메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 9, Issue , 2016, Pages 45-57

Managing anesthesia for cesarean section in obese patients: Current perspectives

Author keywords

Cesarean delivery; Neuraxial techniques; Obesity

Indexed keywords

BUPIVACAINE; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; MORPHINE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PARACETAMOL;

EID: 84992159391     PISSN: None     EISSN: 11787112     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2147/LRA.S64279     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (38)

References (121)
  • 1
    • 84988904805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of obesity among adults: United States, 2011-2012
    • Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of obesity among adults: United States, 2011-2012. NCHS Data Brief. 2013; (131):1-8.
    • (2013) NCHS Data Brief , Issue.131 , pp. 1-8
    • Ogden, C.L.1    Carroll, M.D.2    Kit, B.K.3    Flegal, K.M.4
  • 2
    • 0034471041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Report of a WHO consultation
    • Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2000;894:i-xii, 1-253.
    • (2000) World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser , vol.894 , Issue.1-12 , pp. 1-253
  • 3
    • 0031821322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volume is the primary determinant of sensory block extent and duration during spinal anesthesia
    • Carpenter RL, Hogan QH, Liu SS, Crane B, Moore J. Lumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid volume is the primary determinant of sensory block extent and duration during spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1998; 89(1):24-29.
    • (1998) Anesthesiology , vol.89 , Issue.1 , pp. 24-29
    • Carpenter, R.L.1    Hogan, Q.H.2    Liu, S.S.3    Crane, B.4    Moore, J.5
  • 4
    • 78751503250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. In: Rasmussen KM, Yaktine AL, editors. Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US)
    • Institute of Medicine, National Research Council Committee to Reexamine IOMPWG. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. In: Rasmussen KM, Yaktine AL, editors. Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2009.
    • (2009) National Research Council Committee to Reexamine IOMPWG
  • 6
    • 84947967133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity before, during, and after pregnancy: A review and comparison of five national guidelines
    • Kominiarek MA, Chauhan SP. Obesity before, during, and after pregnancy: a review and comparison of five national guidelines. Am J Perinatol. 2016;33(5):433-441.
    • (2016) Am J Perinatol , vol.33 , Issue.5 , pp. 433-441
    • Kominiarek, M.A.1    Chauhan, S.P.2
  • 7
    • 84942294644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prepregnancy body mass index in a first uncomplicated pregnancy and outcomes of a second pregnancy
    • Tabet M, Flick LH, Tuuli MG, Macones GA, Chang JJ. Prepregnancy body mass index in a first uncomplicated pregnancy and outcomes of a second pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(4):548.e1-548.e7.
    • (2015) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.213 , Issue.4 , pp. 548
    • Tabet, M.1    Flick, L.H.2    Tuuli, M.G.3    Macones, G.A.4    Chang, J.J.5
  • 9
    • 33644777904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population-based assessment of the risk of primary cesarean delivery due to excess prepregnancy weight among nulliparous women delivering term infants
    • Dietz PM, Callaghan WM, Morrow B, Cogswell ME. Population-based assessment of the risk of primary cesarean delivery due to excess prepregnancy weight among nulliparous women delivering term infants. Matern Child Health J. 2005;9(3):237-244.
    • (2005) Matern Child Health J , vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp. 237-244
    • Dietz, P.M.1    Callaghan, W.M.2    Morrow, B.3    Cogswell, M.E.4
  • 10
    • 84944885786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of pregnancy-related maternal mortality in Wisconsin, 2006-2010
    • Schellpfeffer MA, Gillespie KH, Rohan AM, Blackwell SP. A review of pregnancy-related maternal mortality in Wisconsin, 2006-2010. WMJ. 2015;114(5):202-207.
    • (2015) WMJ , vol.114 , Issue.5 , pp. 202-207
    • Schellpfeffer, M.A.1    Gillespie, K.H.2    Rohan, A.M.3    Blackwell, S.P.4
  • 11
    • 84925408148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pregnancyrelated mortality in California: Causes, characteristics, and improvement opportunities
    • Main EK, McCain CL, Morton CH, Holtby S, Lawton ES. Pregnancyrelated mortality in California: causes, characteristics, and improvement opportunities. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125(4):938-947.
    • (2015) Obstet Gynecol , vol.125 , Issue.4 , pp. 938-947
    • Main, E.K.1    McCain, C.L.2    Morton, C.H.3    Holtby, S.4    Lawton, E.S.5
  • 12
    • 79952504686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saving mothers’ lives: Reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer: 2006-2008. The eighth report of the confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom
    • Cantwell R, Clutton-Brock T, Cooper G, et al. Saving mothers’ lives: reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer: 2006-2008. The eighth report of the confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom. BJOG. 2011;118(Suppl 1):1-203.
    • (2011) BJOG , vol.118 , pp. 1-203
    • Cantwell, R.1    Clutton-Brock, T.2    Cooper, G.3
  • 13
    • 41149119033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saving mother’s lives: reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer -2003-2005. The seventh report on confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom. CEMACH, London, UK
    • Lewis G. The Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH). Saving mother’s lives: reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer -2003-2005. The seventh report on confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom. CEMACH, London, UK; 2007.
    • (2007) The Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH)
    • Lewis, G.1
  • 14
    • 84992113560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • editors, on behalf of MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care -Surveillance of Maternal Deaths in the UK 2011-13 and Lessons Learned to Inform Maternity Care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009-13. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford
    • Knight M, Tuffnell D, Kenyon S, Shakespeare J, Gray R, Kurinczuk J, editors; on behalf of MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care -Surveillance of Maternal Deaths in the UK 2011-13 and Lessons Learned to Inform Maternity Care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2009-13. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford; 2015.
    • (2015)
    • Knight, M.1    Tuffnell, D.2    Kenyon, S.3    Shakespeare, J.4    Gray, R.5    Kurinczuk, J.6
  • 15
    • 34249656866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A series of anesthesia-related maternal deaths in Michigan, 1985-2003
    • Mhyre JM, Riesner MN, Polley LS, Naughton NN. A series of anesthesia-related maternal deaths in Michigan, 1985-2003. Anesthesiology. 2007;106(6):1096-1104.
    • (2007) Anesthesiology , vol.106 , Issue.6 , pp. 1096-1104
    • Mhyre, J.M.1    Riesner, M.N.2    Polley, L.S.3    Naughton, N.N.4
  • 16
    • 84872107136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ACOG Committee opinion no. 549: Obesity in pregnancy
    • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Committee opinion no. 549: obesity in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121(1):213-217.
    • (2013) Obstet Gynecol , vol.121 , Issue.1 , pp. 213-217
  • 17
    • 77954485450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Centre for Maternal and Child Enquiries (CMACE) and the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). CMACE/RCOG Joint Guideline
    • Modder J, Fitzsimons KJ. The Centre for Maternal and Child Enquiries (CMACE) and the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). CMACE/RCOG Joint Guideline. Management of Women with Obesity in Pregnancy; 2010.
    • (2010) Management of Women with Obesity in Pregnancy
    • Modder, J.1    Fitzsimons, K.J.2
  • 18
    • 84861831139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obstructive sleep apnea and pregnancy: The effect on perinatal outcomes
    • Fung AM, Wilson DL, Barnes M, Walker SP. Obstructive sleep apnea and pregnancy: the effect on perinatal outcomes. J Perinatol. 2012;32(6):399-406.
    • (2012) J Perinatol , vol.32 , Issue.6 , pp. 399-406
    • Fung, A.M.1    Wilson, D.L.2    Barnes, M.3    Walker, S.P.4
  • 19
    • 84923210145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Screening of obstructive sleep apnea during pregnancy: Differences in predictive values of questionnaires across trimesters
    • Tantrakul V, Sirijanchune P, Panburana P, et al. Screening of obstructive sleep apnea during pregnancy: differences in predictive values of questionnaires across trimesters. J Clin Sleep Med. 2015;11(2):157-163.
    • (2015) J Clin Sleep Med , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 157-163
    • Tantrakul, V.1    Sirijanchune, P.2    Panburana, P.3
  • 20
    • 84899684235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obstructive sleep apnea and severe maternal-infant morbidity/mortality in the United States, 1998-2009
    • Louis JM, Mogos MF, Salemi JL, Redline S, Salihu HM. Obstructive sleep apnea and severe maternal-infant morbidity/mortality in the United States, 1998-2009. Sleep. 2014;37(5):843-849.
    • (2014) Sleep , vol.37 , Issue.5 , pp. 843-849
    • Louis, J.M.1    Mogos, M.F.2    Salemi, J.L.3    Redline, S.4    Salihu, H.M.5
  • 21
    • 77649271940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal and neonatal morbidities associated with obstructive sleep apnea complicating pregnancy
    • Louis JM, Auckley D, Sokol RJ, Mercer BM. Maternal and neonatal morbidities associated with obstructive sleep apnea complicating pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202(3):261.e1-261.e5.
    • (2010) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.202 , Issue.3 , pp. 261
    • Louis, J.M.1    Auckley, D.2    Sokol, R.J.3    Mercer, B.M.4
  • 22
    • 84932175605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy: Assessment of current screening tools
    • Lockhart EM, Ben Abdallah A, Tuuli MG, Leighton BL. Obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy: assessment of current screening tools. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;126(1):93-102.
    • (2015) Obstet Gynecol , vol.126 , Issue.1 , pp. 93-102
    • Lockhart, E.M.1    Ben Abdallah, A.2    Tuuli, M.G.3    Leighton, B.L.4
  • 23
    • 84940461307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pregnancy-related cardiovascular deaths in California: Beyond peripartum cardiomyopathy
    • Hameed AB, Lawton ES, McCain CL, et al. Pregnancy-related cardiovascular deaths in California: beyond peripartum cardiomyopathy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(3):379.e1-379.e10.
    • (2015) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.213 , Issue.3 , pp. 379
    • Hameed, A.B.1    Lawton, E.S.2    McCain, C.L.3
  • 24
    • 2342438720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity, obstetric complications and cesarean delivery rate -a population-based screening study
    • Weiss JL, Malone FD, Emig D, et al. Obesity, obstetric complications and cesarean delivery rate -a population-based screening study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190(4):1091-1097.
    • (2004) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.190 , Issue.4 , pp. 1091-1097
    • Weiss, J.L.1    Malone, F.D.2    Emig, D.3
  • 25
    • 84856446187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 125: Chronic hypertension in pregnancy
    • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 125: chronic hypertension in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;119(2 Pt 1):396-407.
    • (2012) Obstet Gynecol , vol.119 , Issue.2 , pp. 396-407
  • 26
    • 0028043509 scopus 로고
    • Obesity, pregnancy, and left ventricular functioning during the third trimester
    • Veille JC, Hanson R. Obesity, pregnancy, and left ventricular functioning during the third trimester. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;171(4):980-983.
    • (1994) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.171 , Issue.4 , pp. 980-983
    • Veille, J.C.1    Hanson, R.2
  • 27
    • 84899494747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of antenatal anaesthetic consultation on maternal decision-making, anxiety level and risk perception in obese pregnant women
    • Eley VA, Donovan K, Walters E, Brijball R, Eley DS. The effect of antenatal anaesthetic consultation on maternal decision-making, anxiety level and risk perception in obese pregnant women. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2014;23(2):118-124.
    • (2014) Int J Obstet Anesth , vol.23 , Issue.2 , pp. 118-124
    • Eley, V.A.1    Donovan, K.2    Walters, E.3    Brijball, R.4    Eley, D.S.5
  • 29
    • 84908326010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anesthetic and obstetric outcomes in morbidly obese parturients: A 20-year follow-up retrospective cohort study
    • Tonidandel A, Booth J, D’Angelo R, Harris L, Tonidandel S. Anesthetic and obstetric outcomes in morbidly obese parturients: a 20-year follow-up retrospective cohort study. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2014;23(4): 357-364.
    • (2014) Int J Obstet Anesth , vol.23 , Issue.4 , pp. 357-364
    • Tonidandel, A.1    Booth, J.2    D’Angelo, R.3    Harris, L.4    Tonidandel, S.5
  • 30
    • 0027146662 scopus 로고
    • Anesthetic and obstetric outcome in morbidly obese parturients
    • Hood DD, Dewan DM. Anesthetic and obstetric outcome in morbidly obese parturients. Anesthesiology. 1993;79(6):1210-1218.
    • (1993) Anesthesiology , vol.79 , Issue.6 , pp. 1210-1218
    • Hood, D.D.1    Dewan, D.M.2
  • 31
    • 0042347783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Difficult tracheal intubation is more common in obese than in lean patients
    • Juvin P, Lavaut E, Dupont H, et al. Difficult tracheal intubation is more common in obese than in lean patients. Anesth Analg. 2003;97(2): 595-600.
    • (2003) Anesth Analg , vol.97 , Issue.2 , pp. 595-600
    • Juvin, P.1    Lavaut, E.2    Dupont, H.3
  • 32
    • 23044480473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting difficult intubation in apparently normal patients: A meta-analysis of bedside screening test performance
    • Shiga T, Wajima Z, Inoue T, Sakamoto A. Predicting difficult intubation in apparently normal patients: a meta-analysis of bedside screening test performance. Anesthesiology. 2005;103(2):429-437.
    • (2005) Anesthesiology , vol.103 , Issue.2 , pp. 429-437
    • Shiga, T.1    Wajima, Z.2    Inoue, T.3    Sakamoto, A.4
  • 33
    • 61549133212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High body mass index is a weak predictor for difficult and failed tracheal intubation: A cohort study of 91,332 consecutive patients scheduled for direct laryngoscopy registered in the Danish Anesthesia Database
    • Lundstr�m LH, M�ller AM, Rosenstock C, Astrup G, Wetterslev J. High body mass index is a weak predictor for difficult and failed tracheal intubation: a cohort study of 91,332 consecutive patients scheduled for direct laryngoscopy registered in the Danish Anesthesia Database. Anesthesiology. 2009;110(2):266-274.
    • (2009) Anesthesiology , vol.110 , Issue.2 , pp. 266-274
    • Lundstr�m, L.H.1    M�ller, A.M.2    Rosenstock, C.3    Astrup, G.4    Wetterslev, J.5
  • 34
    • 33750459383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence and predictors of difficult and impossible mask ventilation
    • Kheterpal S, Han R, Tremper KK, et al. Incidence and predictors of difficult and impossible mask ventilation. Anesthesiology. 2006;105(5): 885-891.
    • (2006) Anesthesiology , vol.105 , Issue.5 , pp. 885-891
    • Kheterpal, S.1    Han, R.2    Tremper, K.K.3
  • 36
    • 19944429836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: Part 1: Blood pressure measurement in humans: A statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research
    • Pickering TG, Hall JE, Appel LJ, et al. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: Part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans: a statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension. 2005;45(1):142-161.
    • (2005) Hypertension , vol.45 , Issue.1 , pp. 142-161
    • Pickering, T.G.1    Hall, J.E.2    Appel, L.J.3
  • 37
    • 33645312386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of oscillometric and intraarterial systolic and diastolic blood pressures in lean, overweight, and obese patients
    • Umana E, Ahmed W, Fraley MA, Alpert MA. Comparison of oscillometric and intraarterial systolic and diastolic blood pressures in lean, overweight, and obese patients. Angiology. 2006;57(1):41-45.
    • (2006) Angiology , vol.57 , Issue.1 , pp. 41-45
    • Umana, E.1    Ahmed, W.2    Fraley, M.A.3    Alpert, M.A.4
  • 38
    • 3042711785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood pressure measurement in obese patients: Comparison between upper arm and forearm measurements
    • Pierin AM, Alavarce DC, Gusmao JL, Halpern A, Mion D Jr. Blood pressure measurement in obese patients: comparison between upper arm and forearm measurements. Blood Press Monit. 2004;9(3):101-105.
    • (2004) Blood Press Monit , vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp. 101-105
    • Pierin, A.M.1    Alavarce, D.C.2    Gusmao, J.L.3    Halpern, A.4    Mion, D.5
  • 41
    • 37549047257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obstetric anesthesia for the obese and morbidly obese patient: An ounce of prevention is worth more than a pound of treatment
    • Soens MA, Birnbach DJ, Ranasinghe JS, van Zundert A. Obstetric anesthesia for the obese and morbidly obese patient: an ounce of prevention is worth more than a pound of treatment. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2008;52(1):6-19.
    • (2008) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.52 , Issue.1 , pp. 6-19
    • Soens, M.A.1    Birnbach, D.J.2    Ranasinghe, J.S.3    Van Zundert, A.4
  • 42
    • 84992095474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chestnut D, editor, Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier
    • Habib AS, D’Angelo R. Obesity. In: Chestnut D, editor. Chestnut’s Obstetric Anesthesia. Vol 5. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier; 2014:1141-1153.
    • (2014) Chestnut’s Obstetric Anesthesia , vol.5 , pp. 1141-1153
    • Habib, A.S.1    Obesity, D.R.2
  • 43
    • 84868518080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gastrointestinal symptoms and obesity: A meta-analysis
    • Eslick GD. Gastrointestinal symptoms and obesity: a meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2012;13(5):469-479.
    • (2012) Obes Rev , vol.13 , Issue.5 , pp. 469-479
    • Eslick, G.D.1
  • 45
    • 84911218103 scopus 로고
    • Does atropine inhibit the effect of metoclopramide pretreatment on gastric contents in the morbidly obese population?
    • Goldberg ME, Norris MC, Larijani GE, Marr AT, Seltzer JL. Does atropine inhibit the effect of metoclopramide pretreatment on gastric contents in the morbidly obese population? Anesthesiology. 1987;67(3 A):A289.
    • (1987) Anesthesiology , vol.67 , Issue.3
    • Goldberg, M.E.1    Norris, M.C.2    Larijani, G.E.3    Marr, A.T.4    Seltzer, J.L.5
  • 46
    • 66349134175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of ranitidine versus proton pump inhibitors on gastric secretions: A meta-analysis of randomised control trials
    • Clark K, Lam LT, Gibson S, Currow D. The effect of ranitidine versus proton pump inhibitors on gastric secretions: a meta-analysis of randomised control trials. Anaesthesia. 2009;64(6):652-657.
    • (2009) Anaesthesia , vol.64 , Issue.6 , pp. 652-657
    • Clark, K.1    Lam, L.T.2    Gibson, S.3    Currow, D.4
  • 47
    • 0029989626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficacy and optimum time of administration of ranitidine in the prevention of the acid aspiration syndrome
    • Escolano F, Sierra P, Ortiz JC, Cabrera JC, Castano J. The efficacy and optimum time of administration of ranitidine in the prevention of the acid aspiration syndrome. Anaesthesia. 1996;51(2):182-184.
    • (1996) Anaesthesia , vol.51 , Issue.2 , pp. 182-184
    • Escolano, F.1    Sierra, P.2    Ortiz, J.C.3    Cabrera, J.C.4    Castano, J.5
  • 48
    • 84955672312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An Updated Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Obstetric Anesthesia and the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology
    • Practice Guidelines for Obstetric Anesthesia: An Updated Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Obstetric Anesthesia and the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology. Anesthesiology. 2016;124(2):270-300.
    • (2016) Anesthesiology , vol.124 , Issue.2 , pp. 270-300
  • 49
    • 84896930242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasonographic evaluation of gastric content during labour under epidural analgesia: A prospective cohort study
    • Bataille A, Rousset J, Marret E, Bonnet F. Ultrasonographic evaluation of gastric content during labour under epidural analgesia: a prospective cohort study. Br J Anaesth. 2014;112(4):703-707.
    • (2014) Br J Anaesth , vol.112 , Issue.4 , pp. 703-707
    • Bataille, A.1    Rousset, J.2    Marret, E.3    Bonnet, F.4
  • 50
    • 84940118479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bedside gastric ultrasonography in term pregnant women before elective cesarean delivery: A prospective cohort study
    • Arzola C, Perlas A, Siddiqui NT, Carvalho JC. Bedside gastric ultrasonography in term pregnant women before elective cesarean delivery: a prospective cohort study. Anesth Analg. 2015;121(3):752-758.
    • (2015) Anesth Analg , vol.121 , Issue.3 , pp. 752-758
    • Arzola, C.1    Perlas, A.2    Siddiqui, N.T.3    Carvalho, J.C.4
  • 51
    • 70349569213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of obesity on neuraxial technique difficulty in pregnant patients: A prospective, observational study
    • Ellinas EH, Eastwood DC, Patel SN, Maitra-D’Cruze AM, Ebert TJ. The effect of obesity on neuraxial technique difficulty in pregnant patients: a prospective, observational study. Anesth Analg. 2009;109(4):1225-1231.
    • (2009) Anesth Analg , vol.109 , Issue.4 , pp. 1225-1231
    • Ellinas, E.H.1    Eastwood, D.C.2    Patel, S.N.3    Maitra-D’cruze, A.M.4    Ebert, T.J.5
  • 52
    • 33847688133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of ultrasound to identify pertinent landmarks for lumbar puncture
    • Stiffler KA, Jwayyed S, Wilber ST, Robinson A. The use of ultrasound to identify pertinent landmarks for lumbar puncture. Am J Emerg Med. 2007;25(3):331-334.
    • (2007) Am J Emerg Med , vol.25 , Issue.3 , pp. 331-334
    • Stiffler, K.A.1    Jwayyed, S.2    Wilber, S.T.3    Robinson, A.4
  • 53
    • 0018391674 scopus 로고
    • Continuous epidural analgesia for cesarean section in a patient with morbid obesity
    • Maitra AM, Palmer SK, Bachhuber SR, Abram SE. Continuous epidural analgesia for cesarean section in a patient with morbid obesity. Anesth Analg. 1979;58(4):348-349.
    • (1979) Anesth Analg , vol.58 , Issue.4 , pp. 348-349
    • Maitra, A.M.1    Palmer, S.K.2    Bachhuber, S.R.3    Abram, S.E.4
  • 54
    • 79651469357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can parturients identify the midline during neuraxial block placement?
    • Marroquin BM, Fecho K, Salo-Coombs V, Spielman FJ. Can parturients identify the midline during neuraxial block placement? J Clin Anesth. 2011;23(1):3-6.
    • (2011) J Clin Anesth , vol.23 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-6
    • Marroquin, B.M.1    Fecho, K.2    Salo-Coombs, V.3    Spielman, F.J.4
  • 55
    • 66349122938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound imaging of the lumbar spine in the transverse plane: The correlation between estimated and actual depth to the epidural space in obese parturients
    • Balki M, Lee Y, Halpern S, Carvalho JC. Ultrasound imaging of the lumbar spine in the transverse plane: the correlation between estimated and actual depth to the epidural space in obese parturients. Anesth Analg. 2009;108(6):1876-1881.
    • (2009) Anesth Analg , vol.108 , Issue.6 , pp. 1876-1881
    • Balki, M.1    Lee, Y.2    Halpern, S.3    Carvalho, J.C.4
  • 56
    • 84903581364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized controlled trial of preinsertion ultrasound guidance for spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy: Outcomes among obese and lean parturients: Ultrasound for spinal anesthesia in pregnancy
    • Sahin T, Balaban O, Sahin L, Solak M, Toker K. A randomized controlled trial of preinsertion ultrasound guidance for spinal anaesthesia in pregnancy: outcomes among obese and lean parturients: ultrasound for spinal anesthesia in pregnancy. J Anesth. 2014;28(3):413-419.
    • (2014) J Anesth , vol.28 , Issue.3 , pp. 413-419
    • Sahin, T.1    Balaban, O.2    Sahin, L.3    Solak, M.4    Toker, K.5
  • 57
    • 39749167926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound-facilitated epidurals and spinals in obstetrics
    • vii-viii
    • Carvalho JC. Ultrasound-facilitated epidurals and spinals in obstetrics. Anesthesiol Clin. 2008;26(1):145-158, vii-viii.
    • (2008) Anesthesiol Clin , vol.26 , Issue.1 , pp. 145-158
    • Carvalho, J.C.1
  • 58
    • 84876518604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound estimates for midline epidural punctures in the obese parturient: Paramedian sagittal oblique is comparable to transverse median plane
    • Sahota JS, Carvalho JC, Balki M, Fanning N, Arzola C. Ultrasound estimates for midline epidural punctures in the obese parturient: paramedian sagittal oblique is comparable to transverse median plane. Anesth Analg. 2013;116(4):829-835.
    • (2013) Anesth Analg , vol.116 , Issue.4 , pp. 829-835
    • Sahota, J.S.1    Carvalho, J.C.2    Balki, M.3    Fanning, N.4    Arzola, C.5
  • 59
    • 84863764188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 120: Use of prophylactic antibiotics in labor and delivery
    • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 120: Use of prophylactic antibiotics in labor and delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117(6):1472-1483.
    • (2011) Obstet Gynecol , vol.117 , Issue.6 , pp. 1472-1483
  • 60
    • 84945561990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for preventing infection after cesarean section
    • Cd007482
    • Smaill FM, Grivell RM. Antibiotic prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis for preventing infection after cesarean section. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;10:Cd007482.
    • (2014) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.10
    • Smaill, F.M.1    Grivell, R.M.2
  • 61
    • 79953173265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of maternal obesity on tissue concentrations of prophylactic cefazolin during cesarean delivery
    • Pevzner L, Swank M, Krepel C, Wing DA, Chan K, Edmiston CE Jr. Effects of maternal obesity on tissue concentrations of prophylactic cefazolin during cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117(4):877-882.
    • (2011) Obstet Gynecol , vol.117 , Issue.4 , pp. 877-882
    • Pevzner, L.1    Swank, M.2    Krepel, C.3    Wing, D.A.4    Chan, K.5    Edmiston, C.E.6
  • 62
    • 84874089748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery
    • Bratzler DW, Dellinger EP, Olsen KM, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery. Am J health Syst Phar. 2013;70(3):195-283.
    • (2013) Am J Health Syst Phar , vol.70 , Issue.3 , pp. 195-283
    • Bratzler, D.W.1    Dellinger, E.P.2    Olsen, K.M.3
  • 63
    • 84887866683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma and tissue cefazolin concentrations in obese patients undergoing cesarean delivery and receiving differing pre-operative doses of drug
    • Stitely M, Sweet M, Slain D, et al. Plasma and tissue cefazolin concentrations in obese patients undergoing cesarean delivery and receiving differing pre-operative doses of drug. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2013;14(5):455-459.
    • (2013) Surg Infect (Larchmt) , vol.14 , Issue.5 , pp. 455-459
    • Stitely, M.1    Sweet, M.2    Slain, D.3
  • 64
    • 84942785646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obstetric surgical site infections: 2 grams compared with 3 grams of cefazolin in morbidly obese women
    • Ahmadzia HK, Patel EM, Joshi D, et al. Obstetric surgical site infections: 2 grams compared with 3 grams of cefazolin in morbidly obese women. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;126(4):708-715.
    • (2015) Obstet Gynecol , vol.126 , Issue.4 , pp. 708-715
    • Ahmadzia, H.K.1    Patel, E.M.2    Joshi, D.3
  • 65
    • 0028946148 scopus 로고
    • Spinal versus epidural anesthesia for cesarean section: A comparison of time efficiency, costs, charges, and complications
    • Riley ET, Cohen SE, Macario A, Desai JB, Ratner EF. Spinal versus epidural anesthesia for cesarean section: a comparison of time efficiency, costs, charges, and complications. Anesthesia Analg. 1995;80(4):709-712.
    • (1995) Anesthesia Analg , vol.80 , Issue.4 , pp. 709-712
    • Riley, E.T.1    Cohen, S.E.2    Macario, A.3    Desai, J.B.4    Ratner, E.F.5
  • 66
    • 78149351023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrospective analysis of anesthetic interventions for obese patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery
    • Butwick A, Carvalho B, Danial C, Riley E. Retrospective analysis of anesthetic interventions for obese patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. J Clin Anesth. 2010;22(7):519-526.
    • (2010) J Clin Anesth , vol.22 , Issue.7 , pp. 519-526
    • Butwick, A.1    Carvalho, B.2    Danial, C.3    Riley, E.4
  • 67
    • 33746627565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Needles used for spinal anesthesia
    • Tsen LC, Hepner DL. Needles used for spinal anesthesia. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2006;3(4):499-508.
    • (2006) Expert Rev Med Devices , vol.3 , Issue.4 , pp. 499-508
    • Tsen, L.C.1    Hepner, D.L.2
  • 68
    • 84891801345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized controlled comparison between combined spinal-epidural and singleshot spinal techniques in morbidly obese parturients undergoing cesarean delivery: Time for initiation of anesthesia
    • Ross VH, Dean LS, Thomas JA, Harris LC, Pan PH. A randomized controlled comparison between combined spinal-epidural and singleshot spinal techniques in morbidly obese parturients undergoing cesarean delivery: time for initiation of anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2014;118(1):168-172.
    • (2014) Anesth Analg , vol.118 , Issue.1 , pp. 168-172
    • Ross, V.H.1    Dean, L.S.2    Thomas, J.A.3    Harris, L.C.4    Pan, P.H.5
  • 69
    • 84869081355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for failed conversion of labor epidural analgesia to cesarean delivery anesthesia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational trials
    • Bauer ME, Kountanis JA, Tsen LC, Greenfield ML, Mhyre JM. Risk factors for failed conversion of labor epidural analgesia to cesarean delivery anesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational trials. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2012;21(4):294-309.
    • (2012) Int J Obstet Anesth , vol.21 , Issue.4 , pp. 294-309
    • Bauer, M.E.1    Kountanis, J.A.2    Tsen, L.C.3    Greenfield, M.L.4    Mhyre, J.M.5
  • 70
    • 34548496703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidural volume extension and low-dose sequential combined spinal-epidural blockade: Two ways to reduce spinal dose requirement for caesarean section
    • McNaught AF, Stocks GM. Epidural volume extension and low-dose sequential combined spinal-epidural blockade: two ways to reduce spinal dose requirement for caesarean section. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2007;16(4):346-353.
    • (2007) Int J Obstet Anesth , vol.16 , Issue.4 , pp. 346-353
    • McNaught, A.F.1    Stocks, G.M.2
  • 71
    • 37349078315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of epidural analgesia with combined spinal-epidural analgesia for labor: A retrospective study of 6497 cases
    • Miro M, Guasch E, Gilsanz F. Comparison of epidural analgesia with combined spinal-epidural analgesia for labor: a retrospective study of 6497 cases. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2008;17(1):15-19.
    • (2008) Int J Obstet Anesth , vol.17 , Issue.1 , pp. 15-19
    • Miro, M.1    Guasch, E.2    Gilsanz, F.3
  • 72
    • 5344269424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence and characteristics of failures in obstetric neuraxial analgesia and anesthesia: A retrospective analysis of 19,259 deliveries
    • Pan PH, Bogard TD, Owen MD. Incidence and characteristics of failures in obstetric neuraxial analgesia and anesthesia: a retrospective analysis of 19,259 deliveries. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2004;13(4): 227-233.
    • (2004) Int J Obstet Anesth , vol.13 , Issue.4 , pp. 227-233
    • Pan, P.H.1    Bogard, T.D.2    Owen, M.D.3
  • 73
    • 84942991061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anesthetic management of super-morbidly obese parturients for cesarean delivery with a double neuraxial catheter technique: A case series
    • Polin CM, Hale B, Mauritz AA, et al. Anesthetic management of super-morbidly obese parturients for cesarean delivery with a double neuraxial catheter technique: a case series. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2015;24(3):276-280.
    • (2015) Int J Obstet Anesth , vol.24 , Issue.3 , pp. 276-280
    • Polin, C.M.1    Hale, B.2    Mauritz, A.A.3
  • 74
    • 0028068086 scopus 로고
    • Incidence of postdural puncture headache in morbidly obese parturients
    • Faure E, Moreno R, Thisted R. Incidence of postdural puncture headache in morbidly obese parturients. Reg Anesth. 1994;19(5):361-363.
    • (1994) Reg Anesth , vol.19 , Issue.5 , pp. 361-363
    • Faure, E.1    Moreno, R.2    Thisted, R.3
  • 75
    • 34247862271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anesthetic management of the morbidly obese parturient
    • Vallejo MC. Anesthetic management of the morbidly obese parturient. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2007;20(3):175-180.
    • (2007) Curr Opin Anaesthesiol , vol.20 , Issue.3 , pp. 175-180
    • Vallejo, M.C.1
  • 76
    • 0030008573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebrospinal fluid volume and the influence of body habitus and abdominal pressure
    • Hogan QH, Prost R, Kulier A, Taylor ML, Liu S, Mark L. Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebrospinal fluid volume and the influence of body habitus and abdominal pressure. Anesthesiology. 1996;84(6):1341-1349.
    • (1996) Anesthesiology , vol.84 , Issue.6 , pp. 1341-1349
    • Hogan, Q.H.1    Prost, R.2    Kulier, A.3    Taylor, M.L.4    Liu, S.5    Mark, L.6
  • 77
    • 84908377800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between body mass index and post-dural puncture headache in obstetric patients
    • Miu M, Paech MJ, Nathan E. The relationship between body mass index and post-dural puncture headache in obstetric patients. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2014;23(4):371-375.
    • (2014) Int J Obstet Anesth , vol.23 , Issue.4 , pp. 371-375
    • Miu, M.1    Paech, M.J.2    Nathan, E.3
  • 78
    • 84937952565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship of body mass index with the incidence of postdural puncture headache in parturients
    • Peralta F, Higgins N, Lange E, Wong CA, McCarthy RJ. The relationship of body mass index with the incidence of postdural puncture headache in parturients. Anesth Analg. 2015;121(2):451-456.
    • (2015) Anesth Analg , vol.121 , Issue.2 , pp. 451-456
    • Peralta, F.1    Higgins, N.2    Lange, E.3    Wong, C.A.4    McCarthy, R.J.5
  • 80
    • 62149107057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observational study of continuous spinal anesthesia with the catheter-over-needle technique for cesarean delivery
    • Alonso E, Gilsanz F, Gredilla E, Martinez B, Canser E, Alsina E. Observational study of continuous spinal anesthesia with the catheter-over-needle technique for cesarean delivery. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2009;18(2):137-141.
    • (2009) Int J Obstet Anesth , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 137-141
    • Alonso, E.1    Gilsanz, F.2    Gredilla, E.3    Martinez, B.4    Canser, E.5    Alsina, E.6
  • 81
    • 62149111858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anaesthesia for caesarean section in women with complex cardiac disease: 34 cases using the Braun Spinocath spinal catheter
    • Dresner M, Pinder A. Anaesthesia for caesarean section in women with complex cardiac disease: 34 cases using the Braun Spinocath spinal catheter. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2009;18(2):131-136.
    • (2009) Int J Obstet Anesth , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 131-136
    • Dresner, M.1    Pinder, A.2
  • 82
    • 37049014278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The management of a super morbidly obese parturient delivering twins by caesarean section
    • McDonnell NJ, Paech MJ. The management of a super morbidly obese parturient delivering twins by caesarean section. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2007;35(6):979-983.
    • (2007) Anaesth Intensive Care , vol.35 , Issue.6 , pp. 979-983
    • McDonnell, N.J.1    Paech, M.J.2
  • 84
    • 0018392403 scopus 로고
    • Obesity supine death syndrome: Reports of two morbidly obese patients
    • Tsueda K, Debrand M, Zeok SS, Wright BD, Griffin WO. Obesity supine death syndrome: reports of two morbidly obese patients. Anesth Analg. 1979;58(4):345-347.
    • (1979) Anesth Analg , vol.58 , Issue.4 , pp. 345-347
    • Tsueda, K.1    Debrand, M.2    Zeok, S.S.3    Wright, B.D.4    Griffin, W.O.5
  • 85
    • 0018819809 scopus 로고
    • Caesarean section associated with gross obesity
    • Hodgkinson R, Husain FJ. Caesarean section associated with gross obesity. Br J Anaesth. 1980;52(9):919-923.
    • (1980) Br J Anaesth , vol.52 , Issue.9 , pp. 919-923
    • Hodgkinson, R.1    Husain, F.J.2
  • 86
    • 33947099962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complications of neuraxial anesthesia in an extreme morbidly obese patient for cesarean section
    • Whitty RJ, Maxwell CV, Carvalho JC. Complications of neuraxial anesthesia in an extreme morbidly obese patient for cesarean section. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2007;16(2):139-144.
    • (2007) Int J Obstet Anesth , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 139-144
    • Whitty, R.J.1    Maxwell, C.V.2    Carvalho, J.C.3
  • 87
    • 73449092867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose requirement of intrathecal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery is similar in obese and normal weight women
    • Lee Y, Balki M, Parkes R, Carvalho JC. Dose requirement of intrathecal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery is similar in obese and normal weight women. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2009;59(6):674-683.
    • (2009) Rev Bras Anestesiol , vol.59 , Issue.6 , pp. 674-683
    • Lee, Y.1    Balki, M.2    Parkes, R.3    Carvalho, J.C.4
  • 89
    • 67649509449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anesthesia for the morbidly obese parturient
    • Roofthooft E. Anesthesia for the morbidly obese parturient. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2009;22(3):341-346.
    • (2009) Curr Opin Anaesthesiol , vol.22 , Issue.3 , pp. 341-346
    • Roofthooft, E.1
  • 90
    • 38549107918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional anesthesia and obesity
    • Brodsky JB, Lemmens HJ. Regional anesthesia and obesity. Obes Surg. 2007;17(9):1146-1149.
    • (2007) Obes Surg , vol.17 , Issue.9 , pp. 1146-1149
    • Brodsky, J.B.1    Lemmens, H.J.2
  • 91
    • 0023924533 scopus 로고
    • Height, weight, and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric bupivacaine in the term parturient
    • Norris MC. Height, weight, and the spread of subarachnoid hyperbaric bupivacaine in the term parturient. Anesth Analg. 1988;67(6):555-558.
    • (1988) Anesth Analg , vol.67 , Issue.6 , pp. 555-558
    • Norris, M.C.1
  • 92
    • 0025978337 scopus 로고
    • Vertebral column length and spread of hyperbaric subarachnoid bupivacaine in the term parturient
    • Hartwell BL, Aglio LS, Hauch MA, Datta S. Vertebral column length and spread of hyperbaric subarachnoid bupivacaine in the term parturient. Reg Anesth. 1991;16(1):17-19.
    • (1991) Reg Anesth , vol.16 , Issue.1 , pp. 17-19
    • Hartwell, B.L.1    Aglio, L.S.2    Hauch, M.A.3    Datta, S.4
  • 93
    • 79952040698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ED(50) and ED(95) of intrathecal bupivacaine in morbidly obese patients undergoing cesarean delivery
    • Carvalho B, Collins J, Drover DR, Atkinson Ralls L, Riley ET. ED(50) and ED(95) of intrathecal bupivacaine in morbidly obese patients undergoing cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology. 2011;114(3):529-535.
    • (2011) Anesthesiology , vol.114 , Issue.3 , pp. 529-535
    • Carvalho, B.1    Collins, J.2    Drover, D.R.3    Atkinson Ralls, L.4    Riley, E.T.5
  • 94
    • 1442283738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ED50 and ED95 of intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine coadministered with opioids for cesarean delivery
    • Ginosar Y, Mirikatani E, Drover DR, Cohen SE, Riley ET. ED50 and ED95 of intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine coadministered with opioids for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology. 2004;100(3):676-682.
    • (2004) Anesthesiology , vol.100 , Issue.3 , pp. 676-682
    • Ginosar, Y.1    Mirikatani, E.2    Drover, D.R.3    Cohen, S.E.4    Riley, E.T.5
  • 96
    • 33646817378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practice guidelines for the perioperative management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea: A report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea
    • quiz 1117-1088
    • Gross JB, Bachenberg KL, Benumof JL, et al. Practice guidelines for the perioperative management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiology. 2006;104(5):1081-1093; quiz 1117-1088.
    • (2006) Anesthesiology , vol.104 , Issue.5 , pp. 1081-1093
    • Gross, J.B.1    Bachenberg, K.L.2    Benumof, J.L.3
  • 97
    • 77956950827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of epidural morphine compared to parenteral opioids after elective caesarean section: A systematic review
    • Bonnet MP, Mignon A, Mazoit JX, Ozier Y, Marret E. Analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of epidural morphine compared to parenteral opioids after elective caesarean section: a systematic review. Eur J Pain. 2010;14(9):894.e1-894.e9.
    • (2010) Eur J Pain , vol.14 , Issue.9 , pp. 894
    • Bonnet, M.P.1    Mignon, A.2    Mazoit, J.X.3    Ozier, Y.4    Marret, E.5
  • 98
    • 71849114487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomised comparison of regular oral oxycodone and intrathecal morphine for post-caesarean analgesia
    • McDonnell NJ, Paech MJ, Browning RM, Nathan EA. A randomised comparison of regular oral oxycodone and intrathecal morphine for post-caesarean analgesia. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2010;19(1):16-23.
    • (2010) Int J Obstet Anesth , vol.19 , Issue.1 , pp. 16-23
    • McDonnell, N.J.1    Paech, M.J.2    Browning, R.M.3    Nathan, E.A.4
  • 99
    • 51449110143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory depression after neuraxial opioids in the obstetric setting
    • Carvalho B. Respiratory depression after neuraxial opioids in the obstetric setting. Anesth Analg. 2008;107(3):956-961.
    • (2008) Anesth Analg , vol.107 , Issue.3 , pp. 956-961
    • Carvalho, B.1
  • 100
    • 84888986045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A retrospective assessment of the incidence of respiratory depression after neuraxial morphine administration for postcesarean delivery analgesia
    • Crowgey TR, Dominguez JE, Peterson-Layne C, Allen TK, Muir HA, Habib AS. A retrospective assessment of the incidence of respiratory depression after neuraxial morphine administration for postcesarean delivery analgesia. Anesth Analg. 2013;117(6):1368-1370.
    • (2013) Anesth Analg , vol.117 , Issue.6 , pp. 1368-1370
    • Crowgey, T.R.1    Dominguez, J.E.2    Peterson-Layne, C.3    Allen, T.K.4    Muir, H.A.5    Habib, A.S.6
  • 101
    • 84949599684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection, and management of respiratory depression associated with neuraxial opioid administration: An updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Neuraxial Opioids and the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
    • Practice guidelines for the prevention, detection, and management of respiratory depression associated with neuraxial opioid administration: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Neuraxial Opioids and the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. Anesthesiology. 2016;124(3): 535-552.
    • (2016) Anesthesiology , vol.124 , Issue.3 , pp. 535-552
  • 102
    • 84864433576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transversus abdominis plane block for analgesia after cesarean delivery: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Mishriky BM, George RB, Habib AS. Transversus abdominis plane block for analgesia after cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Anaesthesia. 2012;59(8):766-778.
    • (2012) Can J Anaesthesia , vol.59 , Issue.8 , pp. 766-778
    • Mishriky, B.M.1    George, R.B.2    Habib, A.S.3
  • 103
    • 84863737138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block in obese patients
    • Toshniwal G, Soskin V. Ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block in obese patients. Indian J Anaesth. 2012;56(1):104-105.
    • (2012) Indian J Anaesth , vol.56 , Issue.1 , pp. 104-105
    • Toshniwal, G.1    Soskin, V.2
  • 104
    • 84878359354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transversus abdominis plane blocks for rescue analgesia following cesarean delivery: A case series
    • Mirza F, Carvalho B. Transversus abdominis plane blocks for rescue analgesia following cesarean delivery: a case series. Can J Anaesth. 2013;60(3):299-303.
    • (2013) Can J Anaesth , vol.60 , Issue.3 , pp. 299-303
    • Mirza, F.1    Carvalho, B.2
  • 105
    • 84992092237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local anaesthetic wound infiltration for post-caesarean analgesia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Jun 2
    • Adesope O, Ituk U, Habib AS. Local anaesthetic wound infiltration for post-caesarean analgesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Anaesthesiol. Epub 2016 Jun 2.
    • (2016) Eur J Anaesthesiol. Epub
    • Adesope, O.1    Ituk, U.2    Habib, A.S.3
  • 106
    • 84855235939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patient-controlled epidural ropivacaine as a post-cesarean analgesia: A comparison with epidural morphine
    • Chen LK, Lin PL, Lin CJ, et al. Patient-controlled epidural ropivacaine as a post-cesarean analgesia: a comparison with epidural morphine. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;50(4):441-446.
    • (2011) Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol , vol.50 , Issue.4 , pp. 441-446
    • Chen, L.K.1    Lin, P.L.2    Lin, C.J.3
  • 108
    • 33645737208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WHO analysis of causes of maternal death: A systematic review
    • Khan KS, Wojdyla D, Say L, G�lmezoglu AM, Van Look PF. WHO analysis of causes of maternal death: a systematic review. Lancet. 2006;367(9516):1066-1074.
    • (2006) Lancet , vol.367 , Issue.9516 , pp. 1066-1074
    • Khan, K.S.1    Wojdyla, D.2    Say, L.3    G�lmezoglu, A.M.4    Van Look, P.F.5
  • 109
    • 84868207350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe maternal morbidity among delivery and postpartum hospitalizations in the United States
    • Callaghan WM, Creanga AA, Kuklina EV. Severe maternal morbidity among delivery and postpartum hospitalizations in the United States. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120(5):1029-1036.
    • (2012) Obstet Gynecol , vol.120 , Issue.5 , pp. 1029-1036
    • Callaghan, W.M.1    Creanga, A.A.2    Kuklina, E.V.3
  • 110
    • 64649083354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Guh DP, Zhang W, Bansback N, Amarsi Z, Birmingham CL, Anis AH. The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:88.
    • (2009) BMC Public Health , vol.9 , pp. 88
    • Guh, D.P.1    Zhang, W.2    Bansback, N.3    Amarsi, Z.4    Birmingham, C.L.5    Anis, A.H.6
  • 111
    • 34547660216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of body mass index on pregnancy outcomes in nulliparous women delivering singleton babies
    • Bhattacharya S, Campbell DM, Liston WA, Bhattacharya S. Effect of body mass index on pregnancy outcomes in nulliparous women delivering singleton babies. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:168.
    • (2007) BMC Public Health , vol.7 , pp. 168
    • Bhattacharya, S.1    Campbell, D.M.2    Liston, W.A.3    Bhattacharya, S.4
  • 112
    • 34447626450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal smoking, obesity, and risk of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and the puerperium: A population-based nested case-control study
    • Larsen TB, S�rensen HT, Gislum M, Johnsen SP. Maternal smoking, obesity, and risk of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and the puerperium: a population-based nested case-control study. Thromb Res. 2007;120(4):505-509.
    • (2007) Thromb Res , vol.120 , Issue.4 , pp. 505-509
    • Larsen, T.B.1    S�rensen, H.T.2    Gislum, M.3    Johnsen, S.P.4
  • 113
    • 53849099650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in maternal obesity and associated risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes in a population of Chinese women
    • Leung TY, Leung TN, Sahota DS, et al. Trends in maternal obesity and associated risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes in a population of Chinese women. Bjog. 2008;115(12):1529-1537.
    • (2008) Bjog , vol.115 , Issue.12 , pp. 1529-1537
    • Leung, T.Y.1    Leung, T.N.2    Sahota, D.S.3
  • 114
    • 0034906496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal obesity and pregnancy outcome: A study of 287,213 pregnancies in London
    • Sebire NJ, Jolly M, Harris JP, et al. Maternal obesity and pregnancy outcome: a study of 287,213 pregnancies in London. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(8):1175-1182.
    • (2001) Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord , vol.25 , Issue.8 , pp. 1175-1182
    • Sebire, N.J.1    Jolly, M.2    Harris, J.P.3
  • 115
    • 20744452912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcome of pregnancy in a woman with an increased body mass index
    • Usha Kiran TS, Hemmadi S, Bethel J, Evans J. Outcome of pregnancy in a woman with an increased body mass index. BJOG. 2005;112(6):768-772.
    • (2005) BJOG , vol.112 , Issue.6 , pp. 768-772
    • Usha Kiran, T.S.1    Hemmadi, S.2    Bethel, J.3    Evans, J.4
  • 116
    • 34548430602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal obesity and risk of stillbirth: A metaanalysis
    • Chu SY, Kim SY, Lau J, et al. Maternal obesity and risk of stillbirth: a metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;197(3):223-228.
    • (2007) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.197 , Issue.3 , pp. 223-228
    • Chu, S.Y.1    Kim, S.Y.2    Lau, J.3
  • 117
    • 17144418097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pre-pregnancy weight and the risk of stillbirth and neonatal death
    • Kristensen J, Vestergaard M, Wisborg K, Kesmodel U, Secher NJ. Pre-pregnancy weight and the risk of stillbirth and neonatal death. BJOG. 2005;112(4):403-408.
    • (2005) BJOG , vol.112 , Issue.4 , pp. 403-408
    • Kristensen, J.1    Vestergaard, M.2    Wisborg, K.3    Kesmodel, U.4    Secher, N.J.5
  • 118
    • 79952201896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose adjustment of anaesthetics in the morbidly obese
    • Ingrande J, Lemmens HJ. Dose adjustment of anaesthetics in the morbidly obese. Br J Anaesth. 2010;105(Suppl 1):i16-i23.
    • (2010) Br J Anaesth , vol.105 , pp. i16-i23
    • Ingrande, J.1    Lemmens, H.J.2
  • 119
    • 84856809942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy. Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed. American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines
    • Bates SM, Greer IA, Middeldorp S, Veenstra DL, Prabulos AM, Vandvik PO. VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy. Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed. American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2 Suppl):e691S-e736S.
    • (2012) Chest , vol.141 , Issue.2
    • Bates, S.M.1    Greer, I.A.2    Middeldorp, S.3    Veenstra, D.L.4    Prabulos, A.M.5    Vandvik, P.O.6
  • 120
    • 77955037423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing the Risk of Venous Thromboembolism during Pregnancy and the Puerperium
    • Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Reducing the Risk of Venous Thromboembolism during Pregnancy and the Puerperium. Green-top guideline number 37a; 2015.
    • (2015) Green-Top Guideline Number , vol.37a
  • 121
    • 82255171924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practice bulletin no. 123: Thromboembolism in pregnancy
    • James A. Practice bulletin no. 123: thromboembolism in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;118(3):718-729.
    • (2011) Obstet Gynecol , vol.118 , Issue.3 , pp. 718-729
    • James, A.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.