Imagining the congo: The international relations of identity

Imagining the Congo: The International Relations of Identity

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-221

  Dunn, Kevin C ^a  

^a HOBART AND WILLIAM SMITH COLLEGES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84994298566     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1057/9781403979261     Document Type: Book

References (459)

1. Achebe, Chinua. 1988. “An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad’s Heart of.” In Conrad, Heart of Darkness: Critical Edition. New York: W.W. Norton and Co.
2. Adelman, Kenneth Lee. 1975. “The Recourse to Authenticity and Négritude in Zaïre.” Journal of Modern African Studies 13(1).
3. Adorno, Theodor W. 1973. The Jargon of Authenticity. Trans. by Knut Tarnowiski and Frederic Will. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
4. Adorno, Theodor W. Africa Confidential. (London).
5. Adorno, Theodor W. Africa International. (Paris).
6. Agnew, John and Stuart Corbridge. 1995. Mastering Space: Hegemony, Territory and International Political Economy. London/New York: Routledge.
7. Albright, Madeline. 1997a. “Promoting America’s Interests and Ideals Through Diplomacy.” US Department of State Dispatch 8(2). February.
8. Albright, Madeline. 1997b. “Sustaining Principled and Purposeful American Leadership.” US Department of State Dispatch 8(4). May.
9. Albright, Madeline. 1998a. “A New Chapter in US-Africa Relations.” US Department of State Dispatch 9(1). January/February.
10. Albright, Madeline. 1998b. “US Policy Toward Africa.” US Department of State Dispatch 9(3). April.
11. Allen, Chris. 1997. “Zaïre, South Africa: Moving Forward?” Review of African Political Economy (72).
12. Allimadi, Milton. 1998. “The US Connection.” West Africa, 21 December.
13. Anderson, Benedict. 1991. Imagined Communities. Rev. Ed. London: Verso.
14. Anstey, Roger. 1966. King Leopold’s Legacy: The Congo Under Belgian Rule 1908-1960. London: Oxford University Press.
15. Arendt, Hannah. 1968. Totalitarianism: Part Three of the Origins of Totalitarianism. San Diego: Harvest.
16. Ashley, Richard. 1988. “Untying the Sovereign State: A Double Reading of the Anarchy Problematique.” Millennium. 17.
17. Ba, Boubacar. 1970. Mobutu: LHomme et L’Oeuvre/The Man and His Work. Kinshasa(?): Editions Afrique Consortium.
18. Bach, Daniel C., ed. 1999. Regionalisation in Africa: Integration and Disintegration. London/Bloomington: James Currey/Indiana University Press.
19. Bach, Daniel C. 1986. “France’s Involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Necessary Condition to Middle Power Status in the International System.” In Amadu Sesay, ed. Africa and Europe: from Partition to Interdependence or Dependence? London: Croom Helm.
20. Bach, Daniel C. 1995. “Frontiers versus boundary-lines: Changing patterns of state-society interactions in sub-Saharan Africa.” Paper presented at the APSA Annual meeting, Chicago, September.
21. Baker, Samuel. 1866. Albert N’Yanza. London: Macmillan.
22. Balakrishnan, Gopal, ed. 1996. Mapping the Nation. London: Verso.
23. Ball, George W. 1961. The Elements in Our Congo Policy. Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office.
24. Banning, Emile. 1877. Africa and the Geographical Conference. Trans. by Richard Henry Major. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington.
25. Barnes, Trevor J. and James S. Duncan, eds. 1992. Writing Worlds: discourse, text and metaphor in the representation of landscape. London: Routledge.
26. Barrell, Howard and Iden Wetherell. 1998. “Rebels advance after fall of Kindu.” 16 October. Mimeo in CEDAF archives, Brussels.
27. Bartelson, Jens. 1995. A Geneology of Sovereignty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
28. Bauer, Ludwig. 1934. Leopold the Unloved: King of the Belgians and of Money. London: Cassell.
29. Bederman, Gail. 1995. Manliness and Civilization: A cultural history of gender and race in the United States, 1880-1917. Chicago: University of Chicago.
30. Bednarek, Jerzy. 1999. “La ‘marionette’ Kabila rebondit sur l’ogre rwandais.” Africa International. December/January.
31. Bednarek, Jerzy. Belgian Congo 59. Brussels: The Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi Information and Public Relations Office.
32. Bednarek, Jerzy. Belgian Congo To-Day. Brussels: InforCongo.
33. Belgian Government Information Center. 1959. The Political Future of the Belgian Congo. Brussels: InforCongo.
34. Belgian Government Information Center. 1960. A Preliminary Re-port on the atrocities committed by the Congolese Army against the white population of the Republic of the Congo before the intervention of the Belgian Forces. New York.
35. Belgian Government Information Center. La Belgique Coloniale. (Brussels).
36. Bennett, Norman, ed. 1970. Stanley's Despatches to the New York Herald 1871-1872, 1874-1877. Boston: Boston University Press.
37. Berkeley, Bill. 2001. The Graves are Not Yet Full. New York: Basic Books.
38. Bhaba, Homi. 1984. “Of Mimicry and Men: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse.” October 28, pp. 125-33.
39. Bhaba, Homi. 1993. “The World and the Home.” Social Text (summer).
40. Bierman, John. 1990. Dark Safari: The Life behind the legend of Henry Morton Stanley. New York: Knopf.
41. Biersteker, Thomas and Cynthia Weber, eds. 1996. State Sovereignty as Social Construct. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
42. Blanchard, Pascal et al., eds. 1995. L’Autre et Nous “Scènes et Types.” Paris: ACHAC.
43. Block, Robert. 1998. “General Partner: Zimbabwe’s Elite Turn Strife in Nearby Congo Into Quest for Riches.” Wall Street Journal, 9 November.
44. Boas, Morten, Marianne Marchand, and Timothy M. Shaw, eds. 1999. Third World Quarterly 20(5) (special issue: “New Regionalisms in the New Millennium”).
45. Boisseau, T. J. 1996. The African Adventures of May French-Sheldon. Ph.D. diss. Binghamton University.
46. Boissonnade, Euloge. 1990. Le Mal Zaïrois. Paris: Hermé.
47. Bontinck, François. 1966. “Aux origines de l’État Indépendant du Congo: Documents tirés d’Archives Américaines.” Publications de l’Université Lovanium de Léopoldville 5(15).
48. Boulger, Demetrius C. 1898. The Congo State, or the Growth of Civilisation in Central Africa. London: W. Thacker and Co.
49. Boulger, Demetrius C. 1900. “The Congo State and Central-African Problems.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine (February), pp. 373-88.
50. Boulger, Demetrius C. 1903. “The Attack on the Congo Free State.” North American Review (15 December), pp. 825-36.
51. Bourne, H. R. Fox. 1903. Civilisation in Congoland: A Story of International WrongDoing. London: P.S. King and Son.
52. Bouvier, Paule. 1965. L’accession du Congo belge à l’indépendance: Essai d’analyse sociologique. Brussels: ULB.
53. Braeckman, Colette. 1992. Le Dinosaur: Le Zaïre de Mobutu. Pris: Fayard.
54. Braeckman, Colette. 1999. “Carve-up in the Congo.” Trans. by Barbara Wilson. Mimeo in CEDAF archives, Brussels.
55. Brausch, George. 1961. Belgian Administration in the Congo. London: Oxford University Press.
56. Brown, Wendy. 1995. States of Injury: Power and Freedom in Late Modernity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
57. Brubaker, Rogers and Frederick Cooper. 2000. “Beyond ‘Identity.’” Theory and Society (February), pp. 1-47.
58. Brugailliere, Marie-Christine. 1993. “Un journal au service d’une conquête: Le Mouvement Géographique (1884-1908).” In Halen and Riesz, eds. Images de l’Afrique et du Congo/Zaïre dans les lettres française de Belgique et alentour. Brussels: Éditions du Trottoir.
59. Buchan, David. 1997. “France broadens African policy focus.” Financial Times. 8 September.
60. Burrows, Capt. Guy. 1903. The Curse of Central Africa. London: R.A. Everett.
61. Burton, Richard Francis. 1877. A Mission to Geleke, King of Dahomey, 2 vols. London.
62. Bustin, Edouard. 1964. “After Stanleyville What?” Africa Today 11(10).
63. Bustin, Edouard. 1967. “Confrontation in the Congo.” Current History (March).
64. Bustin, Edouard. 1968. “Consolidation in the Congo.” Current History (February).
65. Bustin, Edouard. 1982. “The limits of French intervention in Africa: A study in applied neo-colonialism.” Working paper no. 54. Boston University African Studies Center. Boston, MA.
66. Bustin, Edouard. 1999. “The Collapse of ‘Congo/Zaïre’ and its Regional Impact.” In Bach, ed. Regionalisation in Africa: Integration and Disintegration. London/Bloomington: James Currey/Indiana University Press.
67. Butler, Judith. 1990. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.
68. Buzan, Barry. 1998. “Conclusion: System Versus Units in Theorizing about the Third World.” In Neuman, ed. International Relations Theory and the Third World. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
69. Callaghy, Thomas M. 1979. “State Formation and Absolutism in Comparative Perspective: Seventeen Century France and Mobutu Sese Seko’s Zaïre.” Ph.D. Diss. University of California—Berkeley.
70. Callaghy, Thomas M. 1983. “External Actors and the Relative Autonomy of the Political Aristocracy in Zaïre.” Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 21(3).
71. Callaghy, Thomas M. 1984. The State-Society Struggle: Zaïre in Comparative Perspective. New York: Columbia University Press.
72. Callaghy, Thomas M. 1986a. “The International Community and Zaïre’s Debt Crisis.” In Nzongola-Ntalaja, ed. The Crisis in Zaïre: Myths and Realities. Trenton: Africa World Press.
73. Callaghy, Thomas M. 1986b. “The Political Economy of African Debt: The Case of Zaïre.” In Ravenhill, ed. Africa in Economic Crisis. New York: Columbia University Press.
74. Callaghy, Thomas M. 1987. “The State as Lame Leviathan: The Patrimonial Administrative State in Africa.” In Zaki Ergas, ed. The African State in Transition. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
75. Campbell, David. 1992. Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.
76. Canisius, Edgar. 1903. A Campaign Amongst Cannibals. Reprinted in Burrows, The Curse of Central Africa. London: R.A. Everett.
77. Chabal, Patrick and Jean-Pascal Daloz. 1999. Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument. Oxford: James Currey for the International African Institute.
78. Chatterjee, Partha. 1986. Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse? London: Zed Books.
79. Chatterjee, Partha. 1996. “Whose Imagined Community?” In Balakrishnan, ed. Mapping the Nation. London and New York: Verso.
80. Chomé, Jules. 1974. L’Ascension de Mobutu: du Sergent Joseph Désiré au Général Sese Seko. Brussels: Éditions Complexe.
81. Clapham, Christopher. 1996. Africa and the International System: The Politics of State Survival. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
82. Clapham, Christopher. 1999. “Boundaries and States in the New African Order.” In Bach, ed. Regionalisation in Africa: Integration and Disintegration. London/Bloomington: James Currey/Indiana University Press.
83. Clark, John F. 1998. “Zaïre: The Bankruptcy of the Extractive State.” In Villalon and Huxtable, eds. The African State at a Critical Juncture: Between Disintegration and Reconfiguration. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
84. Close, William T. 2001. A Doctor’s Story. New York: Ivy Books.
85. Cockx, A. and J. Lemmens. 1958. Les Ex-positions Universelles et Internationales en Belgique de 1885 à 1958. Brussels: SPRL.
86. Cohn, Bernard S. 1996. Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
87. Collins, Carole J. L. 1997a. “The Congo Is Back!” Re-view of African Political Economy (72).
88. Collins, Carole J. L. 1997b. “Reconstructing the Congo.” Re-view of African Political Economy (74).
89. Collins, Carole J. L. 1998. “Congo/Ex-Zaïre: Through the Looking Glass.” Review of African Political Economy (75).
90. Comaroff, Jean and John Comaroff. 1991. Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity, Colonialism, and Consciousness in South Africa. Vol. 1. Chicago/London: University of Chicago Press.
91. Comaroff, Jean and John Comaroff. Commercial Appeal. (Memphis, TN).
92. Comaroff, Jean and John Comaroff. Congressional Record. Various dates. U.S. Congress. Washington, D.C.
93. Comaroff, Jean and John Comaroff. Congo belge et Ruanda et Ruanda-Urundi: Agriculture, Élevage, Forêt, Chasse, et Pêche. 1958. Brussels: Ministère des Colonies.
94. Connolly, William. 1991. IdentityDifference: Democratic Negotiations of Political Paradox. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
95. Connolly, William. 1993. “Democracy and Territoriality.” In Dolan and Dumm, eds. Rhetorical Republic: Governing Representations in American Politics. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
96. Connolly, William. 1996. “Tocqueville, Territory, and Violence.” In Shapiro and Alker, eds. Challenging Boundaries. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
97. Conrad, Joseph. 1975. “An Outpost of Progress.” In The Portable Conrad: Revised Edition. New York: Penguin
98. Conrad, Joseph. 1988. Heart of Darkness: Critical Edition. New York: W.W. Norton and Co.
99. Cornell, Stephen. 2000. “That’s the Story of Our Life.” In Spickard and Burroughs, eds. We Are a People: Narrative and Multiplicity in Constructing Ethnic Identity. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
100. Cox, Robert. 1993. “Gramsci, Hegemony and International Relations: An essay in method.” In Gill, ed. Gramsci, Historical Materialism and International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
101. Crichton, Michael. 1980. Congo. New York: Ballentine Books.
102. Davidson, Basil. 1961. Black Mother, Africa. London: Victor Gollancz.
103. Davidson, Basil. 1992. The Black Man’s Burden: Africa and the Curse of the NationState. New York: Times Books.
104. Dayal, Rajeshwar. 1976. Mission for Hammarskjöld: The Congo Crisis. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
105. De Baets, Antoon. 1991. “Le Congo dans les manuels d’histoire employés dans nos écoles.” In Decoder L’Image Du Noir: Brochure Éducative pour “Le Noir du Blanc.” Brussels: École sans Racisme.
106. De Boeck, Filip. 1996. “Postcolonialism, power and identity: Local and global perspectives from Zaïre.” In Werbner and Ranger, eds. Postcolonial Identities in Africa. London: Zed Books.
107. De St. Moulin, L. 1990. “What is Known of the Demographic History of Zaire Since 1885?” In Fetter, ed. Demography From Scanty Evidence: Central Africa in the Colonial Era. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
108. De Villers, Gauthier, ed. 1994. Belgique/Zaire: Une histoire en quête d’avenir. Paris: L’Harmattan.
109. De Villers, Gauthier, 1995. De Mobutu à Mobutu: Trente ans de relations Belgique-Zaïre. Brussels: DeBoeck Université.
110. De Witte, Ludo. 2001. The Assassination of Lumumba. New York: Verso.
111. Deleuze, Gilles and Félix Guattari. 1977. “Savages, Barbarians, Civilized Men.” In Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Trans. by Robert Hurley et al. New York: Viking.
112. Denselow, Robin. 2001. “Quiet Spoken: UN Fears Cyprus-style Division in Congo.” The Guardian (Manchester), 28 June, 1.
113. Diamond, Larry. 1987. “Class Formation in the Swollen African State.” Journal of Modern African Studies 25(4).
114. Djungu-Simba K., Charles, C. 1997. “La figure de Patrice Lumumba dans les lettres du Congo-Zaïre.” In Halen and Riesz, eds. Patrice Lumumba entre Dieu et Diable: Un héros africain dans ses images. Paris: L’Harmattan.
115. Donny, Albert. 1897-1901. Manuel du Voyageur et du Résident au Congo. 5 vols. Brussels: Hayez.
116. Doty, Roxanne Lynn. 1993. “The Bounds of ‘Race’ in International Relations.” Millennium 22(3).
117. Doty, Roxanne Lynn. 1996. Imperial Encounters: The Politics of Representation in North-South Relations. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.
118. Du Bois, Victor D. 1973. Zaïre Under President Sese Seko Mobutu: Part I: The Return to Authenticity. American University Field Staff Report. Central and Southern Africa Series 17(1).
119. Dunn, Kevin C. 2002. “A Survival Guide to Kinshasa: Lessons of the Father, Passed Down to the Son.” In John F. Clark, ed. The African Stakes of the Congo’s War. New York: Palgrave.
120. Dunn, Kevin C. and Timothy M. Shaw, eds. 2001. Africa’s Challenge to International Relations Theory. London: Macmillan.
121. Dunn, Kevin C. and Timothy M. Shaw, eds. East African, The. (Nairobi, Kenya).
122. Dunn, Kevin C. and Timothy M. Shaw, eds. Economist, The. (London).
123. Eisenhower, Dwight D. 1965. The White House Years: Waging Peace 1956-1961. Garden City: Doubleday.
124. Evans, Glynne. 1997. Responding to Crises in the African Great Lakes. Adelphi Paper 311. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
125. Fabian, Johannes. 1983. Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Objects. New York: Columbia University Press.
126. Ferguson, Kennan. 1996. “Unmapping and Remapping the World: Foreign Policy as Aesthetic Practice.” In Shapiro and Alker, eds. Challenging Boundaries. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
127. Fieldhouse, D. K. 1981. Colonialism 1870-1945: An Introduction. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
128. Fierlafyn, Luc. 1990. Le Discours Nationaliste au Congo Belge durant la Période 1955-1960. Brussels: CEDAF/ASDOC.
129. Fierlafyn, Luc. Financial Times. (London).
130. Fisher, Ian. 2001. “Heart of Greed.” New York Times, 10 June, 16.
131. Fisiy, Cyprian F. 1998. “Of Journeys and Border Crossings: Return of Refugees, Identity and Reconstruction in Rwanda.” African Studies Re-view 41(1).
132. Forbath, Peter. 1977. The River Congo. New York: E. P. Dutton.
133. Foucault, Michel. 1980. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977. New York: Pantheon.
134. Fox, Renée C. 1984. In the Belgian Château: The Spirit and Culture of a European Society in an Age of Change. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee.
135. François, Albert. 1943. Congo: Terre D’Héroisme. 2d. Ed. Brussels: Office de Publicité.
136. French, Howard W. 1997. “The Great Gold Rush in Zaïre, Mining Concerns Court Rebels Even Before Mobutu’s Ouster.” New York Times, 18 April.
137. Galvez, William. 1999. Che in Africa: Che Guevara’s Congo Diary. Melbourne: Ocean Press.
138. Gann, L. H. and Peter Duigan. 1979. The Rulers of Belgian African, 1884-1914. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
139. Geller, Ernest. 1964. Thought and Change. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
140. Gendarme, Fernard. 1942. Croquis Congolais. Brussels: Editions Wellens-Pay.
141. Gendebien, Paul-Henry. 1967. L’Intervention des Nations Unites au Congo 1960-1964. Paris: Mouton et Cie.
142. Gerard-Libios, J. and Benoit Verhaegen. 1961. Congo 1960. Brussels: CRISP.
143. Gibbs, David. 1991. The Political Economy of Third World Intervention. Chicago: University of Chicago.
144. Gill, Stephen. 1993. “Gramsci and Global Politics: Towards a post-hegemonic research agenda.” In Gill, ed. Gramsci, Historical Materialism and International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
145. Gleijeses, Piero. 1994. “’Flee! The White Giants Are Coming!’: The United States, the Mercenaries, and the Congo, 1964-65.” Diplomatic History 18(2).
146. Gong, Gerrit W. 1984. The Standard of “Civilization” in International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
147. Gould, Stephen Jay. 1981. The Mismeasurement of Man. New York: Norton.
148. Gourevitch, Philip. 1998. We wish to inform you that tomorrow we will be killed with our families: Stories from Rwanda. New York: Farrar Straus and Giroux.
149. Gramsci, Antonio. 1971. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. Trans. by Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith. New York: International Publishers.
150. Gray, Christopher. 1998. “Multinational and Human Rights Promotion: A Role for Mining Companies in the Democratic Republic of Congo?” Paper presented at the African Studies Association Conference, Chicago, 31 October.
151. Greene, Graham. 1960. A Burnt-Out Case. New York: Viking.
152. Grimsley, Ronald. 1974. From Montesquieu to Laclos: Studies on the French Enlightenment. Geneva: Droz.
153. Grotius, Hugo. 1623 (1901). The Rights of War and Peace. London: Walter Dunne.
154. Grovogui, Siba. 1996. Sovereigns, Quasi Sovereigns, and Africans. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
155. Grovogui, Siba. 2000. “Sovereignty in Africa: Quasi-Statehood and Other Myths in International Theory.” In Dunn and Shaw, eds. Africa’s Challenge to International Relations Theory. London: Macmillan.
156. Gruesser, John Cullen. 1992. White on Black: Contemporary Literature about Africa. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
157. Gruesser, John Cullen. Guardian, The. (London).
158. Halen, Pierre and Janos Riesz, eds. 1993. Images de l’Afrique et du Congo/Zaire dans les lettres française de Belgique et alentour. Brussels: Textyles.
159. Halen, Pierre and Janos Riesz, eds. 1997. Patrice Lumumba entre Dieu et Diable: Un héros africain dans ses images. Paris: L’Harmattan.
160. Halen, Pierre. 1995. “L’Illustration du Congo et le Discours des ‘Beaux-Livres.’” In Blanchard et al., eds. L’Autre et Nous “Scènes et Types.” Paris: ACHAC.
161. Hall, John A. and G. John Ikenberry. 1989. The State. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
162. Hall, Stuart. 1980. “Encoding/decoding.” In Hall et al., eds. Culture, Media, Language. London: Hutchinson.
163. Hall, Stuart. 1988. “The Toad in the Garden: Thatcherism among the Theorists.” In C. Nelson and L. Grossberg, eds. Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. Urbana/Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
164. Hall, Stuart. 1995. “Fantasy, Identity, Politics.” In Carter, Donald and Squites, eds. Cultural Remix: Theories of Politics and the Popular. London: Lawrence and Wishart.
165. Hall, Stuart. 1996. “Who Needs ‘Identity’?” in Hall and Du Gay, eds. Questions of Cultural Identity. London: Sage.
166. Hammond, Dorothy and Alta Jablow. 1970. The Africa That Never Was. Prospect Heights: Waveland Press.
167. Hannaford, Ivan. 1996. Race: The History of an Idea in the West. Washington: John Hopkins University Press.
168. Harbeson, John, Donald Rothchild, and Naomi Chazan, eds. 1994. Civil Society and the State in Africa. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
169. Hawthorne, Peter. 1999. “Diamonds in the Rough.” Time. 6 December.
170. Hettne, Björn and Frederik Söderbaum. 1998. Politeia 17(3) (special issue on the New Regionalism).
171. Hochschild, Adam. 1998. King Leopold’s Ghost. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
172. Hodgkin, Thomas. 1956. Nationalism in Colonial Africa. London: Frederick Muller.
173. Hoskyns, Catherine. 1965. The Congo Since Independence. London: Oxford University Press.
174. Hugon, Anne. 1993. The Exploration of Africa: From Cairo to the Cape. New York: Abrams.
175. Huliaras, Asteris C. 1998. “The ‘Anglosaxon Conspiracy’: French perceptions of the Great Lakes crisis.” Journal of Modern African Studies 36(4).
176. Human Rights Watch. 1997. Democratic Republic of the Congo: What Kabila Is Hiding. New York: Human Rights Watch/Africa.
177. Inayatullah, Naeem. 1996. “Beyond the sovereignty dilemma: Quasi-states as social construct.” In Biersteker and Weber, eds. State Sovereignty as Social Construct. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
178. Isaacman, Allan and Jan Vansina. 1985. “African Initiatives and Resistance in Central Africa, 1880-1914.” In A. Adu Boahen, ed. General History of Africa. Vol. 7. Paris: UNESCO.
179. Jackson, Robert H. 1990. Quasi-states: Sovereignty, international relations and the Third World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
180. Jackson, Robert H. and Carl G. Rosberg. 1982. “Why Africa’s Weak States Persist: The Empirical and the Juridical in Statehood.” World Politics 35(1).
181. Jacquemin, Jean-Pierre, ed. 1991. Racisme Continent Obscur: Clichés, Stereotypes, Phantasmes à propos des noirs dans le Royaume de Belgique. Brussels: CEC.
182. Jacquemin, Jean-Pierre, ed. 1985. Zaïre 1885-1985: Cent ans de regards belges. Brussels: CEC.
183. Jankowiak, Stanislaw. 1997. “Patrice Lumumba d’après la propagande à l’époque de la République Populaire Polonaise.” In Halen and Riesz, eds. Patrice Lumumba entre Dieu et Diable: Un héros africain dans ses images. Paris: L’Harmattan.
184. Jankowiak, Stanislaw. Jeune Afrique. (Paris).
185. Jewsiewicki, Bogumil. 1979. “Zaire enters the World System: Its Colonial Incorporation as the Belgian Congo, 1885-1960.” In Guy Gran, ed. Zaire: The Political Economy of Underdevelopment. New York: Praeger.
186. Jewsiewicki, Bogumil. 1980. “Political Consciousness among African Peasants in the Belgian Congo.” Review of African Political Economy 19.
187. Kabila, Laurent-Désiré. 1998. “Hommage à Patrice Emery Lumumba: 19 January 1998 Speech.” Available at http://rdcongo.org/frames/acp/archives/Official4.html.
188. Kabila, Laurent-Désiré. 1999. “Create Committees of the People’s Power Everywhere: 21 January 1999 Speech.” Available at http://194.78.3.66/congo.
189. Kabwit, Ghislain C. 1979. “Zaïre: The Roots of the Continuing Crisis.” Journal of Modern African Studies 17(3).
190. Kalb, Madeleine. 1982. The Congo Cables. New York: Macmillan.
191. Kangafu-Kutumbagana, K. 1973. Discours sur L’Authenticité. Les Presse Africaines.
192. Kannyo, Edward. 1979. “Postcolonial Politics in Zaïre, 1960-79.” In Guy Gran, ed. Zaïre: The Political Economy of Underdevelopment. New York: Praeger.
193. Kaplan, Amy and Donald E. Pease, eds. 1993. Cultures of United States Imperialism. Durham: Duke University Press.
194. Kaplan, Robert. 1994. “The Coming Anarchy.” The Atlantic Monthly (February).
195. Kaplan, Robert. 1996. The Ends of the Earth: A Journey at the Dawn of the 21st Century. New York: Random House.
196. Karp, Ivan. 1991. “Culture and Representation.” In Exhibiting Cultures: The Poetics and Politics of Museum Display. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
197. Katzenstein, Peter, ed. 1996. The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.
198. Keith, Arthur. 1919. The Belgian Congo and the Berlin Act. London: Oxford University Press.
199. Kelly, Sean. 1993. America’s Tyrant: The CIA and Mobutu of Zaïre. Washington, D.C.: American University Press.
200. Kennan, George. 1946 (1993). “The Kennan ‘Long Telegram.’” In Kenneth M. Jensen, ed. Origins of the Cold War: The Novikov, Kennan, and Roberts 'Long Telegrams” of 1946. Rev. Ed. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute for Peace Press.
201. Kennedy, Pagan. 2002. Black Livingstone: A True Tale of Adventure in the Nineteenth-Century Congo. New York: Viking.
202. Kennes, Erik. 1999. Essai Biographique sur Laurent-Désiré Kabila. Brussels: Cahiers Africains.
203. Khrushchev, Nikita. 1974. Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament. Trans. and ed. by Strobe Talbot. Boston: Little, Brown.
204. Kingsolver, Barbara. 1998. The Poisonwood Bible. New York: Harper Flamingo.
205. Kitchen, Helen, ed. 1967. Footnotes to the Congo Story. New York: Walker and Co.
206. Kivilu, Sabakinu. 1990. “Population and Worker Mortality in Western Zaire.” In Fetter, ed. Demography From Scanty Evidence: Central Africa in the Colonial Era. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
207. Kopytoff, Igor. 1987. “The internal African frontier: The making of African political culture.” In Kopytoff, ed. The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
208. Lapid, Yosef and Friederich Kratochwil, eds. 1996. The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
209. Lefever, Ernest. 1965. Crisis in the Congo: A United Nations Force in Action. Washington: Brookings Institution.
210. Lemarchand, René. 1964. Political Awakening in the Belgian Congo. Berkeley: University of California.
211. Lemarchand, René. 1976. “The CIA in Africa: How Central? How Intelligent?” Journal of Modern African Studies 14(3).
212. Lemarchand, René. 1981. “Zaïre: The Unmanageable Client-State.” In Lemarchand, ed. American Policy in Southern Africa: The Stakes and the Stance. 2d Ed. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America.
213. Lemarchand, René. 1994. Burundi: Ethnocide as discourse and practice. Washington: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
214. Lemarchand, René. 1995. Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide. New York: Cambridge University Press.
215. Lemarchand, René. 1998a. “Genocide in the Great Lakes: Which Genocide? Whose Genocide?” African Studies Review 41(1).
216. Lemarchand, René. 1998b. “US Policy in the Great Lakes: A Critical Perspective.” Issue: A Journal of Opinion 26(1).
217. Lemelin, Bernard. 1997. “De l’indifférence à l’effroi: le Congrès américain et Patrice Lumumba (1959-1961).” In Halen and Riesz, eds. Patrice Lumumba entre Dieu et Diable: Un héros africain dans ses images. Paris: L’Harmattan.
218. Lenin, V. I. 1939. Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism. New York: International Publishers.
219. Leopold II (a.k.a. “A Belgian”). 1903. The Truth About the Civilisation in Congoland. London: Sampson Low, Marston and Co.
220. Leslie, Winsome J. 1986. “The World Bank and Zaïre.” In Nzongola-Ntalaja, ed. The Crisis in Zaïre: Myths and Realities. Trenton: Africa World Press.
221. Leslie, Winsome J. 1993. Zaïre: Continuity and Political Change in an Oppressive State. Boulder: Westview Press.
222. Leys, Colin. 1976. Underdevelopment in Kenya: the Political Economy of neo-Colonialism 1964-71. London: Heinemann.
223. Leys, Colin. Libre Belgique, La. (Brussels).
224. Lindqvist, Sven. 1992. “Exterminate All the Brutes.” New York: New Press.
225. Longman, Timothy. 1998. “Rwanda: Chaos from Above.” In Villalon and Huxtable, eds. The African State at a Critical Juncture: Between Disintegration and Reconfiguration. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
226. Lorimer, Douglas. 1978. Race, Class and the Victorians. New York: Holmes and Meir.
227. Louis, W. R. and Jean Stengers, ed. 1968. E. D. Morel’s History of the Congo Reform Movement. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
228. Lumumba, Patrice. 1962. Congo, My Country. New York: Praeger.
229. Lüsebrink, Hans-Jürgen. 1993. “Images de l’Afrique et Mise en Scéne du Congo Belge dans les Expositions Coloniales Française et Belges (1889-1937).” In Halen and Riesz, eds. Images de l’Afrique et du Congo/Zaïre dans les lettres française de Belgique et alentour. Brussels: Éditions du Trottoir.
230. Luwel, Marcel. 1967. Tervuren 1897. Tervuren: Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale.
231. MacGaffey, Janet, et al. 1991. The Real Economy of Zaire: The contribution of smuggling and other unofficial activities to national wealth. London/Philadelphia: James Currey/University of Pennsylvania Press.
232. MacGaffey, Janet. 1987. Entrepreneurs and Parasites: The struggle for indigenous capitalism in Zaire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
233. MacGaffey, Wyatt. 1997. “Kongo Identity, 1483-1993.” In Mudimbe, ed. Nations, Identities, Cultures. Durham: Duke University Press
234. Malaquias, Assis. 2000. “Reformulating International Relations Theory: African Insights and Challenges.” In Dunn and Shaw, eds. Africa’s Challenge to International Relations Theory. London: Macmillan.
235. Makau wa Mutua. 1994. “Redrawing the map along African lines.” The Boston Globe, 22 September.
236. Malengreau, Guy. 1955. “Recent Developments in Belgian Africa.” In C. Grove Haines, ed. Africa Today. Baltimore: John Hopkins Press.
237. Mamdani, Mahmood. 1998. “The Solution: Political Reform.” Mail & Guardian (Johannesburg), 14 August. (Reprinted in World Press Re-view, November 1998).
238. Manwana-Mungongo, M. 1972. Le Général Mobutu Sese Seko parle du Nationalisme Zaïrois Authentique. Kinshasa: Éditions OKAPI.
239. Marchal, Jules. 1996. L’Etat Libre du Congo: Paradis Perdu. L’Histoire du Congo 1876-1900. 2 vols. Borgloon, Belgium: Editions Paula Bellings.
240. Marchal, Jules. 1999. Travail Forcé pour le Cuivre et pour l’Or. Vol. 1. Borgloon: Editions Paula Bellings.
241. Marchal, Roland. 1998. “France and Africa: The emergence of essential reforms?” International Affairs 74(2).
242. Marzorati, A. F. G. 1954. “The Political Organisation and the Evolution of African Society in the Belgian Congo.” African Affairs 53(211).
243. Masuy, Christine. 1997. “Du Portrait au Personage: La diabolisation symbolique de Patrice Lumumba dans La Libre Belgique.” In Halen and Riesz, eds. Patrice Lumumba Entre Dieu et Diable. Paris: L’Harmattan.
244. Mayall, James. 1990. Nationalism and international society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
245. Mazrui, Ali. 1967. “African Diplomatic Thought and the Principle of Legitimacy.” In Gappert and Thomas, eds. The Congo, Africa and America. Occasional Paper no. 15. Maxwell Graduate School, Syracuse University.
246. McClintock, Anne. 1995. Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest. London: Routledge.
247. McKinley, James C. Jr. 1997. “Zaïre’s New Troops: Mining Executives Wielding Briefcases.” New York Times. 17 April.
248. McLynn, Frank. 1989. Stanley: The Making of an African Explorer. London: Constable.
249. McNulty, Mel. 1997. “France’s Rwanda débâcle.” War Studies Journal 2(2) (spring).
250. McNulty, Mel. 1999. “The collapse of Zaïre: Implosion, revolution or external sabotage?” Journal of Modern African Studies 37(1).
251. McRobbie, Angela. 1994. Postmodernism and Popular Culture. New York: Routledge.
252. McRobbie, Angela. “Memorandum From the Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research to Secretary of State Herter, 25 July 1960.” 1992. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960. Vol 14. Africa. Washington, D.C.
253. Merriam, Alan. 1961. Congo: Background of Conflict. Northwestern University Press.
254. Michel, Serge. 1962. Uhuru Lumumba. Paris: René Julliard.
255. Migdal, Joel. 1988. Strong Societies and Weak States. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
256. Miller, Christopher. 1985. Blank Darkness: Africanist Discourse in French. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
257. Ministry of Justice (Belgium). 1960. Congo July 1960 Evidence. Antwerp: Excelsior.
258. Ministry of Justice (Belgium). Minneapolis Tribune. (Minneapolis).
259. Minter, William. 1986. “Candid Cables: Some Reflections on US Responses to the Congo Rebellions, 1964.” In Nzongola-Ntalaja, ed. The Crisis in Zaïre: Myths and Realities. Trenton: Africa World Press.
260. Misser, François. 1998. “Kabila ‘chosen by God.’” New African. March.
261. Mitchell, Timothy. 1988. Colonizing Egypt. London. Cambridge University Press.
262. Mobutu Sese Seko. 1975. Discours, Allocutions et Messages, 1965-1975. 2 Vols. Paris: Éditions J.A.
263. Mobutu Sese Seko. 1983. Discours, Allocutions, Messages—1982: Une Grande Année Politique. Kinshasa: Bureau du President.
264. Mobutu Sese Seko. 1989. Dignité pour l’Afrique: Entretiens avec Jean-Louis Remilleux. Paris: Éditions Albin Michel.
265. Mobutu, Joseph-Désiré. 1968. De La Légalité à la Légitimité. Kinshasa: Haut Commissariat à l’Information.
266. Mobutu, Joseph-Désiré. 1971. “Jeune Afrique Fait Parler Mobutu.” Jeune Afrique (533/534), 30 March 1971.
267. Mobutu, Joseph-Désiré. Monde, Le. (Paris).
268. Mobutu, Joseph-Désiré. Monitor, The. (Kampala, Uganda).
269. Morel, E. D. 1904a. King Leopold’s Rule in Africa. London: Heinemann.
270. Morel, E. D. 1904b. The Treatment of Women and Children in the Congo State, 1895-1904. An appeal to the women of the British Empire, and of the United States of America. Liverpool: John Richardson and Sons.
271. Morel, E. D. 1904c. The Scandal of the Congo: Britain’s Duty. (Pamphlet in CEDAF archives, Brussels).
272. Morel, E. D. 1904d. “The ‘Commercial’ Aspect of the Congo Question.” Journal of the African Society. (12).
273. Morel, E. D. 1908. The Economic Aspect of the Congo Problem: The Kernel of the Question. Liverpool: John Richardson and Sons.
274. Morel, E. D. 1909. Great Britain and the Congo: The Pillage of the Congo Basin. London: Smith, Elder and Co.
275. Morel, E. D. n.d. The Belgian Curse in Africa. Pamphlet in CEDAF archives, Brussels.
276. Morley, David and Kevin Robins, eds. 1995. Spaces of Identity: Global media, electronic landscapes and cultural boundaries. London: Routledge.
277. Morris, Richard and Richard Mauay. 1976. “Following the Scenario: Reflections on Five Case Histories in the Mode and Aftermath of CIA Intervention.” In Robert Borosage and John Marks, eds. The CIA File. New York: Grossman.
278. Morue, Brigitte. 1980. Lumumba a travers la presse belge: Jan. 1960-Nov. 1961. Ph.D. Diss. Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
279. Mpinga Kasenda. 1975. “Le Mobutisme.” Remarques Africaines. no. 454 (1 January).
280. MPR. 1967. “Manifeste du Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution (MPR).” Etudes Congolaises 10(3).
281. MPR. MRB: Southern Africa Monthly Regional Bulletin.
282. Mudimbe, V. Y., ed. 1997. Nations, Identities, Cultures. Durham: Duke University Press.
283. Mudimbe, V. Y. 1988. The Invention of Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
284. Mudimbe, V. Y. 1994. The Idea of Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
285. Mummendey, Dietrich. 1997. Beyond the Reach of Reason: The Congo Story, 1960-1965. Sora Mummendey.
286. Murphy, Craig N. 1997. “Book review of Imperial Encounters by Roxanne Lynn Doty.” American Political Science Review 91(4).
287. Murphy, Craig. 1998. “Understanding IR: Understanding Gramsci.” Re-view of International Studies 24.
288. Musambachime, Mwelwa C. 1987. “The Changing Political Personality of an African Politician: The case of Patrice Emery Lumumba, 1956-1961.” Genève-Afrique 15(2).
289. Mutamba Makombo, Jean-Marie, J. 1993. Patrice Lumumba correspondant de presse (1948-1956). Brussels: CEDAF/ASDOC.
290. Naipaul, V. S. 1975. “A New King for the Congo.” The New York Review of Books. 26 June.
291. Naipaul, V. S. 1979. A Bend in the River. New York: Vintage.
292. Naipaul, V. S. New Vision. (Kampala, Uganda).
293. Naipaul, V. S. New York Times. (New York).
294. Newbury, Catharine M. 1984. “Dead and Buried or Just Underground? The Privatisation of the State in Zaïre.” In B. Jewsiewicki, ed. L’Etat Independant du Congo, Congo Belge, Republique Democratique du Congo, Republique du Zaïre? Ste-Foy, Quebec: Editions SAFI Press.
295. Newbury, David. 1998. “Understanding Genocide.” African Studies Review 41(1).
296. Newbury, David. Newsweek. (New York).
297. Ngandu Nkashama. 1972. “La litterature au Zaïre avant 1960.” Zaïre-Afrique 68.
298. Ngugi wa Thiong’o. 1981. Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature. London: James Currey.
299. Nguza Karl-i-Bond. 1982. Mobutu, ou l’incarnation du Mal Zairois. London: Rex Collings.
300. Niemann, Michael. 2001. “Unstated Places—Rereading Southern Africa.” In Vale, Swatuk, and Oden, eds. Theory, Change and Southern Africa’s Future. London: Palgrave.
301. Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm. 1982. The Portable Nietzsche. New York: Penguin Books.
302. Nkrumah, Kwame. 1960. The Congo Situation. Accra: Ghana Information Services.
303. Nugent, Paul and A. I. Asiwaju, eds. 1996. African Boundaries: Barriers, Conduits and Opportunities. London: Pinter.
304. Nugent, Paul and A. I. Asiwaju, eds. Nyoto. (Kinshasa, Zaïre).
305. Nyunda ya Rubango. 1980. Les principales tendances du discours politique zaïrois (1960-1965). Brussels: CEDAF/ASDOC.
306. Nzongola-Ntalaja, N. 1977-78. “The Authenticity of Neocolonialism: Ideology and Class Struggle in Zaïre.” Berkeley Journal of Sociology 22.
307. Nzongola-Ntalaja, N. 1982. Class Struggles and National Liberation in Africa: Essays on the Political Economy of Neocolonialism. Roxbury, MA: Omenana.
308. O’Brien, Connor Cruise. 1966. “The United Nations and the Congo.” Studies on the Left 4.
309. Onishi, Norimitsu, 2001. “Congo: Ban Ends on Political Parties.” New York Times, 18 May, 6.
310. Oppenheim, L. 1920. International Law: A Treatise. London: Longmans and Green.
311. Orwa, Katete. 1985. The Congo Betrayal: The UN-US and Lumumba. Nairobi: Kenya Literature Bureau.
312. Ó Tuathail, Gearoid and John Agnew. 1992. “Geopolitics and Discourse: Practical Geopolitical Reasoning in American Foreign Policy.” Political Geography Quarterly 11.
313. Ó Tuathail, Gearoid and Simon Dalby, eds. 1998. Rethinking Geopolitics. London: Routledge.
314. Ó Tuathail, Gearoid, Simon Dalby, and Paul Routledge, eds. 1998. The Geopolitics Reader. London: Routledge.
315. Parry, Benita. 1983. Conrad and Imperialism. London: Macmillan.
316. Peemans, Jean-Philippe. 1975. “The Social and Economic Development of Zaïre Since Independence: An Historical Outline.” African Affairs 74(295) (April).
317. Picard, Edmond. 1896. En Congolie. Brussels: Paul Lacomblez.
318. Pieterse, Jan Nederveen. 1992. White on Black: Images of Africa and Blacks in Western Popular Culture. New Haven: Yale University Press.
319. Pigafetta, Filippo. 1591 (1881). History of the Kingdom of Congo. Trans. by Margarite Hutchinson. London: John Murray.
320. Pile, Steve. 1997. “Introduction: Opposition, political identities and spaces of resistance.” In Pile and Keith, eds. Geographies of Resistance. London: Routledge.
321. Pile, Steve and Michael Keith, eds. 1997. Geographies of Resistance. London: Routledge.
322. Piniau, Bernard. 1992. Congo-Zaïre 1874-1981: La Perception du Lointain. Paris: L’Harmattan.
323. Poulaine, Madeleine. 1931. Une Blanche Chez Les Noirs. Pris: Jules Tallandier.
324. Pratt, Mary Louise. 1992. Imperial Eyes: Travel Writings and Transculturation. London: Routledge.
325. Prunier, Gérard. 1995. The Rwandan Crisis: History of a Genocide. London: Hurst.
326. Prunier, Gérard. 1997. “The Great Lakes Crisis.” Current History 96(610).
327. Quaghebeur, Marc et al., eds. 1992. Papier Blanc, Encre Noire. Brussels: Editions Labor.
328. Quinby, Lee. 1994. Anti-Apocalypse: Exercise in Genealogical Criticism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
329. Ranger, Terrence. 1977. “The People in African Resistance.” Journal of Southern African Studies 4(1).
330. Reed, David. 1966. 111 Days in Stanleyville. London: Collins.
331. Reed, William Cyrus. 1998. “Protracted Patronage, Truncated Armed Struggle, and Political Consolidation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.” Issue: A Journal of Opinion 26(1).
332. Reed, William Cyrus. 1999. “Patronage, Reform, and Public Policy: The Role of Zaïre in the Great Lakes Crisis.” Draft copy—mimeo in author’s collection.
333. Reno, William. 1997. “Sovereignty and Personal Rule in Zaïre.” African Studies Quarterly 1(3). Available at http://web.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v1/3/4.html.
334. Reno, William. 1998a. “Mines, Money, and the Problem of State-Building in Congo.” Issue: A Journal of Opinion 26(1).
335. Reno, William. 1998b. Warlord Politics and African States. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
336. Reyntjens, Filip. 1999. “Briefing: The Second Congo War: More than a Remake.” African Affairs 98(391).
337. Rhodius, George. 1959. Congo 1959, ou 50 ans de civilisation. Brussels: Ministère de la Défense Nationale.
338. Richards, Paul. 1996. Fighting for the Rain Forest. Oxford: James Currey.
339. Richardson, Bill. 1997. “A Soft Landing in Zaïre?” Newsweek, 26 May.
340. Robinson, Ronald et al. 1968. Africa and the Victorians: The Climax of Imperialism. Garden City: Anchor Books.
341. Rom, Léon. 1900. Le Nègre du Congo. Brussels: Louis Vogels.
342. Rosenblum, Peter. 1997. “Endgame in Zaïre.” Current History 96(610).
343. Rostow, W. W. 1960. The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto. London: Cambridge University Press.
344. Rothchild, Donald and Naomi Chazan, eds. 1988. Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa. Boulder: Westview.
345. Rothchild, Donald. 1987. “Hegemony and State Softness.” In Ergas, ed. The African State in Transition. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
346. Ryckmans, Pierre. 1948. Dominer Pour Servir. Brussels: L’Edition Universelle.
347. Rymenam, Jean. 1977. “Comment le régime Mobutu a sapé ses propres fondements.” Le Monde Diplomatique (Mai).
348. Said, Edward. 1978. Orientalism. New York: Vintage.
349. Said, Edward. 1993. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Knopf.
350. Sakombi Inongo. 1997. “Interview: Sakombi, marabout de Kabila?” L’Autre Afrique, 17 December.
351. Sakombi Inongo. n.d. Authenticité au Zaire. (pamphlet in CEDAF archives, Brussels).
352. Sakombi Inongo., Salongo. (Kinshasa, Zaïre).
353. Samarin, William J. 1989. “Language in the Colonization of Central Africa, 1880-1900.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 23(2), pp. 232-49.
354. Sandbrook, Richard. 1985. The Politics of Africa’s Economic Stagnation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
355. Santoni, Ronald E. 1995. Bad Faith, Good Faith and Authenticity in Sartre’s Early Philosophy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
356. Sartre, Jean-Paul. 1956. Being and Nothingness. Trans. by Hazel Barnes. New York: Philosophical Library.
357. Schatzberg, Michael G. 1978. “Fidélité au Guide: The JMPR in Zaïrian Schools.” Journal of Modern African Studies 16(3).
358. Schatzberg, Michael G. 1980. “The State and the Economy: The ‘Radicalization of the Revolution’ in Mobutu’s Zaïre.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 14.
359. Schatzberg, Michael G. 1984. “Zaïre.” In Shaw and Aluko, eds. The Political Economy of African Foreign Policy. Aldershot: Gower.
360. Schatzberg, Michael G. 1988. The Dialectics of Oppression in Zaire. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
361. Schatzberg, Michael G. 1991. Mobutu or Chaos? The United States and Zaire, 1960-1990. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
362. Scheyen, Raymond. 1956. Et Le Congo? Brussels: Van Ruys.
363. Schraeder, Peter J. 1994. United States Foreign Policy toward Africa: Incrementalism, Crisis and Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
364. Scott, Catherine V. 1995. Gender and Development: Rethinking Modernization and Dependency Theory. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
365. Shapiro, Michael J. 1988. The Politics of Representation: Writing Practices in Biography, Photography, and Policy Analysis. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
366. Shapiro, Michael J. and Hayward R. Alker, eds. 1996. Challenging Boundaries. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
367. Shapiro, Michael J., G. Matthew Bonham, and Daniel Heradstveit. 1988. “A Discursive Practices Approach to Collective Decision-Making.” International Studies Quarterly 32.
368. Sharpe, Jenny. 1995. “Figures of Colonial Resistance.” In Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tifin, eds. The Post-Colonial Studies Reader. London: Routledge.
369. Simons, Edwine, Roupen Boghossian, and Benoît Verhaegen. 1995. Stanleyville 1959: Le procès de Patrice Lumumba et les émeutes d’octobre. Brussels: CEDAF/ASDOC.
370. Singh, Frances B. 1988. “Racism and the Heart of Darkness.” In Conrad. Heart of Darkness: Critical Edition. New York: W.W. Norton and Co.
371. Slade, Ruth. 1955. “English Missionaries and the Beginning of the Anti-Congolese Campaign in England.” Revue Belge de Philogie et d’Histoire 33(1), pp. 37-73.
372. Slade, Ruth. 1957. “King Leopold II and the Attitude of English and American Catholics toward the anti-Congolese campaign.” Zaire: Revue Congolaise 11(6), pp. 593-612.
373. Slade, Ruth. 1959. English-Speaking Missions in the Congo Independent State (1878-1908). Brussels: Académie Royale des Sciences Coloniales.
374. Slade, Ruth. 1960. The Belgian Congo: Some Recent Changes. London: Oxford University Press.
375. Slade, Ruth. 1962. King Leopold’s Congo: Aspects of the Development of Race Relations in the Congo Independent State. London: Oxford University Press.
376. Smith, Anthony D. 1991. National Identity. Reno: University of Nevada Press.
377. Smith, Stephen. 2001. “Ces Enfants-Soldats Qui Ont Tué Kabila.” Le Monde, 10 February.
378. Smith, Stephen and Antoine Glaser. 1992. Ces Messieurs Afrique: Le Paris-Village du continent noir. Paris: Calmann-Levy.
379. Smith, Stephen and Antoine Glaser. Soir, Le. (Brussels).
380. Somers, Margaret R. 1994. “The Narrative Constitution of Identity: A relational and network approach.” Theory and Society (23), 605-649.
381. Somers, Margaret R. and Gloria D. Gibson. 1994. “Reclaiming the Epistemological ‘Other’: Narrative and the Social Constitution of Identity.” In Craig Calhoun, ed. Social Theory and the Politics of Identity. Oxford: Blackwell.
382. Speke, John. 1864. Journey of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile. New York.
383. Speke, John. Springfield Leader and Press. (Springfield, Missouri).
384. Spruyt, Hendrik. 1994. The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
385. Stanley, Henry M. 1872. How I Found Livingstone. New York: Harper and Brothers.
386. Stanley, Henry M. 1878. Through the Dark Continent. 2 vols. New York: Harper and Brothers.
387. Stanley, Henry M. 1885. The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State. 2 vols. New York: Harper and Brothers.
388. Starr, Frederick. 1907. The Truth About the Congo: The Chicago Tribune Articles. Chicago: Forbes and Co.
389. Stengers, Jean. 1972. “King Leopold’s Imperialism.” In Owen and Sutcliffe, eds. Studies in the Theory of Imperialism. London: Longman.
390. Stengers, Jean. 1989. Congo Mythes et Réalités. Paris: Éditions Duculot.
391. Stevenson, Adlai. 1960. “The New Africa.” Harper’s (May).
392. Stockwell, John. 1978. In Search of Enemies: A CIA Story. New York: WW Norton.
393. Strang, David. 1996. “Contested Sovereignty: The social construction of colonial imperialism.” In Biersteker and Weber, eds. State Sovereignty as Social Construct. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
394. Taussig, Michael. 1993. Mimesis and Alterity: A Particular History of the Senses. New York/London: Routledge.
395. Tempels, Placide. 1948. Bantu Philosophy. Paris: Éditions Présence Africaine.
396. Tilly, Charles. 1975. The Formation of the Nation-State in Western Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
397. Tilly, Charles. 1990. Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 900-1992. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
398. Tilly, Charles. Time. (New York).
399. Todorov, Tzvetan. 1984. The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other. New York: Harper and Row.
400. Torfing, Jacob. 1999. New Theories of Discourse: Laclau, Mouffe and Zizek. Oxford: Blackwell.
401. Torgovnick, Marianna. 1990. Gone Primitive: Savage Intellects, Modern Lives. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
402. Tousignant, Nathalie. 1995. Les Manifestations Publiques du Lien Colonial entre la Belgique et le Congo Belge (1897-1988). Ph.D. Diss. Dept. d’Histoire, Université Laval, Québec.
403. Trefon, Theodore. 1989. “French Policy Toward Zaïre during the Giscard D’Estaing Presidency.” Les Cahiers du CEDAF, 1.
404. Tully, Andrew. 1962. CIA—The Inside Story. New York: Morrow.
405. Turner, Thomas. 1997. “Kabila Returns, In a Cloud of Uncertainty.” African Studies Quarterly 1(3). Available at http://web.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v1/3/4.html.
406. Turner, Thomas. 2001. “The Kabilas’ Congo.” Current History (May).
407. Twain, Mark. 1961. King Leopold’s Soliloquy. New York: International Publishers.
408. UN Security Council Official Records, 15th year, Supplement for July, August, and September, 1960, doc. S/4382, Add 11.
409. U.S. Department of State. 1978. “News Conferences, May 4 and 25 (Excerpts).” Department of State Bulletin 78(2016) (July).
410. U.S. Senate Report. 1976. Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
411. Vance, Cyrus. 1983. Hard Choices: Critical Years in America’s Foreign Policy. New York: Simon and Schuster.
412. Vangroenweghe, Daniel. 1986. Du Sang sur les Lianes. Brussels: Didier Hatier.
413. Vansina, Jan. 1966a. Kingdoms of the Savanna. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
414. Vansina, Jan. 1966b. Introduction à l’Ethnologie du Congo. Kinshasa: Editions Universitaires du Congo.
415. Vantieghem, Leen. 1996. “La Culture du Cacao au Mayombe (Congo belge) 1885-1914.” In CGER, ed. Chocolat: De la boisson elitaire au baton populaire. Brussels: Marc Van Niewenhuize.
416. Vellut, Jean-Luc. 1987. “Résistances et espaces de liberté dans l’histoire coloniale du Zaïre: Avant la marche à l’Indépendance (1876-1945).” In Coquery-Vidrovitch, Forest, and Weiss, eds. Rebellions-Révolution au Zaïre (1963-1965). Vol. 1. Paris: L’Harmattan.
417. Vellut, Jean-Luc. 1996. “Le cacao dans l’économie politique de l’ancien Congo belge.” In CGER, ed. Chocolat: de la boisson elitaire au baton populaire. Brussels: Marc Van Niewenhuize.
418. Verhaegen, Benoît. 1966/1969. Rébellions au Congo. Vols. 1 and 2. Brussels: CRISP.
419. Verhaegen, Benoît. 1992. “La Colonisation et la Décolonisation dans les manuels d’histoire en Belgique.” In Quaghebeur et al., eds. Papier Blanc, Encre Noire. Brussels: Editions Labor.
420. Verwimp, Philip and Els Vanheusden. 1999. “The Foreign Policy of Belgium during the Zaïre/Congo Crisis: March 1996-March 1997.” Paper presented at the International Studies Association Conference, Washington, D.C., 17 February.
421. Villalon, Leonardo A. and Phillip A. Huxtable, eds. 1998. The African State at a Critical Juncture: Between Disintegration and Reconfiguration. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
422. Vincke, Edouard. 1993. “Discours sur le Noir: Images dans les espaces urbains de Bruxelles.” In Halen and Riesz, eds. Images de l’Afrique et du Congo/Zaïre dans les lettres fançaise de Belgique et alentour. Brussels: Textyles.
423. Vints, Luc. 1984. Kongo made in Belgium. Leuven: Kritak.
424. Vitoria, F. 1917. “De Indis Recenter Inventis: De Iure Bello.” In J. Brown Scott, ed. The Classics of International Law. Washington: Carnegie.
425. Von Horn, Carl. 1967. Soldiering for Peace. New York: David McKay.
426. Walker, R. B. J. 1991. “State Sovereignty and the Articulation of Political Space/Time.” Millennium.
427. Walker, R. B. J. 1993. Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
428. Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1979. The Capitalist World-Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
429. Wamba-dia-Wamba, Ernest. 1993. “Democracy, Multipartyism and Emancipative Politics in Africa: The Case of Zaïre.” Africa Development 18(4).
430. Wamba-dia-Wamba, Ernest. 1999. “Interview: ‘Kabila cannot be allowed to win a military victory.’” New African (February).
431. Ward, Herbert. 1891. Five Years with the Congo Cannibals. 3d ed. London: Chatto and Windus.
432. Watson, Adam. 1992. The Evolution of International Society: A Comparative Historical Analysis. London: Routledge.
433. Weber, Cynthia. 1995. Simulating Sovereignty: Intervention, the State, and Symbolic Exchange. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
434. Weber, Cynthia. 1998. “Performative States.” Millennium 27(1).
435. Weber, Cynthia. 1999. Faking It: U.S. Hegemony in a “Post-Phallic” Era. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
436. Wechsler, Suruba Ibumando Georgette. 1999. By the Grace of God: A true story of love, family, war and survival from the Congo. New Horizon Press.
437. Weiss, Herbert. 1966. “Introduction.” In CRISP, ed. Congo 1964: Political Documents of a Developing Nation. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
438. Weissman, Stephen R. 1974a. American Foreign Policy in the Congo 1960-1964. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
439. Weissman, Stephen R. 1974b. “Zaïre: Fisticuffs For Mobutu.” The Nation, 30 November.
440. Weissman, Stephen R. 1981. “The CIA and US Policy in Zaïre and Angola.” In Lemarchand, ed. American Policy in Southern Africa: The Stakes and the Stance. 2d Ed. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America.
441. Willame, Jean-Claude. 1971. “Politics and power in Congo Kinshasa.” Africa Report (January).
442. Willame, Jean-Claude. 1972. Patrimonialism and Political Change in the Congo. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
443. Willame, Jean-Claude. 1998. “The ‘Friends of the Congo’ and the Kabila System.” Issue: A Journal of Opinion 26(1).
444. Willequet, Jacques. 1962. Le Congo Belge et la Weltpolitik (1894-1914). Brussels: Presses Universitaires de Bruxelles.
445. Williams, G. Mennen. 1967. “U.S. Objectives in the Congo, 1960-65.” In Kitchen, ed. Footnotes to the Congo Story. New York: Walker and Co.
446. Wilungula B. Cosma. 1997. Fizi 1967-1986: Le Maquis Kabila. Brussels: CEDAF.
447. Winter, Roger P. 1996. “Lancing the Boil: Rwanda’s Agenda in Zaïre 1996.” Paper presented at the International Studies Association Conference, Washington, D.C., 17 February.
448. Wood, Denis. 1992. The Power of Maps. New York: Guilford Press.
449. Wood, Denis. World Press Review. (New York).
450. Wrong, Michela. 2001. In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz. New York: HarperCollins.
451. Wyvekens, Pierre. 1989. The Many Faces of Brussels. Liège: Editions du Perron.
452. Young, Crawford. 1965. Politics in the Congo: Decolonization and Independence. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
453. Young, Crawford. 1967a. “Congo-Kinshasa Situation Report.” Africa Re-port. (October).
454. Young, Crawford. 1967b. “Violence and Rebellion in the Congo.” In Gary Gappert and Garry Thomas, eds. The Congo, Africa and America. Occasional Paper no. 15. Maxwell Graduate School, Syracuse University.
455. Young, Crawford. 1978. “Zaïre: The Unending Crisis.” Foreign Affairs 57(1).
456. Young, Crawford. 1994. The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective. New Haven: Yale University Press.
457. Young, Crawford and Thomas Turner. 1985. The Rise and Decline of the Zaïrian State. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
458. Zalewski, Marysia and Cynthia Enloe. 1995. “Questions about Identity in International Relations.” In Booth and Smith, eds. International Relations Theory Today. University Park: Pennsylvania University Press.
459. Zartman, I. William, ed. 1995. Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.