Insomnia, parasomnias, and narcolepsy in children: clinical features, diagnosis, and management

The Lancet Neurology

Volumn 15, Issue 11, 2016, Pages 1170-1181

  Maski, Kiran ^a   Owens, Judith A ^a  

^a BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINE; ADENOSINE DEAMINASE; ARMODAFINIL; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; DEXAMPHETAMINE; HISTAMINE; HLA DQB1 ANTIGEN; METHYLPHENIDATE; MODAFINIL; MONOAMINE; OREXIN; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

ADOLESCENT SLEEP HYGIENE SCALE; AGITATION; AROUSAL; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; AUTISM; BLINKING; CATAPLEXY; CHILD; CHILDREN REPORT OF SLEEP PATTERN; CHILDREN SLEEP HABITS QUESTIONNAIRE; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DAYTIME SOMNOLENCE; DEPRESSION; DIAPHORESIS; DISORIENTATION; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; FAMILY HISTORY; FATIGUE; FRONTAL LOBE EPILEPSY; HEALTH EDUCATION; HLA TYPING; HUMAN; HYPERACTIVITY; HYPERVENTILATION; INSOMNIA; MEDICAL HISTORY; MOOD DISORDER; MYDRIASIS; NARCOLEPSY; NONREM SLEEP; PARASOMNIA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT COUNSELING; PATIENT SAFETY; POLYSOMNOGRAPHY; PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROBLEM BEHAVIOR; QUESTIONNAIRE; REASSURANCE; REM SLEEP; REVIEW; SLEEP DISORDER ASSESSMENT; SLEEP TIME; SLEEP WALKING; SLOW WAVE SLEEP; SNORING; SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR; TACHYCARDIA; PARASOMNIAS; SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE DISORDERS;

CHILD; HUMANS; NARCOLEPSY; PARASOMNIAS; SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE DISORDERS;

EID: 84990973662     PISSN: 14744422     EISSN: 14744465     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30204-6     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. 1 Owens, J, Classification and epidemiology of childhood sleep disorders. Prim Care 35 (2008), 533–546.
2. 2 Richdale, AL, Schreck, KA, Sleep problems in autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, nature, & possible biopsychosocial aetiologies. Sleep Med Rev 13 (2009), 403–411.
3. 3 Hvolby, A, Jørgensen, J, Bilenberg, N, Actigraphic and parental reports of sleep difficulties in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 162 (2008), 323–329.
4. 4 Dosi, C, Figura, M, Ferri, R, Bruni, O, Sleep and headache. Semin Pediatr Neurol 22 (2015), 105–112.
5. 5 Grigg-Damberger, MM, Foldvary-Schaefer, N, Primary sleep disorders in people with epilepsy: clinical questions and answers. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 24 (2015), 145–176.
6. 6 de Bruin, EJ, van Run, C, Staaks, J, Meijer, AM, Effects of sleep manipulation on cognitive functioning of adolescents: a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev, 2016, 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.02.006 published online March 3.
7. 7 Vriend, J, Davidson, F, Rusak, B, Corkum, P, Emotional and cognitive impact of sleep restriction in children. Sleep Med Clin 10 (2015), 107–115.
8. 8 Maski, KP, Kothare, SV, Sleep deprivation and neurobehavioral functioning in children. Int J Psychophysiol 89 (2013), 259–264.
9. 9 Walker, MP, The role of sleep in cognition and emotion. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1156 (2009), 168–197.
10. 10 Ferlisi, M, Shorvon, S, Seizure precipitants (triggering factors) in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 33 (2014), 101–105.
11. 11 van Golde, EG, Gutter, T, de Weerd, AW, Sleep disturbances in people with epilepsy; prevalence, impact and treatment. Sleep Med Rev 15 (2011), 357–368.
12. 12 Rueda-Sanchez, M, Diaz-Martinez, LA, Prevalence and associated factors for episodic and chronic daily headache in the Colombian population. Cephalalgia 28 (2008), 216–225.
13. 13 Boardman, HF, Thomas, E, Millson, DS, Croft, PR, Psychological, sleep, lifestyle, and comorbid associations with headache. Headache 45 (2005), 657–669.
14. 14 Odegard, SS, Engstrom, M, Sand, T, Stovner, LJ, Zwart, JA, Hagen, K, Associations between sleep disturbance and primary headaches: the third Nord-Trondelag Health Study. J Headache Pain 11 (2010), 197–206.
15. 15 Wiseman-Hakes, C, Murray, B, Moineddin, R, et al. Evaluating the impact of treatment for sleep/wake disorders on recovery of cognition and communication in adults with chronic TBI. Brain Inj 27 (2013), 1364–1376.
16. 16 Choi-Kwon, S, Kim, JS, Poststroke fatigue: an emerging, critical issue in stroke medicine. Int J Stroke 6 (2011), 328–336.
17. 17 Hiscock, H, Sciberras, E, Mensah, F, et al. Impact of a behavioural sleep intervention on symptoms and sleep in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and parental mental health: randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 350, 2015, h68.
18. 18 Bourke-Taylor, H, Pallant, JF, Law, M, Howie, L, Relationships between sleep disruptions, health and care responsibilities among mothers of school-aged children with disabilities. J Paediatr Child Health 49 (2013), 775–782.
19. 19 Lee, J, Maternal stress, well-being, and impaired sleep in mothers of children with developmental disabilities: a literature review. Res Dev Disabil 34 (2013), 4255–4273.
20. 20 International classification of sleep disorders, 3rd edn., 2014, American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Darien, IL.
21. 21 Miano, S, Peraita-Adrados, R, Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy is often misdiagnosed as sleep disorders in children: a case series. Rev Neurol 56 (2013), 257–267 (in Spanish).
22. 22 Kauta, SR, Marcus, CL, Cases of pediatric narcolepsy after misdiagnoses. Pediatr Neurol 47 (2012), 362–365.
23. 23 Thorpy, MJ, Krieger, AC, Delayed diagnosis of narcolepsy: characterization and impact. Sleep Med 15 (2014), 502–507.
24. 24 Morrish, E, King, MA, Smith, IE, Shneerson, JM, Factors associated with a delay in the diagnosis of narcolepsy. Sleep Med 5 (2004), 37–41.
25. 25 Honaker, SM, Meltzer, LJ, Sleep in pediatric primary care: a review of the literature. Sleep Med Rev 25 (2016), 31–39.
26. 26 Owens, JA, Mindell, JA, Pediatric insomnia. Pediatr Clin North Am 58 (2011), 555–569.
27. 27 Luc, ME, Gupta, A, Birnberg, JM, Reddick, D, Kohrman, MH, Characterization of symptoms of sleep disorders in children with headache. Pediatr Neurol 34 (2006), 7–12.
28. 28 Esposito, M, Roccella, M, Parisi, L, Gallai, B, Carotenuto, M, Hypersomnia in children affected by migraine without aura: a questionnaire-based case-control study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 9 (2013), 289–294.
29. 29 Vendrame, M, Yang, B, Jackson, S, Auerbach, SH, Insomnia and epilepsy: a questionnaire-based study. J Clin Sleep Med 9 (2013), 141–146.
30. 30 Souders, MC, Mason, TB, Valladares, O, et al. Sleep behaviors and sleep quality in children with autism spectrum disorders. Sleep 32 (2009), 1566–1578.
31. 31 Orsmond, GI, Kuo, HY, The daily lives of adolescents with an autism spectrum disorder: discretionary time use and activity partners. Autism 15 (2011), 579–599.
32. 32 Engelhardt, CR, Mazurek, MO, Sohl, K, Media use and sleep among boys with autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, or typical development. Pediatrics 132 (2013), 1081–1089.
33. 33 Liu, X, Zhao, Z, Jia, C, Insomnia symptoms, behavioral/emotional problems, and suicidality among adolescents of insomniac and non-insomniac parents. Psychiatry Res 228 (2015), 797–802.
34. 34 Armstrong, JM, Ruttle, PL, Klein, MH, Essex, MJ, Benca, RM, Associations of child insomnia, sleep movement, and their persistence with mental health symptoms in childhood and adolescence. Sleep, 37, 2014, 9.
35. 35 Zhang, J, Lam, SP, Li, SX, Li, AM, Lai, KY, Wing, YK, Longitudinal course and outcome of chronic insomnia in Hong Kong Chinese children: a 5-year follow-up study of a community-based cohort. Sleep 34 (2011), 1395–1402.
36. 36 Taylor, MA, Schreck, KA, Mulick, JA, Sleep disruption as a correlate to cognitive and adaptive behavior problems in autism spectrum disorders. Res Dev Disabil 33 (2012), 1408–1417.
37. 37 Becker, SP, Langberg, JM, Evans, SW, Sleep problems predict comorbid externalizing behaviors and depression in young adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 24 (2015), 897–907.
38. 38 Venkatraman, V, Huettel, SA, Chuah, LY, Payne, JW, Chee, MW, Sleep deprivation biases the neural mechanisms underlying economic preferences. J Neurosci 31 (2011), 3712–3718.
39. 39 Gujar, N, Yoo, SS, Hu, P, Walker, MP, Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences. J Neurosci 31 (2011), 4466–4474.
40. 40 Baglioni, C, Spiegelhalder, K, Regen, W, et al. Insomnia disorder is associated with increased amygdala reactivity to insomnia-related stimuli. Sleep 37 (2014), 1907–1917.
41. 41 Wilhelm, I, Diekelmann, S, Born, J, Sleep in children improves memory performance on declarative but not procedural tasks. Learn Mem 15 (2008), 373–377.
42. 42 Urbain, C, De Tiege, X, Op De Beeck, M, et al. Sleep in children triggers rapid reorganization of memory-related brain processes. Neuroimage 134 (2016), 213–222.
43. 43 Maski, KP, Sleep-dependent memory consolidation in children. Semin Pediatr Neurol 22 (2015), 130–134.
44. 44 Prehn-Kristensen, A, Munz, M, Molzow, I, Wilhelm, I, Wiesner, CD, Baving, L, Sleep promotes consolidation of emotional memory in healthy children but not in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. PLoS One, 8, 2013, e65098.
45. 45 Riemann, D, Nissen, C, Palagini, L, Otte, A, Perlis, ML, Spiegelhalder, K, The neurobiology, investigation, and treatment of chronic insomnia. Lancet Neurol 14 (2015), 547–558.
46. 46 Riemann, D, Spiegelhalder, K, Feige, B, et al. The hyperarousal model of insomnia: a review of the concept and its evidence. Sleep Med Rev 14 (2010), 19–31.
47. 47 Perlis, ML, Giles, DE, Mendelson, WB, Bootzin, RR, Wyatt, JK, Psychophysiological insomnia: the behavioural model and a neurocognitive perspective. J Sleep Res 6 (1997), 179–188.
48. 48 Riedner, BA, Goldstein, MR, Plante, DT, et al. Regional patterns of elevated alpha and high-frequency electroencephalographic activity during nonrapid eye movement sleep in chronic insomnia: a pilot study. Sleep 39 (2016), 801–812.
49. 49 Fernandez-Mendoza, J, Li, Y, Vgontzas, AN, et al. Insomnia is associated with cortical hyperarousal as early as adolescence. Sleep 39 (2016), 1029–1036.
50. 50 Prehn-Kristensen, A, Goder, R, Fischer, J, et al. Reduced sleep-associated consolidation of declarative memory in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Sleep Med 12 (2011), 672–679.
51. 51 Maski, K, Holbrook, H, Manoach, D, Hanson, E, Kapur, K, Stickgold, R, Sleep dependent memory consolidation in children with autism spectrum disorder. Sleep 38 (2015), 1955–1963.
52. 52 Tordjman, S, Anderson, GM, Kermarrec, S, et al. Altered circadian patterns of salivary cortisol in low-functioning children and adolescents with autism. Psychoneuroendocrinology 50 (2014), 227–245.
53. 53 Tordjman, S, Anderson, GM, Pichard, N, Charbuy, H, Touitou, Y, Nocturnal excretion of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin in children and adolescents with autistic disorder. Biol Psychiatry 57 (2005), 134–138.
54. 54 Kulman, G, Lissoni, P, Rovelli, F, Roselli, MG, Brivio, F, Sequeri, P, Evidence of pineal endocrine hypofunction in autistic children. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 21 (2000), 31–34.
55. 55 Goldman, SE, Adkins, KW, Calcutt, MW, et al. Melatonin in children with autism spectrum disorders: endogenous and pharmacokinetic profiles in relation to sleep. J Autism Dev Disord 44 (2014), 2525–2535.
56. 56 Owens, JA, Spirito, A, McGuinn, M, The Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ): psychometric properties of a survey instrument for school-aged children. Sleep 23 (2000), 1043–1051.
57. 57 Veatch, OJ, Maxwell-Horn, AC, Malow, BA, Sleep in autism spectrum disorders. Curr Sleep Med Rep 1 (2015), 131–140.
58. 58 Corkum, P, Lingley-Pottie, P, Davidson, F, et al. Better nights/better days-distance intervention for insomnia in school-aged children with/without ADHD: a randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr Psychol 41 (2016), 701–713.
59. 59 Meltzer, LJ, Brimeyer, C, Russell, K, et al. The Children's Report of Sleep Patterns: validity and reliability of the Sleep Hygiene Index and Sleep Disturbance Scale in adolescents. Sleep Med 15 (2014), 1500–1507.
60. 60 LeBourgeois, MK, Giannotti, F, Cortesi, F, Wolfson, AR, Harsh, J, The relationship between reported sleep quality and sleep hygiene in Italian and American adolescents. Pediatrics 115:1 suppl (2005), 257–265.
61. 61 Malow, BA, Adkins, KW, Reynolds, A, et al. Parent-based sleep education for children with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 44 (2014), 216–228.
62. 62 Taibi, DM, Landis, CA, Vitiello, MV, Concordance of polysomnographic and actigraphic measurement of sleep and wake in older women with insomnia. J Clin Sleep Med 9 (2013), 217–225.
63. 63 Paruthi, S, Brooks, LJ, D'Ambrosio, C, et al. Recommended amount of sleep for pediatric populations: a consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. J Clin Sleep Med 12 (2016), 785–786.
64. 64 Sleep practices and tips for children. Sleep for Kids. http://www.sleepforkids.org/html/practices.html (accessed May 29, 2016).
65. 65 ATN/AIR-P sleep tool kits. Autism Speaks. https://www.autismspeaks.org/science/resources-programs/autism-treatment-network/tools-you-can-use/sleep-tool-kit (accessed May 29, 2016).
66. 66 Meltzer, LJ, Mindell, JA, Systematic review and meta-analysis of behavioral interventions for pediatric insomnia. J Pediatr Psychol 39 (2014), 932–948.
67. 67 Price, AM, Wake, M, Ukoumunne, OC, Hiscock, H, Five-year follow-up of harms and benefits of behavioral infant sleep intervention: randomized trial. Pediatrics, 130, 2012, 9.
68. 68 Gradisar, M, Jackson, K, Spurrier, NJ, et al. Behavioral interventions for infant sleep problems: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics, 137, 2016, e20151486.
69. 69 de Bruin, EJ, Bogels, SM, Oort, FJ, Meijer, AM, Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial with internet therapy, group therapy and a waiting list condition. Sleep 38 (2015), 1913–1926.
70. 70 Morin, CM, Bootzin, RR, Buysse, DJ, Edinger, JD, Espie, CA, Lichstein, KL, Psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: update of the recent evidence (1998–2004). Sleep 29 (2006), 1398–1414.
71. 71 Rossignol, DA, Frye, RE, Melatonin in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol 53 (2011), 783–792.
72. 72 Cortesi, F, Giannotti, F, Sebastiani, T, Panunzi, S, Valente, D, Controlled-release melatonin, singly and combined with cognitive behavioural therapy, for persistent insomnia in children with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Sleep Res 21 (2012), 700–709.
73. 73 van Geijlswijk, IM, Mol, RH, Egberts, TC, Smits, MG, Evaluation of sleep, puberty and mental health in children with long-term melatonin treatment for chronic idiopathic childhood sleep onset insomnia. Psychopharmacology 216 (2011), 111–120.
74. 74 Owens, J, Gruber, R, Brown, T, et al. Future research directions in sleep and ADHD: report of a consensus working group. J Atten Disord 17 (2013), 550–564.
75. 75 Petit, D, Touchette, E, Tremblay, RE, Boivin, M, Montplaisir, J, Dyssomnias and parasomnias in early childhood. Pediatrics 119 (2007), e1016–e1025.
76. 76 Ekinci, O, Isik, U, Gunes, S, Ekinci, N, Understanding sleep problems in children with epilepsy: associations with quality of life, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and maternal emotional symptoms. Seizure 40 (2016), 108–113.
77. 77 Rodopman-Arman, A, Perdahli-Fis, N, Ekinci, O, Berkem, M, Sleep habits, parasomnias and associated behaviors in school children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Turk J Pediatr 53 (2011), 397–403.
78. 78 Barnett, AL, Wiggs, L, Sleep behaviour in children with developmental co-ordination disorder. Child Care Health Dev 38 (2012), 403–411.
79. 79 Bjorvatn, B, Gronli, J, Pallesen, S, Prevalence of different parasomnias in the general population. Sleep Med 11 (2010), 1031–1034.
80. 80 Ohayon, MM, Mahowald, MW, Dauvilliers, Y, Krystal, AD, Leger, D, Prevalence and comorbidity of nocturnal wandering in the U.S. adult general population. Neurology 78 (2012), 1583–1589.
81. 81 Petit, D, Pennestri, MH, Paquet, J, et al. Childhood sleepwalking and sleep terrors: a longitudinal study of prevalence and familial aggregation. JAMA Pediatr, 169, 2015, 6.
82. 82 Howell, MJ, Parasomnias: an updated review. Neurotherapeutics 9 (2012), 753–775.
83. 83 Terzano, MG, Parrino, L, Origin and significance of the cyclic alternating pattern (cap). Review article. Sleep Med Rev 4 (2000), 101–123.
84. 84 Horvath, A, Papp, A, Szucs, A, Progress in elucidating the pathophysiological basis of nonrapid eye movement parasomnias: not yet informing therapeutic strategies. Nat Sci Sleep 8 (2016), 73–79.
85. 85 Bassetti, C, Vella, S, Donati, F, Wielepp, P, Weder, B, SPECT during sleepwalking. Lancet 356 (2000), 484–485.
86. 86 Dang-Vu, TT, Zadra, A, Labelle, MA, Petit, D, Soucy, JP, Montplaisir, J, Sleep deprivation reveals altered brain perfusion patterns in somnambulism. PLoS One, 10, 2015, e0133474.
87. 87 Licis, AK, Desruisseau, DM, Yamada, KA, Duntley, SP, Gurnett, CA, Novel genetic findings in an extended family pedigree with sleepwalking. Neurology 76 (2011), 49–52.
88. 88 Aurora, RN, Lamm, CI, Zak, RS, et al. Practice parameters for the non-respiratory indications for polysomnography and multiple sleep latency testing for children. Sleep 35 (2012), 1467–1473.
89. 89 Manni, R, Terzaghi, M, Comorbidity between epilepsy and sleep disorders. Epilepsy Res 90 (2010), 171–177.
90. 90 Parisi, P, Bruni, O, Pia Villa, M, et al. The relationship between sleep and epilepsy: the effect on cognitive functioning in children. Dev Med Child Neurol 52 (2010), 805–810.
91. 91 Derry, CP, Harvey, AS, Walker, MC, Duncan, JS, Berkovic, SF, NREM arousal parasomnias and their distinction from nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy: a video EEG analysis. Sleep 32 (2009), 1637–1644.
92. 92 Tinuper, P, Bisulli, F, Cross, JH, et al. Definition and diagnostic criteria of sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy. Neurology 86 (2016), 1834–1842.
93. 93 Frank, NC, Spirito, A, Stark, L, Owens-Stively, J, The use of scheduled awakenings to eliminate childhood sleepwalking. J Pediatr Psychol 22 (1997), 345–353.
94. 94 Attarian, JZ, L. Treatment options for disorders of arousal: a case series. Int J Neurosci, 123, 2013, 3.
95. 95 Silber, MH, Krahn, LE, Olson, EJ, Pankratz, VS, The epidemiology of narcolepsy in Olmsted County, Minnesota: a population-based study. Sleep 25 (2002), 197–202.
96. 96 Longstreth, WT Jr, Koepsell, TD, Ton, TG, Hendrickson, AF, van Belle, G, The epidemiology of narcolepsy. Sleep 30 (2007), 13–26.
97. 97 Arii, J, Kanbayashi, T, Tanabe, Y, Ono, J, Nishino, S, Kohno, Y, A hypersomnolent girl with decreased CSF hypocretin level after removal of a hypothalamic tumor. Neurology 56 (2001), 1775–1776.
98. 98 Scammell, TE, Nishino, S, Mignot, E, Saper, CB, Narcolepsy and low CSF orexin (hypocretin) concentration after a diencephalic stroke. Neurology 56 (2001), 1751–1753.
99. 99 Malik, S, Boeve, BF, Krahn, LE, Silber, MH, Narcolepsy associated with other central nervous system disorders. Neurology 57 (2001), 539–541.
100. 100 Gledhill, RF, Bartel, PR, Yoshida, Y, Nishino, S, Scammell, TE, Narcolepsy caused by acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Arch Neurol 61 (2004), 758–760.
101. 101 Manni, R, Politini, L, Nobili, L, et al. Hypersomnia in the Prader Willi syndrome: clinical-electrophysiological features and underlying factors. Clin Neurophysiol 112 (2001), 800–805.
102. 102 Kandt, RS, Emerson, RG, Singer, HS, Valle, DL, Moser, HW, Cataplexy in variant forms of Niemann-Pick disease. Ann Neurol 12 (1982), 284–288.
103. 103 Vossler, DG, Wyler, AR, Wilkus, RJ, Gardner-Walker, G, Vlcek, BW, Cataplexy and monoamine oxidase deficiency in Norrie disease. Neurology 46 (1996), 1258–1261.
104. 104 Jennum, P, Ibsen, R, Petersen, ER, Knudsen, S, Kjellberg, J, Health, social, and economic consequences of narcolepsy: a controlled national study evaluating the societal effect on patients and their partners. Sleep Med 13 (2012), 1086–1093.
105. 105 Pizza, F, Jaussent, I, Lopez, R, et al. Car crashes and central disorders of hypersomnolence: a French study. PLoS One, 10, 2015, e0129386.
106. 106 Iglowstein, I, Jenni, OG, Molinari, L, Largo, RH, Sleep duration from infancy to adolescence: reference values and generational trends. Pediatrics 111 (2003), 302–307.
107. 107 Fosse, R, Stickgold, R, Hobson, JA, Emotional experience during rapid-eye-movement sleep in narcolepsy. Sleep 25 (2002), 724–732.
108. 108 Kim, LJ, Coelho, FM, Hirotsu, C, et al. Frequencies and associations of narcolepsy-related symptoms: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Sleep Med 11 (2015), 1377–1384.
109. 109 Plazzi, G, Fabbri, C, Pizza, F, Serretti, A, Schizophrenia-like symptoms in narcolepsy type 1: shared and distinctive clinical characteristics. Neuropsychobiology 71 (2015), 218–224.
110. 110 Serra, L, Montagna, P, Mignot, E, Lugaresi, E, Plazzi, G, Cataplexy features in childhood narcolepsy. Mov Disord 23 (2008), 858–865.
111. 111 Mignot, E, Hayduk, R, Black, J, Grumet, FC, Guilleminault, C, HLA DQB1*0602 is associated with cataplexy in 509 narcoleptic patients. Sleep 20 (1997), 1012–1020.
112. 112 Pizza, F, Franceschini, C, Peltola, H, et al. Clinical and polysomnographic course of childhood narcolepsy with cataplexy. Brain 136 (2013), 3787–3795.
113. 113 Poli, F, Pizza, F, Mignot, E, et al. High prevalence of precocious puberty and obesity in childhood narcolepsy with cataplexy. Sleep 36 (2013), 175–181.
114. 114 Kotagal, S, Krahn, LE, Slocumb, N, A putative link between childhood narcolepsy and obesity. Sleep Med 5 (2004), 147–150.
115. 115 Lecendreux, M, Lavault, S, Lopez, R, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in pediatric narcolepsy: a cross-sectional study. Sleep 38 (2015), 1285–1295.
116. 116 Mignot, E, Lammers, GJ, Ripley, B, et al. The role of cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin measurement in the diagnosis of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias. Arch Neurol 59 (2002), 1553–1562.
117. 117 Peyron, C, Tighe, DK, van den Pol, AN, et al. Neurons containing hypocretin (orexin) project to multiple neuronal systems. J Neurosci 18 (1998), 9996–10015.
118. 118 de Lecea, L, Kilduff, TS, Peyron, C, et al. The hypocretins: hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 (1998), 322–327.
119. 119 Nishino, S, Ripley, B, Overeem, S, Lammers, GJ, Mignot, E, Hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in human narcolepsy. Lancet 355 (2000), 39–40.
120. 120 Andlauer, O, Moore, H, Hong, SC, et al. Predictors of hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in narcolepsy without cataplexy. Sleep, 35, 2012, 1247 155F.
121. 121 Aran, A, Lin, L, Nevsimalova, S, et al. Elevated anti-streptococcal antibodies in patients with recent narcolepsy onset. Sleep 32 (2009), 979–983.
122. 122 Han, F, Lin, L, Warby, SC, et al. Narcolepsy onset is seasonal and increased following the 2009 H1N1 pandemic in China. Ann Neurol 70 (2011), 410–417.
123. 123 Nohynek, H, Jokinen, J, Partinen, M, et al. AS03 adjuvanted AH1N1 vaccine associated with an abrupt increase in the incidence of childhood narcolepsy in Finland. PLoS One, 7, 2012, e33536.
124. 124 Partinen, M, Saarenpaa-Heikkila, O, Ilveskoski, I, et al. Increased incidence and clinical picture of childhood narcolepsy following the 2009 H1N1 pandemic vaccination campaign in Finland. PLoS One, 7, 2012, e33723.
125. 125 Kornum, BR, Pizza, F, Knudsen, S, Plazzi, G, Jennum, P, Mignot, E, Cerebrospinal fluid cytokine levels in type 1 narcolepsy patients very close to onset. Brain Behav Immun 49 (2015), 54–58.
126. 126 Melendres, MC, Lutz, JM, Rubin, ED, Marcus, CL, Daytime sleepiness and hyperactivity in children with suspected sleep-disordered breathing. Pediatrics 114 (2004), 768–775.
127. 127 Drake, C, Nickel, C, Burduvali, E, Roth, T, Jefferson, C, Pietro, B, The pediatric daytime sleepiness scale (PDSS): sleep habits and school outcomes in middle-school children. Sleep 26 (2003), 455–458.
128. 128 Spilsbury, JC, Drotar, D, Rosen, CL, Redline, S, The Cleveland adolescent sleepiness questionnaire: a new measure to assess excessive daytime sleepiness in adolescents. J Clin Sleep Med 3 (2007), 603–612.
129. 129 Mignot, E, Lin, L, Rogers, W, et al. Complex HLA-DR and -DQ interactions confer risk of narcolepsy-cataplexy in three ethnic groups. Am J Hum Genet 68 (2001), 686–699.
130. 130 Littner, MR, Kushida, C, Wise, M, et al. Practice parameters for clinical use of the multiple sleep latency test and the maintenance of wakefulness test. Sleep 28 (2005), 113–121.
131. 131 Sasai-Sakuma, T, Kinoshita, A, Inoue, Y, Polysomnographic assessment of sleep comorbidities in drug-naive narcolepsy-spectrum disorders—a Japanese cross-sectional study. PLoS One, 10, 2015, e0136988.
132. 132 Andlauer, O, Moore, H, Jouhier, L, et al. Nocturnal rapid eye movement sleep latency for identifying patients with narcolepsy/hypocretin deficiency. JAMA Neurol 70 (2013), 891–902.
133. 133 Reiter, J, Katz, E, Scammell, TE, Maski, K, Usefulness of a nocturnal SOREMP for diagnosing narcolepsy with cataplexy in a pediatric population. Sleep 38 (2014), 859–865.
134. 134 Ivanenko, A, Tauman, R, Gozal, D, Modafinil in the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in children. Sleep Med 4 (2003), 579–582.
135. 135 Lecendreux, M, Poli, F, Oudiette, D, et al. Tolerance and efficacy of sodium oxybate in childhood narcolepsy with cataplexy: a retrospective study. Sleep 35 (2012), 709–711.
136. 136 Murali, H, Kotagal, S, Off-label treatment of severe childhood narcolepsy-cataplexy with sodium oxybate. Sleep 29 (2006), 1025–1029.
137. 137 Moller, LR, Ostergaard, JR, Treatment with venlafaxine in six cases of children with narcolepsy and with cataplexy and hypnagogic hallucinations. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 19 (2009), 197–201.