Why does a mature volcano need new vents? The case of the new Southeast crater at Etna

Frontiers in Earth Science

Volumn 4, Issue , 2016, Pages

  Acocella, Valerio ^a   Neri, Marco ^b   Behncke, Boris ^b   Bonforte, Alessandro ^b   Del Negro, Ciro ^b   Ganci, Gaetana ^b  

^a ROMA TRE UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

^b ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI GEOFISICA E VULCANOLOGIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Eruptive vents; Etna; Flank instability; Stress; Volcano

Indexed keywords

HEAT FLUX; STRESSES;

ERUPTIVE ACTIVITY; ERUPTIVE VENTS; ETNA; FIELD-BASED MEASUREMENTS; FLANK INSTABILITY; STRUCTURAL FIELDS; STRUCTURAL VARIATIONS; SURFACE DEFORMATION;

VOLCANOES;

CRATER; HEAT FLUX; HYDROTHERMAL VENT; VOLCANIC ERUPTION; VOLCANISM; VOLCANO;

CATANIA [SICILY]; ETNA; ITALY; SICILY;

EID: 84994553217     PISSN: None     EISSN: 22966463     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/feart.2016.00067     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Acocella, V., Behncke, B., Neri, M., and D’Amico, S. (2003). Link between major flank slip and eruptions at Mt. Etna (Italy). Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 2286. doi: 10.1029/2003GL018642
2. Acocella, V., and Neri, M. (2003). What makes flank eruptions? The 2001 Etna eruption and its possible triggering mechanisms. Bull. Volcanol. 65, 517-529. doi: 10.1007/s00445-003-0280-3
3. Acocella, V., and Neri, M. (2009). Dike propagation in volcanic edifices: overview and possible developments. Tectonophysics 471, 67-77. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2008.10.002
4. Allard, P., Behncke, B., D’Amico, S., Neri, M., and Gambino, S. (2006). Mount Etna 1993-2005: anatomy of an evolving eruptive cycle. Earth Sci. Rev. 78, 85-114. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.04.002
5. Alparone, S., Andronico, D., Lodato, L., and Sgroi, T. (2003). Relationship between tremor and volcanic activity during the Southeast Crater eruption on Mount Etna in early 2000. J. Geophys. Res. 108, 2241. doi: 10.1029/2002JB001866
6. Alparone, S., Barberi, G., Bonforte, A., Maiolino, V., and Ursino, A. (2011). Evidence of multiple strain fields beneath the eastern flank of Mt. Etna volcano (Sicily, Italy) deduced from seismic and geodetic data during 2003-2004. Bull. Volcanol. 73, 869-885. doi: 10.1007/s00445-011-0456-1
7. Alparone, S., Cocina, O., Gambino, S., Mostaccio, A., Spampinato, S., Tuvè, T., et al. (2013). Seismological features of the Pernicana - Provenzana Fault System (Mt. Etna, Italy) and implications for the dynamics of northeastern flank of the volcano. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 251, 16-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.03.010
8. Andronico, D., Branca, S., Calvari, S., Burton, M., Caltabiano, T., Corsaro, R. A., et al. (2005). A multi-disciplinary study of the 2002-03 Etna eruption: insights into a complex plumbing system. Bull. Volcanol. 67, 314-330. doi: 10.1007/s00445-004-0372-8
9. Andronico, D., and Cristaldi, A. (2007). Il Parossismo Eruttivo Del 4-5 Settembre 2007 al Cratere di SE: Caratteristiche Del Deposito di Caduta Distale. Internal report. Available online at: http://www.ct.ingv.it/Report/RPTVETCEN20070904.pdf
10. Andronico, D., Cristaldi, A., and Scollo, S. (2008). The 4-5 September 2007 lava fountain at South-East Crater of Mt Etna, Italy. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 173, 325-328. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.02.004
11. Barreca, G., Bonforte, A., and Neri, M. (2013). ApilotGIS database of active faults of Mt. Etna (Sicily): a tool for integrated hazard evaluation. J. Volcanol. Geother. Res. 251, 170-186. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.08.013
12. Behncke, B., Branca, S., Corsaro, R. A., De Beni, E., Miraglia, L., and Proietti, C. (2014). The 2011-2012 summit activity of Mount Etna: Birth, growth and products of the new SE crater. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 270, 10-21. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2013.11.012
13. Behncke, B., Calvari, S., Giammanco, S., Neri, M., and Pinkerton, H. (2008). Pyroclastic density currents resulting from interaction of basaltic magma with hydrothermally altered rock: an example from the 2006 summit eruptions of Mount Etna, Italy. Bull. Volcanol. 70, 1249-1268. doi: 10.1007/s00445-008-0200-7
14. Behncke, B., De Beni, E., and Proietti, C. (2013). Misure GPS Del Nuovo Cono Discorie Del Cratere di SE, Etna. Report INGV of May 3, 2013. Available online at: www.ct.ingv.it (in Italian).
15. Behncke, B., Fornaciai, A., Neri, M., Favalli, M., Ganci, G., and Mazzarini, F. (2016). LiDAR surveys reveal eruptive volumes and rates at Etna, 2007-2010. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42, 4270-4278. doi: 10.1002/2016gl068495
16. Behncke, B., and Neri, M. (2003). Cycles and trends in the recent eruptive behavior of Mount Etna (Italy). Can. J. Earth Sci. 40, 1405-1411. doi: 10.1139/e03-052
17. Behncke, B., Neri, M., and Nagay, A. (2005). “Lava flow hazard at Mount Etna (Italy): new data froma GIS-based study,” in Kinematics and Dynamics of Lava Flows, Vol. 396, eds M. Manga and G. Ventura (Boulder, CO: Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am.), 189-209.
18. Behncke, B., Neri, M., Pecora, E., and Zanon, V. (2006). The exceptional activity and growthof the Southeast Crater, Mount Etna (Italy), between1996 and 2001. Bull. Volcanol. 69, 149-173. doi: 10.1007/s00445-006-0061-x
19. Belousov, A., Voight, B., and Belousova, M. (2007). Directed blasts and blasts-generated pyroclastic density currents: A comparison of the Bezymianni 1956, Mount St Helens 1980, and Soufrière Hills, Monteserrat 1997 eruptions and deposits. Bull. Volcanol. 69, 701-740. doi: 10.1007/s00445-006-0109-y
20. Bertagnini, A., Calvari, S., Coltelli, M., Landi, P., Pompilio, M., and Scribano, V. (1990). “The 1989 eruptive sequence,” in Mt. Etna 1989 Eruption, eds F. Barberi, A. Bertagnini and P. Landi (Giardini, Pisa: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Gruppo Nazionale per la Vulcanologia), 10-22.
21. Bisson, M., Spinetti, C., Neri, M., and Bonforte, A. (2016). Mt. Etna volcano high-resolution topography: airborne LiDAR modelling validated by GPS data. Int. J. Digit. Earth 9, 710-732. doi: 10.1080/17538947.2015.11 19208
22. Bonaccorso, A., Bonforte, A., Calvari, S., Del Negro, C., Di Grazia, G., Ganci, G., et al. (2011). The initial phases of the 2008-2009 Mount Etna eruption: a multidisciplinary approach for hazard assessment. J. Geophys. Res. 116, B03203. doi: 10.1029/2010JB007906
23. Bonaccorso, A., Bonforte, A., and Gambino, S. (2015). Twenty-five years of continuous bore-hole tilt and vertical displacement data at Mount Etna: insight on long-term volcanic dynamics. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42, 10,222-10,229. doi: 10.1002/2015GL066517
24. Bonaccorso, A., Bonforte, A., Gambino, S., Mattia, M., Guglielmino, F., Puglisi, G., et al. (2009). Insight on recent stromboli eruption inferred from terrestrial and satellite ground deformation measurements. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 182, 172-181. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.01.007
25. Bonaccorso, A., Bonforte, A., Guglielmino, F., Palano, M., and Puglisi, G. (2006). Composite ground deformation pattern forerunning the 2004-2005 Mount Etna eruption. J. Geophys. Res. 111, B12207. doi: 10.1029/2005JB 004206
26. Bonaccorso, A., and Calvari, S. (2013). Major effusive eruptions and recent lava fountains: balance between erupted and expected magma volumes at Etna volcano. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 6069-6073. doi: 10.1002/2013GL058291
27. Bonforte, A., Bonaccorso, A., Guglielmino, F., Palano, M., and Puglisi, G. (2008). Feeding system and magma storage beneath Mt. Etna as revealed by recent inflation/deflation cycles. J. Geophys. Res, 113, B05406. doi: 10.1029/2007JB005334
28. Bonforte, A., Branca, S., and Palano, M. (2007). Geometric and kinematic variations along the active pernicana fault: implication for the dynamics of Mount Etna NE flank. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 160, 210-222. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.08.009
29. Bonforte, A., Gambino, S., and Neri, M. (2009). Intrusion of eccentric dikes: the case of the 2001 eruption and its role in the dynamics of Mt. Etna volcano. Tectonophysics 471, 78-86. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2008.09.028
30. Bonforte, A., and Guglielmino, F. (2015). Very shallowdike intrusion and potential slope failure imaged by ground deformation: the 28 december 2014 eruption on Mount Etna. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42, 2727-2733. doi: 10.1002/2015GL 063462
31. Bonforte, A., Guglielmino, F., and Puglisi, G. (2013). Interaction between magma intrusion and flank dynamics at Mt. Etna in 2008, imaged by integrated dense GPS and DInSAR data. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 14, 2818-2835. doi: 10.1002/ggge.20190
32. Cappello, A., Bilotta, G., Neri, M., and Del Negro, C. (2013). Probabilistic modeling of future volcanic eruptions at Mount Etna. J. Geophys. Res. 118, 1-11. doi: 10.1002/jgrb.50190
33. Cappello, A., Ganci, G., Calvari, S., Pérez, N. M., Hernández, P. A., Silva, S. V., et al. (2016). Lava flow hazard modeling during the 2014-2015 fogo eruption, Cape Verde. J. Geophys. Res. 121, 2290-2303. doi: 10.1002/2015jb012666
34. Cappello, A., Neri, M., Acocella, V., Gallo, G., Vicari, A., and Del Negro, C. (2012). Spatial vent opening probability map of Mt. Etna volcano (Sicily, Italy). Bull. Volcanol. 74, 2083-2094. doi: 10.1007/s00445-012-0647-4
35. Carveni, P., Romano, R., Caltabiano, T., Grasso, M. F., and Gresta, S. (1994). The exceptional explosive activity of 5 January 1990 at SE-Crater of Mt Etna volcano (Sicily). Boll. Soc. Geol. It. 113, 613-631.
36. De Beni, E., Behncke, B., Branca, S., Nicolosi, I., Carluccio, R., D’Ajello Caracciolo, F., et al. (2015). The continuing story of Etna’s New Southeast Crater (2012-2014): evolution and volume calculations based on field surveys and aerophotogrammetry. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 303, 175-186. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.07.021
37. Del Negro, C., Cappello, A., and Ganci, G. (2015). Quantifying lava flow hazards in response to effusive eruption. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 128, 752-763. doi: 10.1130/B31364.1
38. Del Negro, C., Cappello, A., Neri, M., Bilotta, G., Hérault, A., and Ganci, G. (2013). Lava flow hazards at Mount Etna: constraints imposed by eruptive history and numerical simulations. Sci. Rep. 3:3493 doi: 10.1038/srep03493
39. Falsaperla, S., Behncke, B., Langer, H., Neri, M., Salerno, G. G., Giammanco, S., et al. (2014). “Failed” eruptions revealed by pattern classification analysis of gas emission and volcanic tremor data at Mt. Etna, Italy. Int. J. Earth Sci. (Geol Rundsch) 103, 297-313. doi: 10.1007/s00531-013-0964-7
40. Falsaperla, S., Cara, F., Rovelli, A., Neri, M., Behncke, B., and Acocella, V. (2010). Effects of the 1989 fracture system in the dynamics of the upper SE flank of Etna revealed by volcanic tremor data: the missing link? J. Geophys. Res. 115, B11306. doi: 10.1029/2010JB007529
41. Falsaperla, S., and Neri, M. (2015). Seismic footprints of shallowdyke propagation at Etna, Italy. Sci. Rep. 5, 11908. doi: 10.1038/srep11908
42. Favalli, M., Fornaciai, A., Mazzarini, F., Harris, A. J. L., Neri, M., Behncke, B., et al. (2010). Evolution of an active lava flowfield using a multitemporal LIDAR acquisition. J. Geophys. Res. 115, B11203. doi: 10.1029/2010JB007463
43. Fialko, Y., Simons, M., and Agnew, D. (2001). The complete (3-D) surface displacement field in the epicentral area of the 1999 Mw7.1 Hector Mine earthquake, California, from space geodetic observations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 3063-3066. doi: 10.1029/2001GL013174
44. Ganci, G., Bilotta, G., Cappello, A., Hérault, A., and Del Negro, C. (2015). “HOTSAT: a multiplatform system for the satellite thermal monitoring of volcanic activity,” in Detecting, Modelling and Responding to Effusive Eruptions, eds A. Harris, T. De Groeve, F. Garel, and S. A. Carn (London: Geological Society of London Special Publication), 426.
45. Ganci, G., Harris, A. J. L., Del Negro, C., Guéhenneux, Y., Cappello, A., Labazuy, P., et al. (2012). Ayear of fountaining at Etna: Volumes fromSEVIRI. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, L06305. doi: 10.1029/2012GL051026
46. Ganci, G., James, M. R., Calvari, S., and Del Negro, C. (2013). Separating the thermal fingerprints of lava flows and simultaneous lava fountaining using ground-based thermal camera and SEVIRI measurements. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 5058-5063. doi: 10.1002/grl.50983
47. Ganci, G., Vicari, A., Bonfiglio, S., Gallo, G., and Del Negro, C. (2011a). A texton-based cloud detection algorithmfor MSG-SEVIRI multispectral images. Geomatics Nat. Hazards Risk 2, 279-290. doi: 10.1080/19475705.2011.578263
48. Ganci, G., Vicari, A., Fortuna, L., and Del Negro, C. (2011b).The HOTSAT volcano monitoring system based on combined use of SEVIRI and MODIS multispectral data. Ann. Geophys. 54, 544-550.
49. Garel, F., Kaminski, E., Tait, S., and Limare, A. (2015). “A fluid dynamics perspective on the interpretation of the surface thermal signal of lava flows,” in Detecting, Modelling and Responding to Effusive Eruptions, eds A. J. L. Harris, T. De Groeve, F. Garel, and S. A. Carn, S.A(Geological Society of London Special Publication), 426.
50. Guest, J. E. (1973). The summit area of Mount Etna prior to the 1971 eruption. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A 274, 63-78. doi: 10.1098/rsta.1973.0026
51. Guglielmino, F., Bignami, C., Bonforte, A., Briole, P., Obrizzo, F., Puglisi, G., et al. (2011). Analysis of satellite and in situ ground deformation data integrated by the SISTEM approach: the April 3, 2010 earthquake along the Pernicana fault (Mt. Etna - Italy) case study. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 312, 327-336. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.10.028
52. Langer, H., Falsaperla, S., Messina, A., Spampinato, S., and Behncke, B. (2011). Detecting imminent eruptive activity at Mt Etna, Italy, in 2007-2008 through pattern classification of volcanic tremor data. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 200, 1-17. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.11.019
53. Lanzafame, G., Neri, M., Coltelli, M., Lodato, L., and Rust, D. (1997). North-south compression in the Mt. Etna region (Sicily): spatial and temporal distribution. Acta Vulcanologica 9, 121-133.
54. McGuire, W. J., and Pullen, A. D. (1989). Location and orientation of eruptive fissures and feeder-dykes at Mount Etna: influence of gravitational and regional stress regimes. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 38, 325-344. doi: 10.1016/0377-0273(89)90046-2
55. Neri, M., and Acocella, V. (2006). The 2004-05 Etna eruption: Implications for flank deformation and structural behaviour of the volcano. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 158, 195-206. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.04.022
56. Neri, M., Acocella, V., and Behncke, B. (2004). The role of the Pernicana Fault System in the spreading of Mount Etna (Italy) during the 2002-2003 eruption. Bull. Volcanol. 66, 417-430. doi: 10.1007/s00445-00 3-0322-x
57. Neri, M., Acocella, V., Behncke, B., Giammanco, S., Mazzarini, F., and Rust, D. (2011). Structural analysis of the eruptive fissures at Mount Etna (Italy). Ann. Geophys. 54, 464-479. doi: 10.4401/ag-5332
58. Neri, M., Acocella, V., Behncke, B., Maiolino, V., Ursino, A., and Velardita, R. (2005). Contrasting triggering mechanisms of the 2001 and 2002-2003 eruptions of Mount Etna (Italy). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 144, 235-255. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.11.025
59. Neri, M., Behncke, B., Burton, M., Giammanco, S., Pecora, E., Privitera, E., et al. (2006). Continuous soil radon monitoring during the July 2006 Etna eruption. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L24316. doi: 10.1029/2006GL 028394
60. Neri, M., Mazzarini, F., Tarquini, S., Bisson, M., Isola, I., Behncke, B., et al. (2008). The changing face of Mount Etna’s summit area documented with Lidar technology. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L09305. doi: 10.1029/2008GL033740
61. Pesci, A., and Teza, G. (2007). Strain rate analysis over the central Apennines from GPS velocities: the development of a new free software. Bollettino Geodesia Sci. Affini 56, 69-88.
62. Puglisi, G., and Bonforte, A. (2004). Dynamics of Mount Etna Volcano inferred from static and kinematic GPS measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 109, B11404. doi: 10.1029/2003JB002878
63. Puglisi, G., Briole, P., and Bonforte, A. (2004). “Twelve years of ground deformation studies on Mt. Etna volcano based on GPS surveys,” in Mt. Etna: Volcano Laboratory. AGU Geophys. Monograph series, eds A. Bonaccorso, S. Calvari, M. Coltelli, C. Del Negro, and S. Falsaperla (Washington, DC: AGU), 143, 321-341.
64. Solaro, G., Acocella, V., Pepe, S., Ruch, J., Neri, M., and Sansosti, E. (2010). Anatomy of an unstable volcano through InSAR: multiple processes affecting flank instability at Mt. Etna, 1994-2008. J. Geophys. Res. 115, B10405. doi:10.1029/2009JB000820
65. Spampinato, L., Ganci, G., Hernández, P. A., Calvo, D., Tedesco, D., Pérez, N. M., et al. (2013). Thermal insights into the dynamics of Nyiragongo lava lake fromground and satellite measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 118, 5771-5784. doi: 10.1002/2013jb010520
66. Vicari, A., Ciraudo, A., Del Negro, C., Herault, A., and Fortuna, L. (2009). Lava flow simulations using discharge rates from thermal infrared satellite imagery during the 2006 Etna eruption. Nat. Hazards 50, 539-550. doi: 10.1007/s11069-008-9306-7
67. Vicari, A., Ganci, G., Behncke, B., Cappello, A., Neri, M., and Del Negro, C. (2011). Near-real-time forecasting of lava flow hazards during the 12-13 January 2011 Etna eruption. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L13317. doi: 10.1029/2011GL047545