 24-33.
50. Lasher, W. R. (1999) Strategic Thinking for Smaller Businesses and Divisions. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
51. Lengnick-Hall, C. A. and Lengnick-Hall, M. L. (1988) ‘Strategic HRM: A Review of the Literature and a Proposed Typology’, Academy of Management Review 13(3): 454-470.
52. Lewin, A. and Lippitt, R. (1938) ‘An Experimental Approach to the Study of Autocracy and Democracy: A Preliminary Note’, Sociometry 1: 292-300.
53. Loden, M. (1985) Feminine Leadership: or How to Succeed in Business Without Being One of the Boys. New York: Times Books.
54. Lukkes, P. and Van Rooden, J. H. M. (1986) De Makelaardij in Onroerende Goederen in Nederland: Een Regiologisch-Geografische Analyse [Real Estate Brokerage in the Netherlands: A Regional-Geographical Analysis]. Amsterdam and Groningen: Nederlandse Geografische Studies.
55. McEvoy, G. M. (1984) ‘Small Business Personnel Practices’, Journal of Small Business Management 22(4): 1-8.
56. Maister, D. H. (1997) Managing the Professional Service Firm. New York: Free Press.
57. Marlow, S. and Patton, D. (1993) ‘Managing the Employment Relationship in the Smaller Firm: Possibilities for Human Resource Management’, International Small Business Journal 11(4): 57-64.
58. Matthews, C. H. and Scott, S. G. (1995) ‘Uncertainty and Planning in Small and Entrepreneurial Firms: An Empirical Assessment’, Journal of Small Business Management 33(4): 34-52.
59. Maume, D. J. (1999) ‘Glass Ceilings and Glass Escalators, Occupational Segregation and Race and Sex Differences in Managerial Promotions’, Work and Occupations 26(4): 483-509.
60. Moore, D. P. and Buttner, E. H. (1997) Women Entrepreneurs: Moving Beyond the Glass Ceiling. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
61. Nelton, S. (1991) ‘Men, Women and Leadership’, Nation's Business 79(5): 16-22.
62. Olson, S. F. and Currie, H. M. (1992) ‘Female Entrepreneurs: Personal Value Systems and Business Strategies in a Male-dominated Industry’, Journal of Small Business Management 30(1): 49-56.
63. Palm, R. (1976) ‘The Role of Real Estate Agents as Information Mediators in two American Cities’, Geografiska Annaler, 58B(1): 28-41.
64. Pfeffer, J. (1998) The Human Equation: Building Profits by Putting People First. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
65. Prahalad, C. K. and Hamel, G. (1990) ‘The Core Competence of the Corporation’, Harvard Business Review 68(3): 79-91.
66. Ram, M. (1999) ‘Managing Autonomy: Employment Relations in Small Professional Service Firms’, International Small Business Journal 17(2): 13-30.
67. Reskin, B. F. (1984) Sex Segregation in the Workplace: Trends, Explanations, Remedies. Washington, DC: National Research Council, National Academy Press.
68. Risseeuw, P. A., Balk, H. J. M. and Van der Kaaden, E. (1999) ‘Performance-related Pay as a Tool for Small Business’, paper presented at the RENT XIII Conference, London, 25-6 November.
69. Risseeuw, P. A. and Van Goor-Balk, H. J. M. (2000) Brancheverkenning Makelaardij Onroerend Goed 1999 [Exploration of Real Estate Brokerage for the Netherlands in 1999]. Amsterdam: Economic and Social Institute, Free University Press (VU Uitgeverij).
70. Risseeuw, P. A., Verheul, I. and Bartelse, G. (2001) Vrouwelijk Ondernemerschap in de Onroerend Goedmakelaardij [Female Entrepreneurship in Real Estate Brokerage]. Amsterdam: Economic and Social Institute, Free University of Amsterdam.
71. Robbins, S. P. (1998) Organizational Behavior, 8th edn. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
72. Robinson, R. and Pearce, J. (1984) ‘Research Thrusts in Small Firm Strategic Planning’, Academy of Management Review 9(1): 128-137.
73. Rosa, P., Hamilton, D., Carter, S. and Burns, H. (1994) ‘The Impact of Gender on Small Business Management: Preliminary Findings of a British Study’, International Small Business Journal 12(3): 25-32.
74. Rosener, J. B. (1990) ‘Ways Women Lead’, Harvard Business Review 68(6): 119-125.
75. Schermerhorn, J. R. (2001) Management Update 2001, 6th edn. New York: Wiley.
76. Schuler, R. S. and Jackson, S. E. (1987) ‘Linking Competitive Strategies with Human Resource Management Practices’, Academy of Management Executive 1(3): 209-213.
77. Stanford, J. H., Oates, B. R. and Flores, D. (1995) ‘Women's Leadership Styles: A Heuristic Analysis’, Women in Management Review 10(2): 9-16.
78. Stigter, H. W. (1999) ‘Vrouwelijk Ondernemerschap in Nederland 1994-1997’, Research Report. Zoetermeer, the Netherlands: EIM Business and Policy Research.
79. Thakur, S. P. (1999) ‘Size of Investment, Opportunity Choice and Human Resources in New Venture Growth: Some Typologies’, Journal of Business Venturing 14(3): 283-309.
80. Van Engen, M. L. (2001) ‘Gender and Leadership: a Contextual Perspective’, unpublished dissertation, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, the Netherlands.
81. Van Gelderen, M. W., Frese, M. and Thurik, A. R. (2000) ‘Strategies, Uncertainty and Performance of Small Business Startups’, Small Business Economics 15(3): 165-181.
82. Van Uxem, F. W. and Bais, J. (1996) ‘Het Starten van een Bedrijf: Ervaringen van 2000 Starters’ [Starting a Business: Experiences of 2000 Dutch Start-ups]. Zoetermeer, the Netherlands: EIM Business and Policy Research.
83. Verheul, I. and Thurik, A. R. (2001) ‘Start-up Capital: Differences between Male and Female Entrepreneurs’, Small Business Economics 16(4): 329-345.
84. Verstand-Bogaert, A. E. (1999) speech delivered at the Gender Mainstreaming Conference, Athens, 16 September.
85. Wagner, J. A. and Hollenbeck, J. R. (1995) Management of Organizational Behavior, 2nd edn. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
86. White, R. K. and Lippitt, R. (1960) Autocracy and Democracy: An Experimental Inquiry. New York: Harper.