Directed blasts and blast-generated pyroclastic density currents: A comparison of the Bezymianny 1956, Mount St Helens 1980, and Soufrière Hills, Montserrat 1997 eruptions and deposits

Bulletin of Volcanology

Volumn 69, Issue 7, 2007, Pages 701-740

  Belousov, Alexander ^a,b   Voight, Barry ^c   Belousova, Marina ^a,b  

^a INSTITUTE OF MARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS   (Russian Federation)

^b INSTITUTE OF VOLCANOLOGY AND SEISMOLOGY   (Russian Federation)

^c PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Bezymianny; Debris avalanche; Directed blast; Dynamic pressure; Fountain collapse; Lateral blast; Mount St Helens; Overpressure djet; Pyroclastic density current; Pyroclastic surge; Shock wave; Soufri re Hills Montserrat; Stratified flow

Indexed keywords

DEBRIS AVALANCHE; DENSITY CURRENT; LAVA DOME; OVERPRESSURE; PYROCLASTIC DEPOSIT; PYROCLASTIC FLOW; SHOCK WAVE; STRATIFIED FLOW; VOLCANIC ERUPTION;

ATLANTIC ISLANDS; ATLANTIC OCEAN; BEZYMYANNYI VOLCANO; CARIBBEAN ISLANDS; CASCADE RANGE; EURASIA; KAMCHATKA; LEEWARD ISLANDS [LESSER ANTILLES]; LESSER ANTILLES; MONTSERRAT; MOUNT SAINT HELENS; NORTH AMERICA; RUSSIAN FEDERATION; SOUFRIERE HILLS VOLCANO; UNITED STATES; WASHINGTON [UNITED STATES];

EID: 34249985583     PISSN: 02588900     EISSN: 14320819     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00445-006-0109-y     Document Type: Review

References (160)

1. Alidibirov M (1994) A model for viscous magma fragmentation during volcanic blasts. Bull Volcanol 56:459-465
2. Alidibirov M, Dingwell DB (1996) Magma fragmentation by rapid decompression. Nature 380:146-148
3. Aspinall WP, Miller AD, Lynch LL, Latchman JL, Stewart RC, White RA, Power JA (1998) Soufrière Hills eruption, Montserrat, 1995-1997: volcanic earthquake locations and fault plane solutions. Geophys Res Lett 25:3397-3400
4. Banks NG, Hoblitt RP (1981) Summary of temperature studies of 1980 deposits. In: Lipman PV, Mullineaux DR (eds) The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 1250:295-315
5. Banks NG, Hoblitt RP (1996) Direct temperature measurements of deposits, Mount St. Helens, Washington, 1980-1981. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 1387:1-76
6. Barclay J, Carroll MR, Rutherford MJ, Murphy MD, Devine JD, Gardner J, Sparks RSJ (1998) Experimental phase equilibria constraints on pre-eruptive storage conditions of the Soufrière Hills magma. Geophys Res Lett 25:3437-3440
7. Baxter PJ, Boyle R, Cole F, Neri A, Spence R, Zuccaro G (2005) The impacts of pyroclastic surges on buildings at the eruption of the Soufriere Hills Volcanol, Montserrat Bull Volcano 67:292-313
8. Beget J, Kienle J (1992) Cyclic formation of debris avalanches at Mount St Augustine volcano. Nature 356:701-704
9. Belousov A (1995) The Shiveluch volcanic eruption of 12 November 1964: explosive eruption provoked by failure of the edifice. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 66:357-365
10. Belousov A (1996) Pyroclastic deposits of March 30, 1956 directed blast at Bezymianny volcano. Bull Volcanol 57:649-662
11. Belousov A, Belousova M (1996) Large scale landslides on active volcanoes in the 20th century - Examples from the Kurile-Kamchatka region (Russia). In: Senneset K (ed) Landslides. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 953-957
12. Belousov A, Belousova M (1998) Bezymyannyi eruption on March 30, 1956 (Kamchatka): Sequence of events and debris avalanche deposits. Volcanol Seismol 20:29-47
13. Belousov AB, Bogoyavlenskaya GE (1988) Debris avalanche of the 1956 Bezymianny eruption. Proc. Kagoshima Int Conf on Volcanoes: 460-462
14. Belousov A, Belousova M, Voight B (1999) Multiple edifice failures, debris avalanches and associated eruptions in the Holocene history of Shiveluch volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. Bull Volcanol 61:324-342
15. Belousov A, Voight B, Belousova M, Petukhin A (2002) Powerful pyroclastic surge in the May 8-10, 1997 explosive eruption of Bezymianny volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. Bull Volcanol 64:455-471
16. Belousova M, Belousov A (1995) Prehistoric and 1933 debris avalanches and associated eruptions of Harimkotan Volcano (Kurile islands) Periodico di Mineralogia 64:99-101
17. Bogoyavlenskaya GE (1962) Agglomerate flow Bezymianny Volcano. Bull Volcanol 24:203-210
18. Bogoyavlenskaya GE, Kirsanov IT (1981) Twenty five years of volcanic activity of Bezymianny (in Russian). Volcanol Seismol 2:3-13
19. Bogoyavlenskaya GE, Braitseva OA, Melekestsev IV, Maximov AP, Ivanov BV (1991) Bezymianny volcano. In: Fedotov SA (ed) Active volcanoes of Kamchatka. V 1. Nauka, Moscow, pp 166-197
20. Boudon G, Lajoie J (1989) The 1902 Peléean deposits in the Fort Cemetery of St Pierre, Martinique: A model for the accumulation of turbulent nuées ardentes. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 38:113-129
21. Boudon G, Semet M, Vincent P (1984) Flank failure - directed blast eruption at Soufrière, Guadeloupe, French West Indies: A 3,000-yr-old Mt St Helens? Geology 12:350-353
22. Bourdier JL, Boudon G, Gourgaud A (1989) Stratigraphy of the 1902 and 1929 nuée-ardente deposits, Mt Pelée, Martinique. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 38:77-96
23. Braitseva OA, Melekestsev IV, Bogoyavlenskaya GE, Maximov AP (1991) Bezymianny: Eruptive history and dynamics. Volcanol Seismol 12:165-195
24. Branney MJ, Kokelaar P (2002) Pyroclastic density currents and the sedimentaion of ignimbrites. Geol Soc Mem, London 27:1-152
25. Brantley SR, Waitt RB (1988) Interrelations among pyroclastic surge, pyroclastic flow, and lahars in the Smith Creek valley during the first minutes of 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, USA. Bull Volcanol 50:304-326
26. Brodsky EE, Kanamori H, Sturtevant B (1999) A seismically constrained mass discharge rate for the initiation of the May 18, 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption. J Geophys Res 104:29, 389-29, 400
27. Bursik MI, Woods AW (1996) The dynamics and thermodynamics of large ash flows. Bull Volcanol 58:175-193
28. Bursik MI, Kurbatov A, Sheridan M, Woods AW (1998) Transport and deposition in the May 18 1980 Mount St Helens blast. Geology 28:155-158
29. Cantagrel J, Arnaud N, Ancochea E, Fuster J, Huertas M (1999) Repeated debris avalanches on Tenerife and genesis of Las Canadas caldera wall (Canary Islands). Geology 27:739-742
30. Carey S, Sigurdsson H, Gardner JE, Criswell W (1990) Variations in column height and magma discharge during the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 43:99-112
31. Carey S, Gardner J, Sigurdsson H (1995) The intensity and magnitude of Holocene plinian eruptions from Mount St Helens volcano. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 66:185-202
32. Cashman KV (1992) Groundmass crystallization of Mount St. Helens dacite, 1980-1986: A tool for interpreting shallow magmatic processes. Contrib Mineral Petrol 109:431-449
33. Cashman KV, Blundy J (2000) Degassing and crystallization of ascending andesite. Phil Trans Royal Soc London 358:1487-1513
34. Cashman KV, Hoblitt RP (2004) Magmatic precursors to the 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens. Geology 32:141-144
35. Choux C, Druitt T (2002) Analogue study of particle segregation in pyroclastic density currents, with implications for the emplacement mechanisms of large ignimbrites. Sedimentology 49:907-928
36. Choux C, Druitt T, Thomas N (2004) Stratification and particle segregation in flowing polydisperse suspensions, with applications to the transport and deposition of pyroclastic density currents. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 138:223-241
37. Clarke AB, Voight B (2000) Pyroclastic current dynamic pressures from aerodynamics of tree or pole blow-down. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 100:395-412
38. Clarke AB, Hidayat D, Voight B (1997) Pyroclastic current speedometer/ densitometer from dynamics of tree or pole blow-down. In: IAVCEI General Assembly: Volcanic Activity and the Environment, p 8
39. Clarke AB, Neri A, Macedonio G, Voight B (2002a) Transient dynamics of Vulcanian explosions and column collapse. Nature 415:897-901
40. Clarke AB, Neri A, Voight B, Macedonio G, Druitt T (2002b) Computational modeling of the transient dynamics of August 1997 Vulcanian exposions at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat. In: Druitt TH, Kokelaar BP (eds) The eruption of Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, from 1995 to 1999. Mem Geol Soc London 21:319-348
41. Clavero JE, Sparks RSJ, Huppert HE, Dade WB (2002) Geological constraints on the emplacement mechanism of the Parinacota debris avalanche, northern Chile. Bull Volcanol 64:40-54
42. Crandell DR (1987) Deposits of pre-1980 pyroclastic flows and lahars from Mount St Helens volcano, Washington. US Geol Surv Prof Paper 1444:1-91
43. Crandell DR, Hoblitt R (1986) Lateral blasts at Mount St. Helens and hazard zonation. Bull Volcanol 48:27-37
44. Criswell CW (1987) Chronology and pyroclastic stratigraphy of the May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St Helens, Washington. J Geophys Res 92:10,237-10,266
45. Deplus C, Le Friant A, Boudon G, Komorowski J-C, Villemant B, Harford C, Segoufin J, Cheminee J-L (2001) Submarine evidence for large-scale debris avalanches in the Lesser Antilles Arc. Earth Planet Sci Lett 192:145-157
46. Donnadieu F, Merle O (1998) Experiments in the indentation process during cryptodome intrusions: New insights into Mount St. Helens deformation. Geology 26:79-82
47. Donnadieu F, Merle O (2001) Geometrical constraints of the 1980 Mount St. Helens intrusion from analogue models. Geophys Res Lett 28:639-642
48. Druitt TH (1992) Emplacement of the 18 May 1980 lateral blast deposit ENE of Mount St. Helens, Washington. Bull Volcanol 54:554-573
49. Druitt TH (1998) Pyroclastic density currents. In: Gilbert JS, Sparks RSJ (eds). The physics of explosive volcanic eruptions. Geological Society Special Publications no. 145. Geological Society, London, 21, pp. 145-182
50. Druitt TH, Kokelaar BP (eds) (2002) The eruption of Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, from 1995 to 1999. Geol Soc London Memoir 21:1-845
51. Druitt TH, Young S, Baptie B, Calder E, Clarke A, Cole P, Harford C, Herd R, Luckett R, Ryan G, Sparks S, Voight B (2002a) Episodes of cyclic Vulcanian explosive activity with fountain collapse at Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat. In: Druitt TH, Kokelaar BP (eds) The eruption of Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, from 1995 to 1999. Mem Geol Soc London 21:281-306
52. Druitt TH, Calder ES, Cole PD, Hoblitt RP, Loughlin SC, Norton GE, Ritchie LJ, Sparks RS, Voight B (2002b) Small-volume, highly mobile pyroclastic flows formed by rapid sedimentation from pyroclastic surges at Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat: An important volcanic hazard. In: Druitt TH, Kokelaar BP (eds) The eruption of Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, from 1995 to 1999. Mem Geol Soc London 21:263-280
53. Dzurisin D, Vallance JW, Gerlach TM, Moran SC, Malone SC (2005) Mount St Helens reawakens. EOS Trans AGU 86(3):25-36
54. Eichelberger JC, Hayes DB (1982) Magmatic model of the Mount St Helens blast of May 18, 1980. J Geophys Res 87:7727-7738
55. Eichelberger JC, Carrigan CR, Westrich HR, Price RH (1986) Non-explosive silicic volcanism. Nature 323:598-602
56. Elsworth D, Voight B (2001) The mechanics of harmonic gas pressurization and failure of lava domes. Geophys J Int 145:187-198
57. Esposti Ongaro T, Clarke AB, Neri A, Voight B, Widiwidjayanti C (1995a) A high-performance 3D multiphase flow code to simulate directed blasts and their pyroclastic density currents: Example from the Boxing Day event, Montserrat. Programme and Abstracts, Soufriere Hills Volcano - Ten Years On,... Scientific Conference, Montserrat
58. Esposti Ongaro T, Clarke AB, Neri A, Voight B, Widiwidjayanti C (1995b) A new high-performance 3D multiphase flow code to simulate directed blasts and their pyroclastic density currents: Example from the Boxing Day event, Montserrat. EOS Trans AGU 86(52), Fall Meet Suppl, Abs V3D-0645
59. Esposti Ongaro T, Neri A, Clarke AB, Voight B, Widiwidjayanti C (2007) Fluid dynamics of the 1997 Boxing Day volcanic blast on Montserrat, W.I. J Geophys Res (in press)
60. Fink JH, Kieffer SW (1993) Estimate of pyroclastic flow velocities resulting from explosive decompression of lava domes. Nature 363:612-615
61. Fisher RV (1990) Transport and deposition of a pyroclastic surge across an area of high relief: The 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington. Geol Soc Am Bull 102:1038-1054
62. Fisher RV, Glicken HX, Hoblitt RP (1987) May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens deposits in South Coldwater Creek, Washington. J Geophys Res 92:10267-10283
63. Formenti Y, Druitt T (2003) Vesicle connections in pyroclastics and implications for the fluidization of fountain-collapse pyroclastic flows, Montserrat (West Indies). Earth Plan Sci Lett 214:561-574
64. Foxworthy BL, Hill M (1982) Volcanic eruptions of 1980 at Mount St Helens - the first 100 days. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 1249:1-125
65. Francis PW, Wells GL (1988) Landsat Thematic Mapper observations of debris avalanche deposits in the Central Andes. Bull Volcanol 50:258-278
66. Glasstone S, Dolan PJ (1977) The effects of nuclear weapons. US Dept Defense and US Energy Res Develop Admin, third edn. US Gov Printing Office, Washington DC, pp 1-653
67. Glicken H (1998) Rockslide-debris avalanche of May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens volcano, Washington. Bull Geol Soc Japan 49:55-106
68. Glicken G, Nakamura Y (1988) Restudy of the 1888 eruption of Bandai volcano, Japan. In: Proc Kagoshima Int Conf Volcanoes, Japan, pp 392-395
69. Gorshkov GS (1959) Gigantic eruption of the Bezymianny volcano. Bull Volcanol 20:77-109
70. Gorshkov GS (1962) On the classification and terminology of Pelee and Katmai type eruptions. Bull Volcanol 24:155-165
71. Gorshkov GS (1963) Directed volcanic blasts. Bull Volcanol 26:83-88
72. Gorshkov GS, Bogoyavlenskaya GE (1965) Bezymianny volcano and peculiarities of its last eruption (1955-1963). Nauka, Moscow, pp 1-171, (in Russian)
73. Hart K, Carey S, Sigurdsson H, Sparks RSJ (2004) Discharge of pyroclastic flows into the sea during the 1996-1998 eruptions of Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat. Bull Volcanol 66:599-614
74. Hausback BP, Swanson DA (1990) Record of prehistoric debris avalanches on the north flank of Mount St. Helens volcano, Washington. Geosci Can 17:142-145
75. Hoblitt RP (1986) Observations of the eruptions of July 22 and August 7, 1980, at Mount St Helens, Washington. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 1335:1-44
76. Hoblitt RP (2000) Was the 18 May 1980 lateral blast at Mt St Helens the product of two explosions? Phil Trans Royal Soc London 358:1639-1661
77. Hoblitt RP, Harmon R (1993) Bimodal density distribution of cryptodome dacite from the 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens, Washington. Bull Volcanol 55:421-438
78. Hoblitt RP, Miller CD (1984) Comments and reply on "Mount St. Helens 1980 and Mount Pelée 1902 - flow or surge?" Geology 12:692-693
79. Hoblitt RP, Crandell D, Mullineaux D (1980) Mount St Helens eruptive behavior during the past 1.500 yr. Geology 8:555-559
80. Hoblitt RP, Miller CD, Vallance JW (1981) Origin and stratigraphy of the deposit produced by the May 18 directed blast. In: Lipman P W, Mullineaux DR (eds) The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 1250:401-419
81. JANNAF [Joint Army, Navy, NASA, Air Force] (1975) Handbook of rocket exhaust plume technology
82. Kadik AA, Maksimov AP, Ivanov BV (1986) Physico-chemical conditions of crystallisation and origin of andesites (on examples of Kluchevskaya Group of volcanoes). Nauka, Moscow, pp 1-158, (in Russian)
83. Kieffer SW (1981) Fluid dynamics of the May 18 blast at Mount St. Helens. In: Lipman PW, Mullineaux DR (eds) The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 1250:379-401
84. Kieffer SW (1984) Factors governing the structure of volcanic jets. In: Explosive volcanism: Inception, evolution, and hazards. National Academy, Washington, pp 143-157
85. Kieffer SW, Sturtevant B (1984) Laboratory studies of volcanic jets. J Geophys Res 89:8253-8268
86. Kieffer SW, Sturtevant B (1988) Erosional furrows formed during the lateral blast at Mount St Helens, May 18 1980. J Geophys Res 93:14793-14816
87. Kneller BC, Bennett SJ, McCaffrey WD (1999) Velocity structure, turbulence and fluid stresses in experimental gravity currents. J Geophys Res 104:5381-5391
88. Lacroix A (1904) La Montagne Pelée et ses eruptions. Masson, Paris, pp 1-650
89. Lipman PW, Mullineaux DR (eds) (1981) The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 1250:1-844
90. Lipman PW, Moore JG, Swanson DA (1981) Bulging of the north flank before the May 18 eruption - geodetic data. In: Lipman PW, Mullineaux DR (eds) The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 1250:143-156
91. Lowe DR (1982) Sediment gravity flows: II. Depositional models with special reference to the deposits of high-density turbidity currents. J Sediment Petrol 52:279-297
92. Mayberry GC, Rose WI, Bluth GJS (2002) Dynamics of volcanic and meteorological clouds produced on 26 December (Boxing Day) 1997 at Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat. In: Druitt TH, Kokelaar BP (eds) The eruption of Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, from 1995 to 1999. Mem Geol Soc London 21:539-556
93. Melnik O, Sparks RSJ (1999) Non-linear dynamics of lava dome extrusion. Nature 402:37-41
94. Melnik O, Sparks RSJ (2002) Dynamics of magma ascent and lava extrusion at the Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat. In: Druitt TH, Kokelaar BP (eds) The eruption of Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, from 1995 to 1999. Mem Geol Soc London 21:153-171
95. Merzbacher C, Eggler DH (1984) A magmatic geohygrometer: Application to Mount St. Helens and other dacitic magmas. Geology 12:587-590
96. Middleton GV, Neal WJ (1990) Experiments on the thickness of beds deposited by turbidity currents. J Sediment Petrol 59:297-307
97. Moore JG, Albee WC (1981) Topographic and structural changes, March-July 1980 - photogrammetric data. In: Lipman PW, Mullineaux DR (eds) The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 1250:123-134
98. Moore JG, Rice CJ (1984) Chronology and character of the May 18, 1980, explosive eruptions of Mount St Helens. In: Explosive volcanism: inception, evolution, and hazards. National Academy, Washington, pp 133-142
99. Moore JG, Sisson TW (1981) Deposits and effects of the May 18 pyroclastic surge. In: Lipman PW, Mullineaux DR (eds) The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 1250:421-438
100. Moriya I (1980) "Bandaian eruption" and landforms associated with it. In: Collection of articles in memory of retirement of Prof. K. Nishimura from Tohoku University. Fac Sci Tohoku Univ, Sendai: 214-219 (in Japanese with English abstract)
101. Mullineaux DR (1986) Summary of pre-1980 tephra-fall deposits erupted from Mount St. Helens, Washington State, USA. Bull Volcanol 48:17-26
102. Mullineaux DR, Crandell DR (1981) The eruptive history of Mount St. Helens. In: Lipman PW, Mullineaux DR (eds) The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington. US Geol Surv Prof. Pap 1250:3-16
103. Murphy MD, Sparks RSJ, Barclay J, Carroll MR, Brewer TS (2000) Remobilisation origin for andesite magma by intrusion of mafic magma at the Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, WI: A trigger for renewed eruption. J Petrol 41:21-42
104. Palmer B, Alloway B, Neall V (1991) Volcanic debris-avalanche deposits in New Zealand - lithofacies organization in unconfined, wet-avalanche flows. In: Fisher RV, Smith GA (eds) Sedimentation in volcanic settings. SEPM Spec Publ 45:89-98
105. Ritchie L, Cole P, Sparks PSJ (2002) Sedimentology of pyroclastic density current deposits generated by the December 26, 1997 eruption at the Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat. In: Druitt T, Kokelaar BP (eds) The eruption of Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, from 1995-1999. Mem Geol Soc London 21:435-456
106. Robertson R, Cole P, Sparks RSJ, Harford C, Lejeune AM, McGuire WJ, Miller AD, Murphy MD, Norton G, Stevens NF, Young SR (1998) The explosive eruption of Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, West Indies, September 17, 1996. Geophys Res Lett 25:3429-3433
107. Robertson RA, Aspinall WR, Herd RA, Norton GE, Sparks RSJ, Young R (2000) The 1995-1998 eruption of the Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, WI. Phil Trans Royal Soc London 358:1619-1637
108. Roobol M, Smith A (1998) Pyroclastic stratigraphy of the Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat - implications for the present eruption. Geophys Res Lett 25:3393-3396
109. Rutherford MJ, Devine JD (1988) The May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens. Stability and chemistry of amphibole in the magma chamber. J Geophys Res 93:11,949-11,959
110. Rutherford MJ, Sigurdsson H, Carey S, Davis AN (1985) The May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens. Melt composition and experimental phase equilibria. J Geophys Res 90:2929-2947
111. Scandone R, Malone SD (1985) Magma supply, magma discharge and readjustment of the feeding system of Mount St. Helens during 1980. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 23:239-262
112. Sekiya S, Kikuchi Y (1889) The eruption of Bandai-san. Tokyo Imp Univ Coll Sci J 3:91-172
113. Siebe C, Komorowski J-C, Sheridan MF (1992) Morphology and emplacement of an unusual debris-avalanche deposit at Jocotitlan volcano, Central Mexico. Bull Volcanol 54:573-589
114. Siebe C, Macias JL, Abrams M, Rodriguez S, Castro R, Delgado H (1995) Quaternary explosive volcanism and pyroclastic deposits in East Central Mexico: Implications for future hazards. Field trip guide book 1 for Geol Soc Am Ann Mtg: 1-47
115. Siebert L (1984) Large volcanic debris avalanches: Characteristics of source areas, deposits and associated eruptions. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 22:163-197
116. Siebert L (1996) Hazards of large volcanic debris avalanches and associated eruptive phenomena. In: Scarpa R, Tilling R (eds) Monitoring and mitigation of volcano hazards. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 541-572
117. Siebert L, Glicken H, Ui T (1987) Volcanic hazards from Bezymianny- and Bandai-type eruptions. Bull Volcanol 49:435-459
118. Siebert L, Beget J, Glicken H (1995) The 1883 and late-prehistoric eruptions of Augustine volcano, Alaska. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 66:367-395
119. Simpson JE (1987) Gravity currents in the environment and in the laboratory. Halstead, New York, pp 1-244
120. Sisson TW (1995) Blast ashfall deposit of May 18, 1980 Mount St Helens, Washington. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 66:203-216
121. Sousa J, Voight B (1995) Multiple-pulsed debris avalanche emplacement at Mount St Helens in 1980. Evidence from numerical continuum flow simulations. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 66:227-250
122. Sparks RSJ (1983) Discussion on "Mt. Peléle, Martinique; May 8 and 20, 1902 pyroclastic flows and surges". J Volcanol Geotherm Res 19:175-180
123. Sparks RSJ (1997) Causes and consequences of pressurization in lava dome eruptions. Earth Planet Sci Lett 150:177-189
124. Sparks RSJ, Wilson L, Hulme G (1978) Theoretical modeling of the generation, movement and emplacement of pyroclastic flows by column collapse. J Geophys Res 83:1727-1739
125. Sparks RSJ, Moore JG, Rice CJ (1986) The initial giant umbrella cloud of the May 18th, 1980, explosive eruption of Mount St Helens. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 28:257-274
126. Sparks RSJ, Bursik ME, Carey SN, Gilbert JS, Glaze LS, Sigurdsson H, Woods AW (1997) Volcanic plumes. Wiley, New York, pp 1-574
127. Sparks RSJ, Murphy MD, Lejeune AM, Watts RB, Barclay J, Young S (2000) Control on the emplacement of the andesite lava dome of the Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat by degassing-induced crystallization. Terra Nova 12:1-20
128. Sparks RSJ, Barclay J, Calder ES, Herd RA, Luckett R, Norton GE, Pollard L, Robertson RA, Ritchie L, Voight B, Young SR, Woods AW (2002) Generation of a debris avalanche and violent pyroclastic density current: The Boxing Day eruption of 26 December 1997 at the Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat. In: Druitt T, Kokelaar BP (eds) The eruption of Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, from 1995-1999. Mem Geol Soc London 21:409-434
129. Taylor GA (1958) The 1951 eruption of Mount Lamington, Papua. Bur Min Res Geol Geophys Bull 38:1-112
130. Valentine GA (1987) Stratified flow in pyroclastic surges. Bull Volcanol 49:616-630
131. Valentine GA (1998a) Damage to structures by pyroclastic flows and surges, inferred from nuclear weapons effects. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 87:117-140
132. Valentine GA (1998b) Eruption column physics. In: Freund A, Rosi M (eds) From magma to tephra. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 91-138
133. Valentine GA, Wohletz KH (1989) Numerical models of Plinian eruption columns and pyroclastic flows. J Geophys Res 94:1867-1887
134. Voight B (1981) Time scale for the first movements of the May 18 eruption. In: Lipman PW, Mullineaux DR (eds) The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 1250:69-86
135. Voight B (2000) Structural stability of andesite volcanoes and lava domes. Phil Trans Royal Soc London 358:1663-1703
136. Voight B, Elsworth D (1997) Failure of volcano slopes. Geotechnique 47:1-31
137. Voight B, Elsworth D (2000) Stability and collapse of hazardous gas-pressurized lava domes. Geophys Res Lett 48:1-4
138. Voight B, Glicken H, Janda RJ, Douglass PM (1981) Catastrophic rockslide avalanche of May 18. In: Lipman PW, Mullineaux DR (eds) The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 1250:347-377
139. Voight B, Glicken H, Janda RJ, Douglass PM (1983) Nature and mechanics of the Mount St Helens rockslide-avalanche of 18 May 1980. Geotechnique 33:243-273
140. Voight B, Komorowski J-C, Norton G, Belousov A, Belousova M, Boudon G, Francis P, Franz W, Sparks S, Young S (2002) The 1997 Boxing Day sector collapse and debris avalanche, Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, B.W.I. In: Druitt T, Kokelaar BP (eds) The eruption of Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, from 1995-1999. Mem Geol Soc Lond 21:363-407
141. Wadge G, Isaacs MC (1988) Mapping the volcanic hazards from Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies using an image processor. J Geol Soc Lond 145:541-551
142. Waitt RBJ (1981) Devastating pyroclastic density flow and attendant air fall of May 18 - stratigraphy and sedimentology of deposits. In: Lipman, PW, Mullineaux DR (eds) The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 1250:439-458
143. Waitt RBJ (1984) Comments and reply on "Mount St. Helens 1980 and Mount Pelée 1902 - flow or surge?" Geology 12:693
144. Wallis GB (1969) One-dimensional two-phase flow. McGraw Hill, New York
145. Walker GPL (1983) Ignimbrite types and ignimbrite problems. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 17:65-88
146. Walker GPL, McBroome LA (1983) Mount St. Helens 1980 and Mount Pelée 1902 - flow or surge? Geology 11:571-574
147. Walker GPL, McBroome LA (1984) Comments and reply on "Mount St. Helens 1980 and Mount Pelée 1902 - flow or surge? Geology 12:693-694
148. Watts R, Sparks RSJ, Herd RA, Young SR (2002) Growth patterns and emplacement of the andesitic lava dome at Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat. In: Druitt T, Kokelaar BP (eds) The eruption of Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, from 1995-1999. Mem Geol Soc London 21:115-152
149. Wilson L, Heslop SE (1990) Clast sizes in terrestrial and Martian ignimbrite lag deposits. J Geophys Res 95:17309-17314
150. Wilson L, Sparks RSJ, Walker JPL (1980) Explosive volcanic eruptions, IV. The control of magma properties and conduit geometry on eruption column behavior. Geophys J Royal Astron Soc 63:117-148
151. Winner WE, Casadevall TJ (1981) Fir leaves as thermometers during the May 18 eruption. In: Lipman PW, Mullineaux DR (eds) The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens, Washington. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 1250:315-320
152. Wohletz KH (1998) Pyroclastic surges and compressible two-phase flow. In: Freund A, Rosi M (eds) From magma to tephra. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 247-312
153. Wohletz KH, Sheridan MF (1979) A model of pyroclastic surge. Geol Soc Am Spec Pap 180:177-194
154. Wohletz KH, Valentine GA (1990) Computer simulations of explosive volcanic eruptions. In: Ryan MP (ed) Magma transport and storage. Wiley, New York, pp 113-135
155. Wohletz KH, McGetchin TR, Sandford MT, Jones EM (1984) Hydrodynamic aspects of caldera-forming eruptions: Numerical models. J Geophys Res 89:8269-8285
156. Woods A (2000) Dynamics of hazardous volcanic flows. Phil Trans Royal Soc London 358:1705-1724
157. Woods AW, Sparks RSJ, Batey J, Gladstone C, Ritchie LJ, Bursik M (2002) The generation of vertically stratified pyroclastic density currents by rapid decompression of a pressurised volcanic dome on 26 December (Boxing Day) 1997 at Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat. In: Druitt T, Kokelaar BP (eds) The eruption of Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, from 1995-1999. Mem Geol Soc London 21:457-465
158. Yamamoto T, Suto S (1996) Eruptive history of Bandai volcano, NE Japan, based on tephrostratigraphy. Bull Geol Surv Japan 47:335-359
159. Young SR, Voight B, Barclay J, Herd R, Komorowski JC, Miller AD, Sparks RSJ, Stewart RC (2002) Hazards implications of small-scale edifice instability and sector collapse: A case-history from Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat. In: Druitt T, Kokelaar BP (eds) The eruption of Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, from 1995-1999. Mem Geol Soc London 21:349-363
160. Zimanowski B (1998) Phreatomagmatic explosions. In: Freundt A, Rosi M (eds) From magma to tephra. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 25-54