Colistin loading dose: evaluation of the published pharmacokinetic and clinical data

International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents

Volumn 48, Issue 5, 2016, Pages 475-484

  Vardakas, Konstantinos Z ^a,b   Rellos, Konstantinos ^c   Triarides, Nikolaos A ^a,b   Falagas, Matthew E ^a,b,d  

^a ALFA INSTITUTE OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AIBS   (Greece)

^b IASO GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Greece)

^c Central Clinic of Athens   (Greece)

^d TUFTS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Acinetobacter; Gram negative; Klebsiella; Polymyxin; Pseudomonas

Indexed keywords

CARBAPENEM; COLISTIMETHATE; COLISTIN; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII; ACINETOBACTER INFECTION; ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; BACTEREMIA; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; HUMAN; LOADING DRUG DOSE; MONOTHERAPY; MORTALITY RATE; NEPHROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PNEUMONIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; CHEMISTRY; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PLASMA; TIME FACTOR;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; COLISTIN; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; HUMANS; OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES AS TOPIC; PLASMA; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 84994009784     PISSN: 09248579     EISSN: 18727913     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.08.009     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. [1] Falagas, M.E., Kasiakou, S.K., Colistin: the revival of polymyxins for the management of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Clin Infect Dis 40 (2005), 1333–1341.
2. [2] Theuretzbacher, U., Product information for parenteral colistin varies substantially across Europe. J Antimicrob Chemother 69 (2014), 1987–1992.
3. [3] Brink, A.J., Richards, G.A., Colombo, G., Bortolotti, F., Colombo, P., Jehl, F., Multicomponent antibiotic substances produced by fermentation: implications for regulatory authorities, critically ill patients and generics. Int J Antimicrob Agents 43 (2014), 1–6.
4. [4] Orwa, J.A., Govaerts, C., Busson, R., Roets, E., Van Schepdael, A., Hoogmartens, J., Isolation and structural characterization of colistin components. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 54 (2001), 595–599.
5. [5] Karaiskos, I., Friberg, L.E., Pontikis, K., Ioannidis, K., Tsagkari, V., Galani, L., et al. Colistin population pharmacokinetics after application of a loading dose of 9 MU colistin methanesulfonate in critically ill patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59 (2015), 7240–7248.
6. [6] Li, J., Milne, R.W., Nation, R.L., Turnidge, J.D., Smeaton, T.C., Coulthard, K., Use of high-performance liquid chromatography to study the pharmacokinetics of colistin sulfate in rats following intravenous administration. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47 (2003), 1766–1770.
7. [7] Mohamed, A.F., Karaiskos, I., Plachouras, D., Karvanen, M., Pontikis, K., Jansson, B., et al. Application of a loading dose of colistin methanesulfonate in critically ill patients: population pharmacokinetics, protein binding, and prediction of bacterial kill. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56 (2012), 4241–4249.
8. [8] Kassamali, Z., Prince, R.A., Danziger, L.H., Rotschafer, J.C., Rhomberg, P.R., Jones, R.N., Microbiological assessment of polymyxin B components tested alone and in combination. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59 (2015), 7823–7825.
9. [9] He, H., Li, J.C., Nation, R.L., Jacob, J., Chen, G., Lee, H.J., et al. Pharmacokinetics of four different brands of colistimethate and formed colistin in rats. J Antimicrob Chemother 68 (2013), 2311–2317.
10. [10] Nation, R.L., Li, J., Cars, O., Couet, W., Dudley, M.N., Kaye, K.S., et al. Framework for optimisation of the clinical use of colistin and polymyxin B: the Prato polymyxin consensus. Lancet Infect Dis 15 (2015), 225–234.
11. [11] Landersdorfer, C.B., Nation, R.L., Colistin: how should it be dosed for the critically ill?. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 36 (2015), 126–135.
12. [12] Bergen, P.J., Li, J., Nation, R.L., Dosing of colistin—back to basic PK/PD. Curr Opin Pharmacol 11 (2011), 464–469.
13. [13] Petrosillo, N., Giannella, M., Lewis, R., Viale, P., Treatment of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: the state of the art. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 11 (2013), 159–177.
14. [14] Cheah, S.E., Wang, J., Nguyen, V.T., Turnidge, J.D., Li, J., Nation, R.L., New pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies of systemically administered colistin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii in mouse thigh and lung infection models: smaller response in lung infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 70 (2015), 3291–3297.
15. [15] Govaerts, C., Orwa, J., Van Schepdael, A., Roets, E., Hoogmartens, J., Liquid chromatography–ion trap tandem mass spectrometry for the characterization of polypeptide antibiotics of the colistin series in commercial samples. J Chromatogr A 976 (2002), 65–78.
16. [16] Li, J., Milne, R.W., Nation, R.L., Turnidge, J.D., Coulthard, K., Valentine, J., Simple method for assaying colistin methanesulfonate in plasma and urine using high-performance liquid chromatography. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46 (2002), 3304–3307.
17. [17] Imberti, R., Cusato, M., Villani, P., Carnevale, L., Iotti, G.A., Langer, M., et al. Steady-state pharmacokinetics and BAL concentration of colistin in critically ill patients after IV colistin methanesulfonate administration. Chest 138 (2010), 1333–1339.
18. [18] Markou, N., Markantonis, S.L., Dimitrakis, E., Panidis, D., Boutzouka, E., Karatzas, S., et al. Colistin serum concentrations after intravenous administration in critically ill patients with serious multidrug-resistant, Gram-negative bacilli infections: a prospective, open-label, uncontrolled study. Clin Ther 30 (2008), 143–151.
19. [19] Garonzik, S.M., Li, J., Thamlikitkul, V., Paterson, D.L., Shoham, S., Jacob, J., et al. Population pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate and formed colistin in critically ill patients from a multicenter study provide dosing suggestions for various categories of patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55 (2011), 3284–3294.
20. [20] Plachouras, D., Karvanen, M., Friberg, L.E., Papadomichelakis, E., Antoniadou, A., Tsangaris, I., et al. Population pharmacokinetic analysis of colistin methanesulfonate and colistin after intravenous administration in critically ill patients with infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53 (2009), 3430–3436.
21. [21] Kumar, A., Roberts, D., Wood, K.E., Light, B., Parrillo, J.E., Sharma, S., et al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 34 (2006), 1589–1596.
22. [22] European Medicines Agency, European Medicines Agency completes review of polymyxin-based medicines. http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/news_and_events/news/2014/10/news_detail_002194.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058004d5c1 accessed 20.09.16.
23. ® M Parenteral (Colistimethate for Injection, USP). https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2009/050108s026lbl.pdf accessed 20.09.16.
24. [24] UCLA Health System Pharmaceutical Services, Colistimethate sodium. http://www.asp.mednet.ucla.edu/files/view/guidebook/Colistin_Dosing.pdf accessed 12.02.16.
25. [25] Drusano, G.L., Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics: critical interactions of ‘bug and drug’. Nat Rev Microbiol 2 (2004), 289–300.
26. [26] Martinez, M.N., Papich, M.G., Drusano, G.L., Dosing regimen matters: the importance of early intervention and rapid attainment of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56 (2012), 2795–2805.
27. [27] McKenzie, C., Antibiotic dosing in critical illness. J Antimicrob Chemother 66:Suppl. 2 (2011), ii25–31.
28. [28] Grégoire, N., Mimoz, O., Mégarbane, B., Comets, E., Chatelier, D., Lasocki, S., et al. New colistin population pharmacokinetic data in critically ill patients suggesting an alternative loading dose rationale. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58 (2014), 7324–7330.
29. [29] Karnik, N.D., Sridharan, K., Jadhav, S.P., Kadam, P.P., Naidu, R.K., Namjoshi, R.D., et al. Pharmacokinetics of colistin in critically ill patients with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli infection. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 69 (2013), 1429–1436.
30. [30] Couet, W., Grégoire, N., Gobin, P., Saulnier, P.J., Frasca, D., Marchand, S., et al. Pharmacokinetics of colistin and colistimethate sodium after a single 80-mg intravenous dose of CMS in young healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 89 (2011), 875–879.
31. [31] Mizuyachi, K., Hara, K., Wakamatsu, A., Nohda, S., Hirama, T., Safety and pharmacokinetic evaluation of intravenous colistin methanesulfonate sodium in Japanese healthy male subjects. Curr Med Res Opin 27 (2011), 2261–2270.
32. [32] Yapa, W.S., Li, J., Patel, K., Wilson, J.W., Dooley, M.J., George, J., et al. Pulmonary and systemic pharmacokinetics of inhaled and intravenous colistin methanesulfonate in cystic fibrosis patients: targeting advantage of inhalational administration. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58 (2014), 2570–2579.
33. [33] Wallace, S.J., Li, J., Nation, R.L., Prankerd, R.J., Velkov, T., Boyd, B.J., Self-assembly behavior of colistin and its prodrug colistin methanesulfonate: implications for solution stability and solubilization. J Phys Chem B 114 (2010), 4836–4840.
34. [34] Mohamed, A.F., Cars, O., Friberg, L.E., A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model developed for the effect of colistin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro with evaluation of population pharmacokinetic variability on simulated bacterial killing. J Antimicrob Chemother 69 (2014), 1350–1361.
35. [35] Falagas, M.E., Rafailidis, P.I., Ioannidou, E., Alexiou, V.G., Matthaiou, D.K., Karageorgopoulos, D.E., et al. Colistin therapy for microbiologically documented multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections: a retrospective cohort study of 258 patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 35 (2010), 194–199.
36. [36] Gibson, G.A., Bauer, S.R., Neuner, E.A., Bass, S.N., Lam, S.W., Influence of colistin dose on global cure in patients with bacteremia due to carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 60 (2015), 431–436.
37. [37] Vicari, G., Bauer, S.R., Neuner, E.A., Lam, S.W., Association between colistin dose and microbiologic outcomes in patients with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 56 (2013), 398–404.
38. [38] Kalin, G., Alp, E., Coskun, R., Demiraslan, H., Gündogan, K., Doganay, M., Use of high-dose IV and aerosolized colistin for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia: do we really need this treatment?. J Infect Chemother 18 (2012), 872–877.
39. [39] Sorli, L., Luque, S., Grau, S., Berenguer, N., Segura, C., Montero, M.M., et al. Trough colistin plasma level is an independent risk factor for nephrotoxicity: a prospective observational cohort study. BMC Infect Dis, 13, 2013, 380.
40. [40] Binh, N.G., Hayakawa, K., Co, D.X., Tuan, N.D., Anh, N.H., Thuy, N.T., et al. The efficacy and nephrotoxicity associated with colistin use in an intensive care unit in Vietnam: use of colistin in a population of lower body weight. Int J Infect Dis 35 (2015), 18–23.
41. [41] Yahav, D., Omar, M., Altunin, S., Zak-Doron, Y., Leibovici, L., Paul, M., et al. Clinical effectiveness and safety of high-dose colistin. 2nd international conference on polymyxins, San Diego, CA; 22–24 September, 2015.
42. [42] Trifi, A., Abdellatif, S., Daly, F., Mahjoub, K., Nasri, R., Oueslati, M., et al. Efficacy and toxicity of high-dose colistin in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli infections: a comparative study of a matched series. Chemotherapy 61 (2016), 190–196.
43. [43] Elefritz, J.L., Bauer, K.A., Jones, C., Mangino, J.E., Porter, K., Murphy, C.V., Efficacy and safety of a colistin loading dose, high-dose maintenance regimen in critically ill patients with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pneumonia. J Intensive Care Med, 2016 [Epub ahead of print].
44. [44] Dalfino, L., Puntillo, F., Mosca, A., Monno, R., Spada, M.L., Coppolecchia, S., et al. High-dose, extended-interval colistin administration in critically ill patients: is this the right dosing strategy? A preliminary study. Clin Infect Dis 54 (2012), 1720–1726.
45. [45] Dalfino, L., Puntillo, F., Ondok, M.J., Mosca, A., Monno, R., Coppolecchia, S., et al. Colistin-associated acute kidney injury in severely ill patients: a step toward a better renal care? A prospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 61 (2015), 1771–1777.
46. [46] Patil, S., Zirpe, K., Mukherjee, D., Hajare, A., Korukonda, K., Bhargava, A., Survival or safety: balancing act with colistin. J Glob Infect Dis 7 (2015), 3–4.
47. [47] Sulaiman, H., Efficacy and safety of a colistin loading dose in critically ill patients with multi drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAb) infections. 54th interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy (ICAAC), 5–9 September 2014, Washington, DC, 2014, ASM Press, Washington, DC.
48. [48] Yahav, D., Farbman, L., Leibovici, L., Paul, M., Colistin: new lessons on an old antibiotic. Clin Microbiol Infect 18 (2012), 18–29.
49. [49] Paul, M., Bishara, J., Levcovich, A., Chowers, M., Goldberg, E., Singer, P., et al. Effectiveness and safety of colistin: prospective comparative cohort study. J Antimicrob Chemother 65 (2010), 1019–1027.
50. [50] Li, J., Rayner, C.R., Nation, R.L., Owen, R.J., Spelman, D., Tan, K.E., et al. Heteroresistance to colistin in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50 (2006), 2946–2950.
51. [51] Meletis, G., Tzampaz, E., Sianou, E., Tzavaras, I., Sofianou, D., Colistin heteroresistance in carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother 66 (2011), 946–947.
52. [52] Falagas, M.E., Rafailidis, P.I., Attributable mortality of Acinetobacter baumannii: no longer a controversial issue. Crit Care, 11, 2007, 134.
53. [53] Falagas, M.E., Tansarli, G.S., Karageorgopoulos, D.E., Vardakas, K.Z., Deaths attributable to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections. Emerg Infect Dis 20 (2014), 1170–1175.
54. [54] Schwaber, M.J., Carmeli, Y., Mortality and delay in effective therapy associated with extended-spectrum β-lactamase production in Enterobacteriaceae bacteraemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 60 (2007), 913–920.
55. [55] Vardakas, K.Z., Rafailidis, P.I., Konstantelias, A.A., Falagas, M.E., Predictors of mortality in patients with infections due to multi-drug resistant Gram negative bacteria: the study, the patient, the bug or the drug?. J Infect 66 (2013), 401–414.
56. [56] Bristianou, M., Panagou, C., Adamis, T., Raftogiannis, M., Antonopoulou, A., Chrisofos, M., et al. The impact of multidrug resistance on the pathogenicity of Escherichia coli: an experimental study. Int J Antimicrob Agents 31 (2008), 216–223.
57. [57] Giamarellos-Bourboulis, E.J., Tzepi, I., Tsovolou, I., Spyridaki, A., Tsaganos, T., Vaki, I., et al. Impact of multidrug resistance on experimental empyema by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Respiration 82 (2011), 46–53.
58. [58] Falagas, M.E., Rizos, M., Bliziotis, I.A., Rellos, K., Kasiakou, S.K., Michalopoulos, A., Toxicity after prolonged (more than four weeks) administration of intravenous colistin. BMC Infect Dis, 5, 2005, 1.
59. [59] Dudhani, R.V., Turnidge, J.D., Coulthard, K., Milne, R.W., Rayner, C.R., Li, J., et al. Elucidation of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic determinant of colistin activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in murine thigh and lung infection models. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54 (2010), 1117–1124.
60. [60] Dudhani, R.V., Turnidge, J.D., Nation, R.L., Li, J., fAUC/MIC is the most predictive pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic index of colistin against Acinetobacter baumannii in murine thigh and lung infection models. J Antimicrob Chemother 65 (2010), 1984–1990.
61. [61] Ni, W., Shao, X., Di, X., Cui, J., Wang, R., Liu, Y., In vitro synergy of polymyxins with other antibiotics for Acinetobacter baumannii: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 45 (2015), 8–18.
62. [62] Zusman, O., Avni, T., Leibovici, L., Adler, A., Friberg, L., Stergiopoulou, T., et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro synergy of polymyxins and carbapenems. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57 (2013), 5104–5111.
63. [63] Daikos, G.L., Tsaousi, S., Tzouvelekis, L.S., Anyfantis, I., Psichogiou, M., Argyropoulou, A., et al. Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections: lowering mortality by antibiotic combination schemes and the role of carbapenems. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58 (2014), 2322–2328.
64. [64] Tumbarello, M., Trecarichi, E.M., De Rosa, F.G., Giannella, M., Giacobbe, D.R., Bassetti, M., et al. Infections caused by KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: differences in therapy and mortality in a multicentre study. J Antimicrob Chemother 70 (2015), 2133–2143.
65. [65] Poulikakos, P., Tansarli, G.S., Falagas, M.E., Combination antibiotic treatment versus monotherapy for multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant, and pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter infections: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 33 (2014), 1675–1685.
66. [66] Vardakas, K.Z., Matthaiou, D.K., Falagas, M.E., Antypa, E., Koteli, A., Antoniadou, E., Tigecycline for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in the intensive care unit. Infect Dis (Lond) 47 (2015), 751–753.
67. [67] Ortwine, J.K., Kaye, K.S., Li, J., Pogue, J.M., Colistin: understanding and applying recent pharmacokinetic advances. Pharmacotherapy 35 (2015), 11–16.
68. [68] Abdul-Aziz, M.H., Sulaiman, H., Mat-Nor, M.B., Rai, V., Wong, K.K., Hasan, M.S., et al. β-Lactam Infusion in Severe Sepsis (BLISS): a prospective, two-centre, open-labelled randomised controlled trial of continuous versus intermittent β-lactam infusion in critically ill patients with severe sepsis. Intensive Care Med 42 (2016), 1535–1545 [Epub ahead of print].
69. [69] Dulhunty, J.M., Roberts, J.A., Davis, J.S., Webb, S.A., Bellomo, R., Gomersall, C., et al. Continuous infusion of β-lactam antibiotics in severe sepsis: a multicenter double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 56 (2013), 236–244.
70. [70] Dulhunty, J.M., Roberts, J.A., Davis, J.S., Webb, S.A., Bellomo, R., Gomersall, C., et al. A multicenter randomized trial of continuous versus intermittent β-lactam infusion in severe sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 192 (2015), 1298–1305.
71. [71] Falagas, M.E., Tansarli, G.S., Ikawa, K., Vardakas, K.Z., Clinical outcomes with extended or continuous versus short-term intravenous infusion of carbapenems and piperacillin/tazobactam: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 56 (2013), 272–282.
72. [72] Korbila, I.P., Tansarli, G.S., Karageorgopoulos, D.E., Vardakas, K.Z., Falagas, M.E., Extended or continuous versus short-term intravenous infusion of cephalosporins: a meta-analysis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 11 (2013), 585–595.
73. [73] Phe, K., Lee, Y., McDaneld, P.M., Prasad, N., Yin, T., Figueroa, D.A., et al. In vitro assessment and multicenter cohort study of comparative nephrotoxicity rates associated with colistimethate versus polymyxin B therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58 (2014), 2740–2746.
74. [74] Rigatto, M.H., Oliveira, M.S., Perdigão-Neto, L., Levin, A.S., Carrilho, C.M., Tanita, M.T., et al. Multicenter prospective cohort study of renal failure in patients treated with colistin versus polymyxin B. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 60 (2016), 2443–2449.
75. [75] Kassamali, Z., Danziger, L., To B or not to B, that is the question: is it time to replace colistin with polymyxin B?. Pharmacotherapy 35 (2015), 17–21.
76. [76] Boisson, M., Jacobs, M., Grégoire, N., Gobin, P., Marchand, S., Couet, W., et al. Comparison of intrapulmonary and systemic pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) and colistin after aerosol delivery and intravenous administration of CMS in critically ill patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58 (2014), 7331–7339.
77. [77] Valachis, A., Samonis, G., Kofteridis, D.P., The role of aerosolized colistin in the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Crit Care Med 43 (2015), 527–533.
78. [78] Falagas, M.E., Bliziotis, I.A., Tam, V.H., Intraventricular or intrathecal use of polymyxins in patients with Gram-negative meningitis: a systematic review of the available evidence. Int J Antimicrob Agents 29 (2007), 9–25.
79. [79] Fotakopoulos, G., Makris, D., Chatzi, M., Tsimitrea, E., Zakynthinos, E., Fountas, K., Outcomes in meningitis/ventriculitis treated with intravenous or intraventricular plus intravenous colistin. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 158 (2016), 603–610.
80. [80] Falagas, M.E., Fragoulis, K.N., Kasiakou, S.K., Sermaidis, G.J., Michalopoulos, A., Nephrotoxicity of intravenous colistin: a prospective evaluation. Int J Antimicrob Agents 26 (2005), 504–507.
81. [81] Falagas, M.E., Kasiakou, S.K., Toxicity of polymyxins: a systematic review of the evidence from old and recent studies. Crit Care, 10, 2006, R27.
82. [82] Falagas, M.E., Rafailidis, P.I., Nephrotoxicity of colistin: new insight into an old antibiotic. Clin Infect Dis 48 (2009), 1729–1731.