Installation of speed humps and pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions in Toronto, Canada: a quasi-experimental study

BMC Public Health

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2015, Pages

  Rothman, Linda ^a,b   Macpherson, Alison ^b   Buliung, Ron ^c   Macarthur, Colin ^d   To, Teresa ^a   Larsen, Kristian ^a,c   Howard, Andrew ^a  

^a HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN   (Canada)

^b York University   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^d HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCIDENT PREVENTION; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHILD; CITY PLANNING; ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MOTOR VEHICLE; ONTARIO; PEDESTRIAN; PREVENTION AND CONTROL; RISK FACTOR; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; TRAFFIC ACCIDENT; WALKING;

ACCIDENT PREVENTION; ACCIDENTS, TRAFFIC; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHILD; CITY PLANNING; ENVIRONMENT DESIGN; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MOTOR VEHICLES; ONTARIO; PEDESTRIANS; RISK FACTORS; WALKING;

EID: 84938942751     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712458     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2116-4     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. World Health Organization. Global status report on road safety 2013: supporting a decade of action. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013. p. 1-318.
2. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The Lancet. 2013;380:2095-128.
3. World Health Organization. Overview Fact Sheet: children and road traffic injury. 2015. Available at: [ http://www.who.int/violence-injury-prevention/child/injury/world-report/Road-traffic-injuries-english.pdf ].
4. World Health Organization. World Health Statistics. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.
5. Mathers C, Loncar D. Updated projections of global mortality and burden of disease, 2002-2030: data sources, methods and results. In: Evidence and Information for Policy Working Paper. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005.
6. World Health Organization. World report on road traffic injury prevention. (Peden M, Scurfield R, Sleet D, Mohan D, Hyder AA, Jarawan E, Mathers C eds.). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004. p. 1-244.
7. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Speed managemen. France: OECD; 2006.
8. Pasanen E. Driving speeds and pedestrian safety. Finland: Helsinki; 1990.
9. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS). IIHS: Facts: 55 speed limit. Arlington: 1987
10. Bunn F, Collier T, Frost C, Ker K, Roberts I, Wentz R. Area-wide traffic calming for preventing traffic related injuries. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 2009;1.
11. Smith DJ, Appleyard D. Improving the Residential Street Environment - Final Report. Washington: US Dept of Transportation
12. Transportation Association of Canada, Canadian Institute of Transportation Engineers. Canadian guide to neighbourhood traffic calming. Transportation Association of Canada; 1998
13. Ewing R. Impacts of traffic calming. Transportation Quarterly. 2001;55:33-46.
14. Jones SJ, Lyons RA, John A, Palmer SR. Traffic calming policy can reduce inequalities in child pedestrian injuries: database study. Inj Prev. 2005;11:152-6.
15. Tester JM, Rutherford GW, Wald Z, Rutherford MW. A matched case-control study evaluating the effectiveness of speed humps in reducing child pedestrian injuries. Am J Public Health. 2004;94:646-50.
16. Zein SR, Geddes E, Hemsing S, Johnson M. Safety benefits of traffic calming. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 1997;1578:3-10.
17. Retting RA, Ferguson SA, McCartt AT. A review of evidence-based traffic engineering measures designed to reduce pedestrian-motor vehicle crashes. Am J Public Health. 2003;93.
18. Rothman L, Macarthur C, To T, Buliung R, Howard A. Motor vehicle-pedestrian collisions and walking to school: the role of the built environment. Pediatrics. 2014. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-2317.
19. Dumbaugh E, Frank L. Traffic safety and safe routes to schools: synthesizing the empirical evidence. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2009;2007:89-97.
20. City of Toronto: Building the New City of Toronto. Final Three Year Status Report on Amalgamation, January 1998-December 2000. vol. 2013. Toronto: 2001
21. Frank LD, Andresen MA, Schmid TL. Obesity relationships with community design, physical activity, and time spent in cars. Am J Prev Med. 2004;27:87-96.
22. City of Toronto: Traffic Calming Policy. 2010. Available at: http://www1.toronto.ca/city-of-toronto/transportation-services/traffic/files/pdf/traffic-calming-policy-summary.pdf. Accessed April, 2015.
23. City of Toronto. Road Classification System. Available at: [ http://www1.toronto.ca/City%20Of%20Toronto/Transportation%20Services/Road%20Classification%20System/Files/pdf/2012/rc-document.pdf ] Accessed April, 2015
24. Zaidel D, Hakkert A, Pistiner A. The use of road humps for moderating speeds on urban streets. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 1992;24:45-56.
25. Menzies D. Speed humps: effective speed control or just political meddling. In Toronto Star (Canada) [serial online] 2014 Sept 4 [cited 2014 Sept 9]. Available from http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-drive/culture/commuting/toronto-get-ready-for-even-more-speed-humps/article20332471/.Accessed April, 2015
26. Graham DJ, Glaister S. Spatial variation in road pedestrian casualties: the role of urban scale, density and land-use mix. Urban Studies. 2003;40:1591-607.
27. Jones AP, Haynes R, Kennedy V, Harvey I, Jewell T, Lea D. Geographical variations in mortality and morbidity from road traffic accidents in England and Wales. Health & Place. 2008;14:519-35.
28. Gill M, Goldacre M. Seasonal variation in hospital admission for road traffic injuries in England: analysis of hospital statistics. Injury Prevention. 2009;15:374-8.
29. Wier M, Weintraub J, Humphreys EH, Seto E, Bhatia R. An area-level model of vehicle-pedestrian injury collisions with implications for land use and transportation planning. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2009;41:137-45.
30. Kuhlmann AKS, Brett J, Thomas D, Sain SR. Environmental characteristics associated with pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions in Denver, Colorado. American Journal of Public Health. 2009;99:1632.
31. Rothman L, Buliung R, Macarthur C, To T, Howard A. Walking and child pedestrian injury: a systematic review of built environment correlates of safe walking. Injury Prevention. 2013;20:41-9.
32. Clifton KJ, Kreamer-Fults K. An examination of the environmental attributes associated with pedestrian-vehicular crashes near public schools. Accid Anal Prev. 2007;39:708-15.
33. Cloutier MS, Apparicio P. Does the neighbouring environment around schools influence child pedestrian accidents risk in Montreal? The contribution of geographically weighted Poisson regression. Revue de géographie et d'aménagement. 2008;1:25-38.
34. Mitra R, Buliung R. Built environment correlates of active school transportation: neighborhood and the modifiable areal unit problem. J Transp Geogr. 2012;20:51-61.
35. Barnett AG, van der Pols JC, Dobson AJ. Regression to the mean: what it is and how to deal with it. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2005;34:215-20.
36. Maas MW, Harris S. Police recording of road accident in-patients: investigation into the completeness, representativity and reliability of police records of hospitalized traffic victims. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 1984;16:167-84.
37. Barancik JI, Fife D. Discrepancies in vehicular crash injury reporting: Northeastern Ohio trauma study IV. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 1985;17:147-54.
38. Parkhill M, Sooklall R, Bahar G. Updated Guidelines for the Design and Application of Speed Humps. In: ITE 2007 Annual Meeting and Exhibit. Pittsburgh: Institute of Transportation Engineers; 2007.
39. Skene M. Traffic calming on arterial roadways? In: Transportation Frontiers for the Next Millennium: 69th Annual Meeting of the Institute of Transportation Engineers. 1999.
40. Macbeth AG. Calming arterials in Toronto. In: 68th Annual Meeting of the Institute of Transportation Engineers. 1998.
41. Du J, Ivan J, Garder P, Aultman-Hall L. Public perceptions of traffic-calming device installation. In: Institute of Transportation Engineers 2003 Annual Meeting and Exhibit (held in conjunction with ITE District 6 Annual Meeting). 2003.