Toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins

Handbook of Industrial Mycology

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 689-722

  Seo, Jeong Ah ^a   Yu, Jae Hyuk ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84994080705     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9780203970553     Document Type: Chapter

References (131)

1. Miller, J.D. Fungi as contaminants in indoor air. Atmos. Environ. 1992, 26, 2163-2172.
2. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. Executive summary. In: Mycotoxins: Risk in plant, animal, and human systems. Task Force Report No.139, Ames: Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, 2003 4-11.
3. Bullerman, L.B. Significance of mycotoxins to food safety and human health. J. Food Prot. 1979, 42, 65-86.
4. Stoloff, L. Mycotoxins and other fungal related food problems. Rodricks, J.V., Ed. American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1976, 23-50.
5. Bullerman, L.B. Public health significance of molds and mycotoxins in fermented dairy products. J. Dairy Sci. 1981, 63, 2439-2452.
6. Miller, J.D. Fungi and mycotoxins in grain: implications for stored product research. J. Stored Product Res. 1995, 31, 1-16.
7. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. Mycotoxicoses of Animals. In: Mycotoxins: Risk in plant, animal, and human systems. Task Force Report No.139, Ames: Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, 2003 58-85.
8. Burfening, P.J. Ergotism. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1973, 163, 1288-1290.
9. Schneider, D.J.; Miles, C.O.; Garthwaite, I.; Van Halderen, A.; Wessels, J.C.; Lategan, H.J. First report of field outbreaks of ergot-alkaloid toxicity in South Africa. Onderstepoort. J. Vet. Res. 1996, 63, 97-108.
10. Sweeney, M.J.; Dobson, D.W. Mycotoxin production by Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium species. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 1998, 43, 141-158.
11. Bhatnagar, D.; Yu, J.; Ehrlich, K.C. Toxins of filamentous fungi. Chem. Immunol. 2002, 81, 167-206.
12. Tanaka, T.; Hasegawa, A.; Yamamoto, S.; Lee, U.S.; Sugiura, Y.; Ueno, Y. Worldwide contamination of cereals by Fusarium mycotoxins nivalenol, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. I. Survey of 19 countries. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1988, 36, 979-983.
13. Scott, P.M. Mycotoxins: a Canadian perspective. NRCC Publication No. 22848. Scott, P.M., Trenholm, H.L., Sutton, M.D., Eds. National Research Council of Canada: Ottawa, 1985; 22-24.
14. Wilson, D.M.; Mubatanhema, W.; Jurjevic, Z. Biology and ecology of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species as related to economic and health concerns. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2002, 504, 3-17.
15. Ito, Y.; Peterson, S.W.; Wicklow, D.T.; Goto, T. Aspergillus pseudotamarii, a new aflatoxin producing species in Aspergillus section flavi. Mycological Res. 2001, 105, 233-239.
16. Kurtzman, C.P.; Horn, B.W.; Hesseltine, C.W. Aspergillus nomius, a new aflatoxin-producing species related to Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus tamari. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1987, 53, 147-158.
17. Heathcote, J.G.; Hibbert, J. Aflatoxins Chemical and Biological Aspects. Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1978; 1-111.
18. Blout, W.P. Turkey “X” disease. Turkeys 1961, 61 (77), 52-58.
19. Krishnamachari, K.A.V.R.; Bhat, R.V.; Nagarajan, V.; Tilac, T.B.G. Investigations into an outbreak of hepatitis in Western India. Indian J. Med. Res. 1975, 63, 1036-1048.
20. Krishnamachari, K.A.V.R.; Bhat, R.V.; Nagarajan, V.; Tilak, T.B.G. Hepatitis due to aflatoxicosis: an outbreak in Western India. Lancet. 1975, 1, 1061-1063.
21. Hesseltine, C.W.; Lewis, W.G.; Nabney, B.; Best, P.E. Taxonomic studies of the aflatoxin in producing strains in the Aspergillus flavus group. Mycologia 1970, 62, 123-132.
22. Hesseltine, C.W. Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals. Mycopathol. Mycol. Appl. 1974, 53, 141-153.
23. Kiermeier, F.; Weiss, G.; Behringer, G.; Miller, M.; Ranfft, R. Vorkommen und gehalt an aflatoxin M1 in molkereiAnlieferungsmilch. Z. Lebens Forsch 1977, 163, 171-173.
24. Detroy, R.W.; Lillehoj, E.B.; Ciegler, A. Microbial toxins. Ciegler, A., Kandis, S., Ajl, S.J., Eds. Academic Press: New York, 1971; Vol. 6, 3-178.
25. Lancaster, M.C. Comparative aspects of aflatoxin-induced hepatic tumors. Cancer Res. 1968, 28, 2288-2292.
26. Peraica, M.; Radic, B.; Lucic, A.; Pavlovic, M. Toxic effects of mycotoxins in humans. Bull World Health Org. 1999, 77, 754-766.
27. Ngingu, A.; Kenya, P.R.; Ocheng, D.M.; Omonde, T.N.; Ngare, W.; Gatei, D.; Johnson, B.K.; Ngira, J.A.; Nandwa, H.; Jensen, A.J.; Kaviti, J.N.; Siongok, T.A. Outbreak of acute hepatitis caused by aflatoxin poisoning in Kenya. Lancet. 1982, 1, 1346-1348.
28. Henry, S.H.; Bosch, G.X.; Troxell, T.C.; Bolger, P.M. Reducing liver cancer-global incidence of aflatoxin. Science 1999, 286, 2453-2454.
29. Ueno, Y. Mycotoxins and animal foods. Smith, J.E., Handerson, R., Eds. CRC press: Boca Raton, FL, 1991; 437-453.
30. Eaton, D.L.; Ramsdell, H.S.; Neal, G.E. The toxicology of aflatoxins: human health, veterinary, and agricultural significance. Eaton, D.L., Groopman, J.D., Eds. Academic Press: New York, 1994; 45-72.
31. Wang, J.S.; Groopman, J.D. DNA damage by mycotoxins. Mut. Res. 1999, 424, 167-181.
32. Joffe, A.Z. Fusarium poae and Fusarium sporotrichioides as principal causal agents of alimentary toxic aleukia. In: Mycotoxic fungi, mycotoxins, mycotoxicoses: an encyclopedic handbook. Marcel Dekker: New York, 1978; Vol. 3, 21-86.
33. Ueno, Y. Trichothecenes-chemical, biological and toxicological aspects. Elsevier: Tokyo, 1983; 135-146.
34. Betina, V. Trichothecenes. In: Mycotoxins. Bioactive molecules. Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1989; Vol. 9, 192-241.
35. Vestal, E.F. Barley scab in South Korea in 1963 and 1964. Plant Dis. Rep. 1964, 48, 754-755.
36. Yoshizawa, T.; Matsuura, Y.; Tsuchiya, Y.; Morooka, N.; Kitani, K.; Ichinoe, M.; Kurata, H. On the toxigenic Fusaria invading barley and wheat in the southern Japan. J. Food Hyg. Soc. Japan 1979, 20, 21-26.
37. Miller, J.D.; ApSimmon, J.W.; Blackwell, B.A.; Greenhalgh, R.; Taylor, A. Fusarium: Paul E. Nelson memorial symposium. Summerell, B.A., Leslie, J.F., Backhouse, D., Bryden, W.L., Burgess, L.W., Eds. APS Press: St. Paul, MN, 2001; 310-320.
38. Ichinoe, M.; Kurata, H.; Sugiura, Y.; Ueno, Y. Chemotaxonomy of Gibberella zeae with special reference to production of trichothecenes and zearalenone. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1983, 46, 1364-1369.
39. Logrieco, A.; Bottalico, A.; Altomare, C. Chemotaxonomic observation on zearalenone and trichothecene production by Gibberella zeae from cereals in southern Italy. Mycologia 1988, 80, 892-895.
40. Sugiura, Y.; Watanabe, Y.; Tanaka, T.; Yamamoto, S.; Ueno, Y. Occurrence of Gibberella zeae strains that produce both nivalenol and deoxynivalenol. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1990, 56, 3047-3051.
41. Tanaka, T.; Hasegawa, A.; Yamamoto, S.; Sugiura, Y.; Ueno, Y. A case report on a minor contamination of nivalenol in cereals harvested in Canada. Mycopathologia 1988, 101, 157-160.
42. Sudakin, D.L. Trichothecenes in the environment: relevance to human health. Toxicol. Lett. 2003, 143, 97-107.
43. Wannemacher, R.W., Jr.; Bunner, D.L.; Neufeld, H.A. Mycotoxins and animal foods. Smith, J.E., Henderson, R.S., Eds. CRC: Boca Raton, FL, 1991; 499-552.
44. Yoshizawa, T. Mycotoxins and animal foods. Smith, J.E., Henderson, R.S., Eds. CRC: Boca Raton, FL, 1991; 301-324.
45. Abbas, H.K.; Mirocha, C.J.; Tuite, J. Natural occurrence of deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, and zearalenone in refusal factor corn stored since 1972. Appl. Environ. Micorobiol. 1986, 51, 841-843.
46. Visconti, A.; Chelkowski, J.; Bottalico, A. Deoxynivalenol and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol-mycotoxins associated with wheat head fusariosis in Poland. Mycotoxin. Res. 1986, 2, 59-64.
47. Yoshizawa, T.; Jin, Y.Z. Natural occurrence of acetylated derivatives of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in wheat and barley in Japan. Food Add. Contam. 1995, 12, 689-694.
48. Cundliffe, E.; Davies, J.E. Inhibition of initiation, elongation, and termination of eukaryotic protein synthesis by trichothecene fungal toxins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1977, 11, 491-499.
49. Pestka, J.J.; Bondy, G.S. Mycotoxins in grain: compounds other than aflatoxins. Miller, J.D., Trenholm, H.L., Eds. Eagan: St. Paul, MN, 1994; 339-358.
50. Rotter, B.A.; Prelusky, D.B.; Pestka, J.J. Toxicology of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin). J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1996, 48, 1-34.
51. Diekman, M.A.; Green, M.L. Mycotoxins and reproduction in domestic livestock. J. Anim. Sci. 1992, 70, 1615-27.
52. Park, J.J.; Smalley, E.B.; Chu, F.S. Natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in field samples from the 1992 Wisconsin corn crop. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1996, 62, 1642-1648.
53. Gajecki, M. Zearalenone-undesirable substances in feed. Pol. J. Vet. Sci. 2002, 5, 117-122.
54. Mitak, M.; Gojmerac, T.; Cvrtils, D.; Cvetnic, Ž. Effect of atrazine and zearalenone on the number of receptor binding sites for 3H-estradiol in the rat uterus cytosol. Vet. Med.-Czech. 2002, 47, 12-16.
55. Jelinek, C.F.; Pohland, A.E.; Wood, G.E. Worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins in foods and feeds—an update. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1989, 72, 223-230.
56. Kordic, B.; Pribicevic, S.; Muntanola-Cvetkovic, M.; Nikolic, P.; Nikolic, B. Experimental study of the effects of known quantities of zearalenone on swine reproduction. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 1992, 11, 53-55.
57. Kallela, K.; Ettala, E. The oestrogenic Fusarium toxin (zearalenone) in hay as a cause of early abortions in the cow. Nord. Vet. Med. 1984, 36, 305-309.
58. Hagler, W.M., Jr.; Towers, N.R.; Mirocha, C.J.; Eppley, R.M.; Bryden, W.L. Fusarium: Paul E. Nelson Memorial Symposium. Summerell, B.A., Leslie, J.F., Backhouse, D., Bryden, W.L., Burgess, L.W., Eds. APS Press: St. Paul, MN, 2001; 321-331.
59. Marasas, W.F.O.; Kellerman, T.S.; Pienaar, J.G.; Naude, T.W. Leukoencephalomalacia: a mycotoxicosis of Equidae caused by Fusarium moniliforme Scheldon. Onderstepoort. J. Vet. Res. 1976, 43, 113-122.
60. Gelderblom, W.C.A.; Jaskiewicz, K.; Marasas, W.F.O.; Thiel, P.G.; Horak, R.M.; Vleggaar, R.; Kriek, N.P.J. Fumonisins—novel mycotoxins with cancer-promoting activity produced by Fusarium moniliforme. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1988, 54, 1806-1811.
61. Harrison, L.R.; Colvin, B.M.; Greene, J.T.; Newman, L.E.; Cole, J.R. Pulmonary edema and hydrothorax in swine produced by fumonisin B1, a toxic metabolite of Fusarium moniliforme. J. Vet. Diag. Invest. 1990, 2, 217-221.
62. Chu, F.S.; Li, G.Y. Simultaneous occurrence of fumonisin B1 and other mycotoxins in moldy corn collected from the People’s Republic of China in regions with high incidence of esophageal cancer. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1994, 60, 847-852.
63. Rheeder, J.P.; Marasas, W.F.O.; Thiel, P.G.; Sydenham, E.W.; Shephard, G.S.; Van Schalkwyk, D.J. Fusarium moniliforme and fumonisins in corn in relation to human esophageal cancer in Transkei. Phytopathology 1992, 82, 353-357.
64. Desjardins, A.E.; Proctor, R.H. Fusarium: Paul E. Nelson Symposium. Summerell, B., Leslie, J.F., Backhouse, D., Bryden, W.L., Burgess, L.W., Eds. APS press: St. Paul, MN, 2001; 50-69.
65. Seo, J.A.; Kim, J.C.; Lee, Y.W. Isolation and characterization of two new type C fumonisins produced by Fusarium oxysporum. J. Nat. Prod. 1996, 59, 1003-1005.
66. Nelson, P.E.; Desjardins, A.E.; Plattner, R.D. Fumonisins, mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species: Biology, chemistry, and significance. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 1993, 31, 233-252.
67. Doko, M.B.; Visconti, A. Occurrence and significance of mycotoxins. Scudamore, K.A., Ed. Central Sci Lab: Slough, 1993; 49-55.
68. Marasas, W.F.O. Fumonisins in food. Jackson, L.S., DeVaries, W., Bullerman, L.B., Eds. Plenum Pub: New York, 1996; 1-17.
69. Abbas, H.K.; Shier, W.T.; Seo, J.A.; Lee, Y.W.; Musser, S.M. Phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity of the fumonisin C and P series of mycotoxins from Fusarium spp. fungi. Toxicon. 1998, 36, 2033-2037.
70. Seo, J.A.; Lee, Y.W. Natural occurrence of the C series of fumonisins in moldy corn. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1999, 65, 1331-1334.
71. Wang, E.; Norred, W.P.; Bacon, C.W.; Riley, R.T.; Merrill, A.H., Hr. Inhibition of sphinglipids biosynthesis by fumonisins. Implications for disease associated with Fusarium moniliforme. J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 266, 14486-14490.
72. Meriill, A.H.; Sullards, M.C.; Wang, E.; Voss, K.A.; Riley, R.T. Sphingolipid metabolism: roles in signal transduction and disruption by fumonisins. Environ. Health Perspec. 2001, 109, 283-289.
73. Marasas, W.F.O.; Miller, J.D.; Riley, R.T.; Visconti, A. Fusarium: Paul E. Nelson Symposium. Summerell, B., Leslie, J.F., Backhouse, D., Bryden, W.L., Burgess, L.W., Eds. APS press: St. Paul, MN, 2001; 333-359.
74. Madhyastha, S.M.; Marquardt, R.R.; Frohlich, A.A.; Platford, G.; Abramson, D. Effects of different cereal and oilseed substrates on the growth and production of toxins by Aspergillus alutaceus and Penicillium verrucosum. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1990, 38, 1506-1510.
75. Scott, P.M. Mycotoxins in Grains: compounds other than aflatoxins. Miller, J.D., Trenholm, H.L., Eds. Eagan Press: St. Paul, MN, 1994; 261-285.
76. Battilani, P.; Pietri, A. Ochratoxin A in grapes and wine. European J. Plant Path 2002, 108, 639-643.
77. van der Merwe, K.J.; Steyn, P.S.; Fourie, L.; De Scott, B.; Threon, J.J. Ochratoxin A, a toxic metabolite produced by Aspergillus ochraceus Wilh. Nature 1965, 205, 1112-1113.
78. Kuiper-Goodman, T.; Scott, P.M. Risk assessment of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 1989, 2, 179-248.
79. Krogh, P. Mycotoxins in food. Krogh, P., Ed. Academic Press: London, 1987; 97-121.
80. Hult, K.; Piestina, R.; Habazin-Novak, V.; Radic, B.; Ceovic, S. Ochratoxin A in human blood and Balkan endemic nephropathy. Arch. Toxicol. 1982, 51, 313.
81. Beardall, J.M.; Miller, J.D. Mycotoxins in grains: compounds other than aflatoxin. Miller, J.D., Trenholm, H.L., Eds. Eagan Press: St. Paul, MN, 1994; 487-539.
82. Žanic-Grubišic’, T.; Zrinski, R.; Ĉepelak, I.; Petrik, J.; Radic’, B.; Pepeljnjak, S. Studies of ochratoxin A-induced inhibition of phenylalanine hydroxylase and its reversed by phenylalanine. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2000, 167, 132-139.
83. Scott, P.M. Mycotoxins. Purchse, I.F.H., Ed. Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1974; 383-403.
84. Doores, S. The microbiology of apples and apple products. CRC Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 1983, 19, 133-149.
85. Frank, H.K. Occurrence of patulin in fruit and vegetables. Ann. Nutr. Aliment. 1977, 31, 459-465.
86. Mahfoud, R.; Maresca, M.; Garmy, N.; Fantini, J. The mycotoxin patulin alters the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium: mechanism of action of the toxin and protective effects of glutathione. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2002, 181, 209-218.
87. Nielson, F.K. Mycotoxin production by indoor molds. Fungal Genet. Biol. 2003, 39, 103-117.
88. Dales, R.E.; Burnett, R.; Zwaneburg, H. Adverse health effects among adults exposed to home dampness and molds. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1991, 143, 505-509.
89. Hendry, K.M.; Cole, E.C. A review of mycotoxins in indoor air. J. Toxic. Environ. Health 1993, 38, 183-198.
90. Bennett, J.W.; Klich, M. Mycotoxins. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2003, 16, 497-516.
91. Forgacs, J. Microbial toxins. Kadis, S., Ceigler, A., Aji, S., Eds. Academic Press: New York, 1972; Vol. 8, 95-128.
92. Cole, R.J.; Cox, R.H. Handbook of toxic fungal metabolites. Academic press: New York, 1981; 152-263.
93. Richard, J.L.; Dvorak, T.J.; Ross, P.F. Natural occurrence of gliotoxin in turkeys infected with Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius. Mycopathologia 1996, 134, 167-170.
94. Krogh, P. Mycotoxins in human and animal health. Rodricks, J.V., Hesseltine, C.W., Mehlman, M.A., Eds. Pathotox Publishers: Park Forest South, IL, 1977; 489-498.
95. Gallagher, R.T.; Richard, J.L.; Stahr, H.M.; Cole, R.J. Cyclopiazonic acid production by aflatoxigenic and nonaflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus. Mycopathologia 1978, 66, 31-36.
96. Suzuki, M.; Muraki, K.; Imaizumi, Y.; Watanabe, M. Cyclopiazonic acid, an inhibitor of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-pump, reduces Ca2+-dependent K+ currents in guinea-pig smooth muscle cells. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1992, 107, 134-140.
97. Abbas, H.K.; Mirocha, C.J. Isolation and purification of a hemorrhagic factor (wortmanin) from Fusarium oxysporum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1988, 54, 1268-1274.
98. Gunther, R.H.; Abbas, H.K.; Mirocha, C.J. Acute pathological effects on rats of orally administered wortmanin-containing preparations and purified wortmanin from Fusarium oxysporum. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1989, 27, 173-179.
99. van der Watt, J.J. Mycotoxins. Purchase, I.F.H., Ed. Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1974; 369-382.
100. Pachter, R.; Steyn, P.S. Quantum-chemical studies of aflatoxin B1, sterigmatocystin and versicolorin A, and a comparison with their mutagenic activity. Mutat. Res. 1985, 143, 87-91.
101. Bullerman, L.B. Public health significance of molds and mycotoxins in fermented dairy products. J. Dairy Sci. 1981, 63, 2439-2452.
102. Vesonder, R.F.; Horn, B.W. Sterigmatocystin in dairy cattle feed contaminated with Aspergillus versicolor. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1985, 49, 234-235.
103. Daub, M.E.; Ehrenshaft, M. The photoactivated cercospora toxin cercosporin: contributions to plant disease and fundamental biology. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 2000, 38, 461-490.
104. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Guidelines for collaborative study procedure to validate characteristics of a method of analysis. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1989, 72, 694-705.
105. Gilbert, J. Recent advances in analytical methods for mycotoxins. Food Addit. Contam. 1993, 10, 37-48.
106. Trucksess, M.W. Mycotoxins. J. AOAC Int. 1998, 81, 128-137.
107. Wilkes, J.G.; Lay, J.O., Jr. Mycotoxin Protocols. Trucksess, M.W., Pohland, A.E., Eds. Humana press: Totowa, NJ, 2001; Vol. 157, 37-48.
108. Horowitz, W. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. Gaithersburg, Maryland: 17th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists International 2000.
109. Poling, S.M.; Plattner, R.D. Rapid purification of fumonisins and their hydrolysis products with solid-phase extraction columns. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999, 47, 2344-2349.
110. Trucksess, M.W.; Tang, Y. Mycotoxin Protocols. Trucksess, M.W., Pohland, A.E., Eds. Humana press: Totowa, NJ, 2001; Vol. 157, 205-213.
111. Sibanda, L.; De Saeger, S.; Van Peteghem, C. Optimization of solid-phase clean-up prior to liquid chromatographic analysis of ochratoxin A in roasted coffee. J. Chromatogr. A. 2002, 959, 327-330.
112. Wilkes, J.G.; Sutherland, J.B. Sample preparation and high resolution separation of mycotoxins possessing carboxyl groups, (review). J. Chromatogr. B. 1998, 717, 135-156.
113. Shephard, G.S. Mycotoxin Protocols. Trucksess, M.W., Pohland, A.E., Eds. Humana press: Totowa, NJ, 2001; Vol. 157, 147-158.
114. Frisvad, J.C.; Thrane, U. Standardized high performance liquid chromatography of 182 mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites based on alkylphenone retention indices and UV-VIS spectra (diode array detection). J. Chromatogr. 1987, 404, 195-214.
115. Korfmacher, W.A.; Chiarelli, M.P.; Lay, J.O., Jr.; Bloom, J.; Holcomb, M. Characterization of the mycotoxin fumonisins B1: comparison of thermo-spray, fast-atom bombardment and electrospray mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass. Spectrom. 1991, 5, 463-468.
116. van Egmond, H.P. Mycotoxins, endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumors. Castegnaro, M., Pleština, R., Dirheimer, G., Chernozemsky, I.N., Bartsch, H., Eds. IARC: Lyon, 1991; 57-70.
117. Usleber, E.; Dietrich, R.; Schneider, E.; Martlbauer, E. Mycotoxin Protocols. Trucksess, M.W., Pohland, A.E., Eds. Humana press: Totowa, NJ, 2001; Vol. 157, 81-94.
118. Pestka, J.J. Enhanced surveillance of foodborne mycotoxins by immunochemical assay. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1988, 71, 1075-1081.
119. Chu, F.S. Immunoassays for residue analysis: food safety. Beier, R.C., Stanker, L.H., Eds. American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996; 294-313.
120. Yoshizawa, T. Mycotoxin Protocols. Trucksess, M.W., Pohland, A.E., Eds. Humana press: Totowa, NJ, 2001; Vol. 157, 115-129.
121. Trucksess, M.W.; Thomas, F.; Young, K.; Stack, M.E.; Fulgueras, W.J.; Page, S.W. Survey of deoxynivalenol in U.S. 1993 wheat and barley crops by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J. AOAC Int. 1995, 78, 631-636.
122. Schneider, L.; Pichler, H.; Krska, R. An enzyme linked immunoassay for the determination of deoxynivalenol in wheat based on chicken egg yolk antibodies. Fresenius. J. Anal. Chem. 2000, 367, 98-100.
123. Tarter, E.J.; Scott, P.M. Determination of patulin by capillary gas chromatography of the heptafluorobutyrate derivative. J. Chromatogr. 1991, 538, 441-446.
124. Brause, A.R.; Truckess, M.W.; Thomas, F.S.; Page, S.W. Determination of patulin in apple juice by liquid chromatography: collaborative study. J. AOAC Int. 1996, 79, 451-455.
125. Betina, V. Thin-layer chromatography of mycotoxins. J. Chromatogr. 1985, 334, 211-276.
126. Heathcote, J.G.; Hibbert, J.R. Improvements in the thin-layer chromatography of natural products. I. Thin-layer chromatography of the aflatoxins. J. Chromatogr. 1975, 108, 131-140.
127. Tanaka, T.; Hasegawa, A.; Matsuki, Y.; Ishii, K.; Ueno, Y. Improved methodology for the simultaneous detection of the trichothecene mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in cereals. Food Addit. Contam. 1985, 2, 125-137.
128. Kimura, M.; Kaneko, I.; Komiyama, M.; Takatsuki, A.; Koshino, H.; Yoneyama, K.; Yamaguchi, I. Trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase protects both the producing organism and transformed yeast from related mycotoxins. J. Bio. Chem. 1998, 273, 1654-1661.
129. Xie, W.; Mirocha, C.J.; Chen, J. Detection of two naturally occurring structural isomers of partially hydrolyzed fumonisin B1 in corn by on-line capillary liquid chromatography-fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1997, 45, 1251-1255.
130. Hutchison, R.D.; Steyn, P.S. The isolation and structure of 4-hydroxyochratoxin A and 7- carboxy-3,4-dihydroxy-8-hydroxy-3-methylisocoumarine from Penicillium viridicatum. Tetrahedron Lett. 1971, 12, 3965-4090.
131. Scott, P.M.; Sommers, E. Stability of patulin and penicillic acid in fruit juices and flour. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1968, 16, 483-485.