The potential risks of probiotics among HIV-infected persons: Bacteraemia due to Lactobacillus acidophilus and review of the literature

International Journal of STD and AIDS

Volumn 27, Issue 13, 2016, Pages 1223-1230

  Haghighat, Leila ^a   Crum Cianflone, Nancy F ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b SCRIPPS MERCY HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c NAVAL MEDICAL CENTER SAN DIEGO   (United States)

Author keywords

HIV; invasive infections; lactobacillemia; Lactobacillus; probiotics; review; risk factors

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ALBUMIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; AZITHROMYCIN; BILIRUBIN; CEFOTETAN; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLINDAMYCIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; CREATININE; DAPSONE; FLUCONAZOLE; GENTAMICIN; HEMOGLOBIN; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE; PROBIOTIC AGENT; SULTAMICILLIN; VANCOMYCIN; VIRUS RNA; YOGHURT; AMOXICILLIN; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; CLAVULANIC ACID;

ABDOMINAL TENDERNESS; ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; ADULT; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ALBUMIN BLOOD LEVEL; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE BLOOD LEVEL; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ARTICLE; ASCITES; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIOSIS; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIAL PERITONITIS; BILIRUBIN BLOOD LEVEL; BLOOD CULTURE; CACHEXIA; CASE REPORT; CHOLELITHIASIS; CLINICAL OUTCOME; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; DECOMPENSATED LIVER CIRRHOSIS; EPIGASTRIC PAIN; ESOPHAGUS CANDIDIASIS; ESOPHAGUS VARICES; EYE JAUNDICE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; JAUNDICE; LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER DISEASE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX; ODYNOPHAGIA; PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTOR; SAFETY; SPLENOMEGALY; TACHYCARDIA; THRUSH; ULTRASOUND; COMPLICATION; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY; PATHOGENICITY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

AMOXICILLIN; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; BACTEREMIA; CLAVULANIC ACID; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST; LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PROBIOTICS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84992699308     PISSN: 09564624     EISSN: 17581052     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0956462415590725     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Antony SJ. Lactobacillemia: an emerging cause of infection in both the immunocompromised and the immunocompetent host. J Nat Med Assoc 2000; 92: 83–86
2. Husni RN, Gordon SM, Washington JA. Lactobacillus bacteremia and endocarditis: review of 45 cases. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25: 1048–1055
3. Salminen MK, Rautelin H, Tynkkynen S. Lactobacillus bacteremia, clinical significance, and patient outcome, with special focus on probiotic L. rhamnosus GG. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38: 62–69
4. Goldenberg JZ, Ma SS, Saxton JD. Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 5: CD006095–CD006095
5. Snydman DR. The safety of probiotics. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46: S104–S111
6. Ledoux D, Labombardi VJ, Karter D. Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteraemia after use of a probiotic in a patient with AIDS and Hodgkin’s disease. Int J STD AIDS 2006; 17: 280–282
7. Luong ML, Sareyyupoglu B, Nguyen MH. Lactobacillus probiotic use in cardiothoracic transplant recipients: a link to invasive Lactobacillus infection? Transpl Infect Dis 2010; 12: 561–564
8. CLSI. Methods for antimicrobial dilution and disk susceptibility testing of infrequently isolated or fastidious bacteria; approved guideline - second edition. CLSI document M45-A2. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2010
9. Sherman ME, Albrecht M, DeGirolami PC. An unusual case of splenic abscess and sepsis in an immunocompromised host. Am J Clin Pathol 1987; 88: 659–662
10. Horwitch CA, Furseth HA, Larson AM. Lactobacillemia in three patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 1460–1462
11. Abgrall S, Joly V, Derkinderen P. Lactobacillus casei infection in an AIDS patient. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1997; 16: 180–182
12. Schlegel L, Lemerle S, Geslin P. Lactobacillus species as opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 17: 887–888
13. Rogasi PG, Viganò S, Pecile P. Lactobacillus casei pneumonia and sepsis in a patient with AIDS. Case report and review of the literature. Ann Ital Med Int 1998; 13: 180–182
14. Sriskandan S, Lacey S, Fischer L. Isolation of vancomycin-resistant lactobacilli from three neutropenic patients with pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1993; 12: 649–650
15. Cannon JP, Lee TA, Bolanos JT. Pathogenic relevance of Lactobacillus: a retrospective review of over 200 cases. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 24: 31–40
16. Sharpe ME, Hill LR, Lapage SP. Pathogenic lactobacilli. J Med Microbiol 1973; 6: 281–286
17. Axelrod J, Keusch GT, Bottone E. Endocarditis caused by Lactobacillus plantarum. Ann Intern Med 1973; 78: 33–37
18. Salvana EM, Frank M. Lactobacillus endocarditis: case report and review of cases reported since 1992. J Infect 2006; 53: e5–e10
19. Mackay AD, Taylor MB, Kibbler CC. Lactobacillus endocarditis caused by a probiotic organism. Clin Microbiol Infect 1999; 5: 290–292
20. Bayer AS, Chow AW, Betts D. Lactobacillemia—report of nine cases. Important clinical and therapeutic considerations. Am J Med 1978; 64: 808–813
21. Rautio M, Jousimies-Somer H, Kauma H. Liver abscess due to a Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain indistinguishable from L. rhamnosus strain GG. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28: 1159–1160
22. Cukovic-Cavka S, Likic R, Francetic I. Lactobacillus acidophilus as a cause of liver abscess in a NOD2/CARD15-positive patient with Crohn’s disease. Digestion 2006; 73: 107–110
23. Steffen EK, Berg RD, Deitch EA. Comparison of translocation rates of various indigenous bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to the mesenteric lymph node. J Infect Dis 1988; 157: 1032–1038
24. Bjarnason I, Peters TJ, Wilse RJ. The leaky gut of alcoholism: possible route of entry for toxic compounds. Lancet 1984; 1: 179–182
25. Wiest R, Garcia-Tsao G. Bacterial translocation (BT) in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2005; 41: 422–433
26. Nazil A, Chan O, Dobson-Belaire WN. Exposure to HIV-1 directly impairs mucosal epithelial barrier integrity allowing microbial translocation. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6: e1000852–e1000852
27. Epple JH, Schneider T, Troeger H. Impairment of the intestinal barrier is evident in untreated but absent in suppressively treated HIV-infected patients. Gut 2009; 58: 220–227
28. Asahara T, Takahashi M, Nomoto K. Assessment of safety of Lactobacillus strains based on resistance to host innate defense mechanisms. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2003; 10: 169–173
29. FAO/WHO. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on evaluation of health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria. Cordoba, October 2001. http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/fs_management/en/probiotics.pdf (accessed 15 January 2015)
30. Allen SJ, Martinez EG, Gregorio GV. Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 11L: CD003048–CD003048
31. Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31: 431–455
32. Presterl E, Kneifel W, Mayer HK. Endocarditis by Lactobacillus rhamnosus due to yogurt ingestion? Scand J Infect Dis 2001; 33: 710–714
33. De Groote MA, Frank DN, Dowell E. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG bacteremia associated with probiotic use in a child with short gut syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005; 24: 278–280
34. Kunz AN, Noel JM, Fairchok MP. Two cases of Lactobacillus bacteremia during probiotic treatment of short gut syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004; 38: 457–458
35. Land MH, Rouster-Stevens K, Woods CR. Lactobacillus sepsis associated with probiotic therapy. Pediatrics 2005; 115: 178–181
36. Vahabnezhad E, Mochon AB, Wozniak LJ. Lactobacillus bacteremia associated with probiotic use in a pediatric patient with ulcerative colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2013; 47: 437–439
37. Mehta A, Rangaraian S, Borate U. A cautionary tale for probiotic use in hematopoietic SCT patients-Lactobacillus acidophilus sepsis in a patient with mantle cell lymphoma undergoing hematopoietic SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant 2013; 48: 461–462
38. Boyle RJ, Robins-Browne RM, Tang ML. Probiotic use in clinical practice: what are the risks? Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83: 1256–1264
39. Saxelin M, Chuang NH, Chassy B. Lactobacilli and bacteremia in southern Finland, 1989-1992. Clin infect Dis 1996; 22: 564–566
40. Sullivan A, Nord CE. Probiotic lactobacilli and bacteraemia in Stockholm. Scand J Infect Dis 2006; 38: 327–331
41. Salminen MK, Tynkkynen Rautelin H. Lactobacillus bacteremia during a rapid increase in probiotic use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in Finland. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 1155–1160
42. Simkins J, Kaltsas A, Currie BP. Investigation of inpatient probiotic use at an academic medical center. Int J Infect Dis 2013; 17: e321–e324
43. Salminen MK, Tynkkynen S, Rautelin H. The efficacy and safety of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on prolonged, noninfectious diarrhea in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. HIV Clin Trials 2004; 5: 183–191
44. Wolf BW, Wheeler KB, Ataya DG. Safety and tolerance of Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation to a population infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Food Chem Toxicol 1998; 36: 1085–1094
45. Irvine SL, Hummelen R, Hekmat S. Probiotic yogurt consumption may improve gastrointestinal symptoms, productivity, and nutritional intake of people living with human immunodeficiency virus in Mwanza, Tanzania. Nutr Res 2011; 31: 875–881
46. Whelan K, Myers CE. Safety of probiotics in patients receiving nutritional support: a systematic review of case reports, randomized controlled trials and nonrandomized trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91: 687–703
47. Hennequin C, Kauffmann-Lacroix C, Jobert A. Possible role of catheters in Saccharomyces boulardii fungemia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2000; 19: 16–20
48. Riquelme AJ, Clavo MA, Guzmán AM. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia after Saccharomyces boulardii treatment in immunocompromised patients. J Clin Gastroenterol 2003; 36: 41–43
49. Klare I, Konstabel C, Werner G. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Lactobacillus, Pediococcus and Lactococcus human isolates and cultures intended for probiotic or nutritional use. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 59: 900–912
50. Salminen MK, Rautelin H, Tynkkynen S. Lactobacillus bacteremia, species identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility of 85 blood isolates. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42: e35–e44