School environments and social risk factors for child pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions: A case-control study

Accident Analysis and Prevention

Volumn 98, Issue , 2017, Pages 252-258

  Rothman, Linda ^a,b   Howard, Andrew ^b   Buliung, Ron ^c   Macarthur, Colin ^b   Richmond, Sarah A ^a,b   Macpherson, Alison ^a  

^a York University   (Canada)

^b HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Built environment; Children; Injuries; Pedestrian collisions; Prevention; Schools

Indexed keywords

HIGHWAY PLANNING; LAND USE; SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS;

BUILT ENVIRONMENT; CHILDREN; INJURIES; PEDESTRIAN COLLISIONS; PREVENTION; SCHOOLS;

PEDESTRIAN SAFETY;

AGED; CANADA; CAR; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CHILD; DEMOGRAPHY; ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING; FEMALE; HUMAN; INJURIES; MALE; PEDESTRIAN; PROCEDURES; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCHOOL; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; TRAFFIC ACCIDENT; WALKING;

ACCIDENTS, TRAFFIC; AGED; AUTOMOBILES; CANADA; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CHILD; ENVIRONMENT DESIGN; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PEDESTRIANS; RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCHOOLS; WALKING;

EID: 84992013261     PISSN: 00014575     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.10.017     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Active Healthy Kids Canada, Are We Driving Our Kids to Unhealthy Habits?., 2013 http://dvqdas9jty7g6. cloudfront.net/reportcard2013/Active-Healthy-Kids-2013-Report-Card_en.pdf. Accessed December, 2014.
2. Bagley, C., The urban setting of juvenile pedestrian injuries: a study of behavioural ecology and social disadvantage. Accid. Anal. Prev. 24:6 (1992), 673–678.
3. Braddock, M., Lapidus, G., Gregorio, D., Kapp, M., Banco, L., Population, income, and ecological correlates of child pedestrian injury. Pediatrics 88:6 (1991), 1242–1247.
4. Braza, M., Shoemaker, W., Seeley, A., Neighborhood design and rates of walking and biking to elementary school in 34 California communities. Am. J. Health Promot. 19:2 (2004), 128–136.
5. Buliung, R., Faulkner, G., Beesley, T., Kennedy, J., School travel planning: mobilizing school and community resources to encourage active school transportation. J. Sch. Health 81:11 (2011), 704–712.
6. Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI), 2008. National Trauma Registry: 2006 National Trauma Registry Injury Hospitalizations Highlights Report.
7. Cervero, R., Kockelman, K., Travel demand and the 3Ds: density, diversity, and design. Trans. Res. Part D 2:3 (1997), 199–219.
8. City of Toronto, 2001. Building the New City of Toronto: Final Three Year Status Report on Amalgamation, January 1998–December 2000.
9. Cloutier, M.S., Apparicio, P., Does the neighbouring environment around schools influence child pedestrian accidents risk in Montreal? The contribution of geographically weighted Poisson regression. Revue de géographie et d'aménagement 1 (2008), 25–38.
10. Cragg, S., Cameron, C., Craig, C., 2004 National Transportation Survey. 2006, Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario.
11. DiGuiseppi, C., Roberts, I., Li, L., Influence of changing travel patterns on child death rates from injury: trend analysis. BMJ, 314(7082), 1997, 710.
12. Dissanayake, D., Aryaija, J., Wedagama DMP: modelling the effects of land use and temporal factors on child pedestrian casualties. Accid. Anal. Prev. 41:5 (2009), 1016–1024.
13. Dougherty, G., Pless, I.B., Wilkins, R., Social class and the occurrence of traffic injuries and deaths in urban children. Can. J. Public Health, 81(3), 1990, 204.
14. ESRI, ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10.3. 2015, Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, CA.
15. Falb, M.D., Kanny, D., Powell, K.E., Giarrusso, A.J., Estimating the proportion of children who can walk to school. Am. J. Prev. Med. 33:4 (2007), 269–275.
16. Frank, L.D., Andresen, M.A., Schmid, T.L., Obesity relationships with community design, physical activity, and time spent in cars. Am. J. Prev. Med. 27:2 (2004), 87–96.
17. Gutierrez, C.M., Slagle, D., Figueras, K., Anon, A., Huggins, A.C., Hotz, G., Crossing guard presence: impact on active transportation and injury prevention. JTH, 2014.
18. Hosmer, D.W., Lemeshow, S., Applied Logistic Regression, vol. 354, 2004, Wiley-Interscience, New York, NY.
19. Jacobsen, P.L., Safety in numbers: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling. Inj. Prev. 9:3 (2003), 205–209.
20. Jones, S.J., Lyons, R.A., John, A., Palmer, S.R., Traffic calming policy can reduce inequalities in child pedestrian injuries: database study. Inj. Prev. 11:3 (2005), 152–156.
21. Kleinbaum, D., Kupper, L., Muller, K., Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariable Methods. 1998, PWS-Kent Publishing, Boston, Mass.
22. Laflamme, L., Diderichsen, F., Social differences in traffic injury risks in childhood and youth: a literature review and a research agenda. Inj. Prev. 6:4 (2000), 293–298.
23. Larsen, K., Gilliland, J., Hess, P., Tucker, P., Irwin, J., He, M., The influence of the physical environment and sociodemographic characteristics on children's mode of travel to and from school. Am. J. Public Health 99:3 (2009), 520–526.
24. MPAC, 2013. Facts about Municipal Planning Assessment Corporation (MPAC). https://www.mpac.ca/about/corporate_overview/default.asp. (accessed 14.10.16.).
25. Macpherson, A., Roberts, I., Pless, I.B., Children's exposure to traffic and pedestrian injuries. Am. J. Public Health 88:12 (1998), 1840–1843.
26. Mammen, G., Stone, M.R., Buliung, R., Faulkner, G., School travel planning in Canada: identifying child, family, and school-level characteristics associated with travel mode shift from driving to active school travel. J. Trans. Health 1:4 (2014), 288–294.
27. Parachute, The Cost of Injury in Canada. 2015, Parachute, Toronto,ON.
28. Pasanen, E., Driving speeds and pedestrian safety. 1990, Helsinki University, Toronto District School Board, Helsinki, Finland.
29. Pilkington, P., Reducing the speed limit to 20 mph in urban areas: child deaths and injuries would be decreased. BMJ, 320(7243), 2000, 1160.
30. Public Health Agency of Canada, Injury in Review, 2012 Edition: Spotlight on Road and Transport Safety. 2012, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa.
31. Rao, R., Hawkins, M., Guyer, B., Children's exposure to traffic and risk of pedestrian injury in an urban setting. Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med. 74:1 (1997), 65–80.
32. Riggs, W., Gilderbloom, J., Two-way street conversion evidence of increased livability in louisville. J. Plann. Educ. Res., 2015 (0739456X15593147).
33. Rivara, F.P., Barber, M., Demographic analysis of childhood pedestrian injuries. Pediatrics 76:3 (1985), 375–381.
34. Roberts, I., Norton, R., Taua, B., Child pedestrian injury rates: the importance of exposure to risk relating to socioeconomic and ethnic differences, in Auckland, New Zealand. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 50:2 (1996), 162–165.
35. Roberts, I., Why have child pedestrian death rates fallen?. BMJ 306 (1993), 1737–1739.
36. Rothman, L., Buliung, R., Macarthur, C., To, T., Howard, A., Walking and child pedestrian injury: a systematic review of built environment correlates of safe walking. Inj. Prev. 20 (2013), 41–49.
37. Rothman, L., To, T., Buliung, R., Macarthur, C., Howard, A., Influence of social and built environment features on children's walking to school: an observational study. Prev. Med. 60 (2013), 10–15.
38. Rothman, L., Macarthur, C., To, T., Buliung, R., Howard, A., Motor vehicle-pedestrian collisions and walking to school: the role of the built environment. Pediatrics 133:5 (2014), 776–784.
39. Rothman, L., Perry, D., Buliung, R., et al. Do school crossing guards make crossing roads safer? A quasi-experimental study of pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions in Toronto, Canada. BMC Public Health 15 (2015), 732–738.
40. Rothman, L., Macpherson, A., Buliung, R., et al. Installation of speed humps and pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions in Toronto, Canada: a quasi-experimental study. BMC Public Health, 15(74), 2015.
41. Routledge, D., Repetto-Wright, R., Howarth, C., The exposure of young children to accident risk as pedestrians. Inj. Prev. 17 (1974), 457–480.
42. Base SAS 9.3, 2011. User's Guide [computer program], Cary, NC, USA, SASSTAT®, 2011.
43. Base SAS 9.3, 2012. Procedures Guide, Statistical Procedures [computer program]. Cary, NC, USA, SAS Institute Inc.
44. Safe Kids Canada, 2007. Child and Youth Unintentional Injury: 1994–2004, 10 Years in Review, Toronto, Canada.
45. Smart Commute School Travel in the City of Toronto, Smart Commute School Travel in the City of Toronto: A Report on Trends., 2015 http://smartcommute.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/School_Travel_Trends_GTHA_En.pdf. Accessed April, 2016.
46. Statistics Canada, I.S.D., Low Income Cut-Offs for 2008 and Low Income Measures for 2007. 2009, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
47. Tester, J.M., Rutherford, G.W., Wald, Z., Rutherford, M.W., A matched case-control study evaluating the effectiveness of speed humps in reducing child pedestrian injuries. Am. J. Public Health 94:April (4) (2004), 646–650.
48. Toronto District School Board, 2005. Transportation of Students. Toronto, Canada.
49. Toronto District School Board, 2014. The 2014 Learning Opportunities Index: Questions and Answers.
50. Toronto District School Board, 2016. Find your school. http://www.tdsb.on.ca/FindYour/School.aspx. Accessed March, 2016.
51. Transport Canada, National Collision Database Online. 2013 http://wwwapps2.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/7/NCDB-BNDC/p.aspx?l=en. Accessed March, 2016.
52. Transport Canada, Canadian Motor Vehicle Traffic Collision Statistics, 2013. 2015, Transport Canada.
53. Unicef, A League Table of Child Deaths by Injury in Rich Nations. 2001, Innocenti Research Centre, Florence.
54. Warsh, J., Rothman, L., Slater, M., Steverango, C., Howard, A., Are school zones effective? An examination of motor vehicle versus child pedestrian crashes near schools. Inj. Prev. 15:4 (2009), 226–229.
55. Wazana, A., Rynard, V.L., Raina, P., Krueger, P., Chambers, L.W., Are child pedestrians at increased risk of injury on one-way compared to two-way streets?. Can. J. Public Health 91:3 (2000), 201–206.
56. World Health Organization, In: Peden M., Scurfield R., Sleet D., Mohan D., Hyder AA., Jarawan E., Mathers C., 2004. World report on road traffic injury prevention, Geneva, Switzerland.
57. Yiannakoulias, N., Smoyer-Tomic, K.E., Hodgson, J., Spady, D.W., Rowe, B.H., Voaklander, D.C., The spatial and temporal dimensions of child pedestrian injury in Edmonton. Can. J. Public Health 93:6 (2002), 447–451.