Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for macular oedema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2014, Issue 5, 2014, Pages

  Braithwaite, Tasanee ^a   Nanji, Afshan A ^b   Lindsley, Kristina ^c   Greenberg, Paul B ^d  

^a MOORFIELDS EYE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^d BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFLIBERCEPT; BEVACIZUMAB; PEGAPTANIB; RANIBIZUMAB; TRAP EYE; VASCULOTROPIN ANTIBODY; APTAMER; HYBRID PROTEIN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; VASCULOTROPIN A; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR;

ADVERSE OUTCOME; AGE; BEST CORRECTED VISUAL ACUITY; CATARACT; CENTRAL RETINA VEIN OCCLUSION; CENTRAL RETINAL THICKNESS; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; EARLY INTERVENTION; ENDOPHTHALMITIS; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; EYE INFLAMMATION; GENDER; GLAUCOMA; HUMAN; INTRAOCULAR HYPERTENSION; MACULAR EDEMA; META ANALYSIS; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NATIONAL EYE INSTITUTE VISUAL FUNCTION QUESTIONNAIRE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RETINA DETACHMENT; RETINA TEAR; REVIEW; SCORING SYSTEM; SHAM PROCEDURE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THROMBOEMBOLISM; TREATMENT RESPONSE; ANTAGONISTS AND INHIBITORS; COMPLICATION; RETINA VEIN OCCLUSION;

ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL, HUMANIZED; APTAMERS, NUCLEOTIDE; BEVACIZUMAB; HUMANS; MACULAR EDEMA; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RANIBIZUMAB; RECEPTORS, VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR; RECOMBINANT FUSION PROTEINS; RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A;

EID: 84990009605     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007325.pub3     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Boyer D, Heier J, Brown DM, Clark WL, Berliner AJ, Groetzbach G, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor Trap-Eye for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion: six-month results of the phase 3 COPERNICUS study. Ophthalmology 2012;119(5):1024-32.
2. Brown DM, Heier JS, Clark WL, Boyer DS, Vitti R, Berliner AJ, et al. Intravitreal aflibercept injection for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion: 1-year results from the phase 3 COPERNICUS study. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2013;155(3):429-37.
3. Bhisitkul RB, Campochiaro PA, Shapiro H, Rubio RG. Predictive value in retinal vein occlusions of early versus late or incomplete ranibizumab response defined by optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology 2013;120(5):1057-63.
4. Brown DM, Campochiaro PA, Singh RP, Li Z, Gray S, Saroj N, et al. Ranibizumab for macular edema following central retinal vein occlusion: six-month primary end point results of a phase III study. Ophthalmology 2010;117(6):1124-33.
5. Campochiaro PA, Bhisitkul RB, Shapiro H, Rubio RG. Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes progressive retinal nonperfusion in patients with retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 2013;120(4):795-802.
6. Campochiaro PA, Brown DM, Awh CC, Lee SY, Gray S, Saroj N, et al. Sustained benefits from ranibizumab for macular edema following central retinal vein occlusion: twelve-month outcomes of a phase III study. Ophthalmology 2011;118:2041-9.
7. Heier JS, Campochiaro PA, Yau L, Li Z, Saroj N, Rubio RG, Lai P. Ranibizumab for macular edema due to retinal vein occlusions: long-term follow-up in the HORIZON trial. Ophthalmology 2012;119:802-9.
8. Suner IJ, Bressler NM, Varma R, Lee P, Dolan CM, Ward J, et al. Reading speed improvements in retinal vein occlusion after ranibizumab treatment. JAMA Ophthalmology 2013;131(7):851-6.
9. Varma R, Bressler NM, Suner I, Lee P, Dolan CM, Ward J, for the BRAVO and CRUISE Study Groups. Improved vision-related function after ranibizumab for macular edema after retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 2012;119(10):2108-18.
10. Epstein DL, Algvere PV, von Wendt G, Seregard S, Kvanta A. Benefit from bevacizumab for macular edema in central retinal vein occlusion: twelve-month results from a prospective, randomized study. Ophthalmology 2012;119(12):2587-91.
11. Epstein DL, Algvere PV, von Wendt G, Seregard S, Kvanta A. Bevacizumab for macular edema in central retinal vein occlusion: a prospective, randomized, double-masked clinical study. Ophthalmology 2012;119(6):1184-9.
12. Holz FG, Roider J, Ogura Y, Korobelnik JF, Simader C, Groetzbach G, et al. VEGF Trap-Eye for macular oedema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion: 6-month results of the phase III GALILEO study. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2013;97(3):278-84.
13. Korobelnik JF, Holz FG, Roider J, Ogura Y, Simader C, Schmidt-Erfurth U, for the GALILEO Study Group. Intravitreal aflibercept injection for macular edema resulting from central retinal vein occlusion: one-year results of the Phase 3 GALILEO Study. Ophthalmology 2014;121(1):202-8.
14. Kinge B, Stordahl PB, Forsaa V, Fossen K, Haugstad M, Helgesen OH, et al. Efficacy of ranibizumab in patients with macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion: results from the sham-controlled ROCC Study. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2010;150(3):310-4.
15. Ciulla TA. Treatment of macular edema following central retinal vein occlusion with pegaptanib sodium (Macugen): a one-year study. American Academy of Ophthalmology 2007. Conference abstract 199.
16. Csaky KG. Pegaptanib (Macugen) for macular edema in central retinal vein occlusion: early OCT results and effect of therapy reinitiation. American Academy of Ophthamology 2007. Conference abstract 269.
17. Patel SS. Pegaptanib sodium for the treatment of macular edema following central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO): anatomical outcomes. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2007; Vol. 48:ARVO E-abstract 311.
18. Wells JA. Pegaptanib sodium for treatment of macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2006; Vol. 47:ARVO E-abstract 4279.
19. Wells JA. Safety and efficacy of pegaptanib sodium in treating macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion. American Academy of Ophthalmology 2006. Conference abstract 288.
20. Wells JA, Wroblewski JJ. Pegaptanib sodium for the treatment of macular edema following central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO): functional outcomes. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2007; Vol. 48:ARVO E-abstract 1544.
21. Wroblewski JJ, Wells JA 3rd, Adamis AP, Buggage RR, Cunningham ET Jr, Goldbaum M, et al. Pegaptanib sodium for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion. Archives of Ophthalmology 2009;127(4):374-80.
22. Byeon SH, Kwon OW, Song JH, Kim SE, Park YS. Prolongation of activity of single intravitreal bevacizumab by adjuvant topical aqueous depressant (Timolol-Dorzolamide). Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2009;247(1):35-42.
23. Campochiaro PA, Hafiz G, Shah SM, Nguyen QD, Ying H, Do DV, et al. Ranibizumab for macular edema due to retinal vein occlusions: implication of VEGF as a critical stimulator. Molecular Therapy 2008;16(4):791-9.
24. Campochiaro PA, Shah SM, Hafiz G, Quinlan E, Zimmer-Gller I, Nguyen QD, et al. Ranibizumab for macular edema due to retinal vein occlusions. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2007; Vol. 48. ARVO E-abstract 1545.
25. Ding X, Li J, Hu X, Yu S, Pan J, Tang S. Prospective study of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide versus bevacizumab for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2011;31(5):838-45.
26. Wang H, Li X, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Li M, Su X, Zhu J. Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab alone or with triamcinolone acetonide for treatment of macular edema caused by central retinal vein occlusion. International Journal of Ophthalmology 2011;4(1):89-94.
27. Habibabadi H, Moradian S, Piri N, Esfahani M, Aalami Z, Lashay A, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab vs combination of bevacizumab and triamcinolone vs sham treatment in central retinal vein occlusion. American Academy of Ophthalmology 2008. Conference abstract 271.
28. Habibabadi HF, Moradian S, Piri N, Esfahani MR, Aalami Z, Karkhaneh R, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab vs combination of bevacizumab and triamcinolone vs sham treatment for central retinal vein occlusion. American Academy of Ophthalmology 2007. Conference abstract 273.
29. Adamis AP, Shima DT, Tolentino MJ, Gragoudas ES, Ferrara N, Folkman J, et al. Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor prevents retinal ischemia-associated iris neovascularization in a nonhuman primate. Archives of Ophthalmology 1996;114(1):66-71.
30. Aggermann T, Brunner S, Krebs I, Haas P, Womastek I, Brannath W, et al. ROVO Study Group. A prospective, randomised, multicenter trial for surgical treatment of central retinal vein occlusion: results of the Radial Optic Neurotomy for Central Vein Occlusion (ROVO) study group. Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2013;251(4):1065-72.
31. Aiello LP, Pierce EA, Foley ED, Takagi H, Chen HRL, Ferrara N, et al. Suppression of retinal neovascularization in vivo by inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) using soluble VEGF-receptor chimeric proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1995;92(23):10457-61.
32. Arevalo JF, Garcia RA, Wu L, Rodriguez FJ, Dalma-Weiszhausz J, Quiroz-Mercado H, et al. Radial optic neurotomy for central retinal vein occlusion: results of the Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study Group (PACORES). Retina 2008;28(8):1044-52.
33. Bakri SJ, Snyder MR, Reid JM, Pulido JS, Ezzat MK, Singh RJ. Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal ranibizumab (Lucentis). Ophthalmology 2007;114(12):2179-82.
34. Bakri SJ, Snyder MR, Reid JM, Pulido JS, Singh RJ. Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin). Ophthalmology 2007;114(5):855-9.
35. Beck RW, Maguire MG, Bressler NM, Glassman AR, Lindblad AS, Ferris FL. Visual acuity as an outcome measure in clinical trials of retinal disease. Ophthalmology 2007;114(10):1804-9.
36. Bertelsen M, Linneberg A, Christoffersen N, Vorum H, Gade E, Larsen M. Mortality in patients with central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 2014;121(3):637-42.
37. Boyd SR, Zachary I, Chakravarthy U, Allen GJ, Wisdom GB, Cree IA, et al. Correlation of increased vascular endothelial growth factor with neovascularization and permeability in ischemic central vein occlusion. Archives of Ophthalmology 2002;120(12):1644-50.
38. Campochiaro PA, Choy DF, Do DV, Gulnar H, Shah SM, Nguyen QD, et al. Monitoring ocular drug therapy by analysis of aqueous samples. Ophthalmology 2009;116(11):2158-64.
39. Campochiaro PA, Hafiz G, Channa R, Shah SM, Nguyen QD, Ying H, et al. Antagonism of vascular endothelial growth factor for macular edema caused by retinal vein occlusions: two-year outcomes. Ophthalmology 2010;117(12):2387-94.
40. Catier A, Tadayoni R, Paques M, Erginay A, Haouchine B, Gaudric A, et al. Characterization of macular edema from various etiologies by optical coherence tomography. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2005;140(2):200-6.
41. Chan CK, Ip MS, Vanveldhuisen PC, Oden NL, Scott IU, Tolentino MJ, et al. SCORE Study report #11: incidences of neovascular events in eyes with retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 2011;118(7):1364-72.
42. Clarkson JG. Central Vein Occlusion Study: photographic protocol and early natural history. Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society 1994;92:203-13; discussion 213-5.
43. CVOS Group. Evaluation of grid pattern photocoagulation for macular edema in central vein occlusion. The Central Vein Occlusion Study Group M report. Ophthalmology 1995;102(10):1425-33.
44. CVOS Group. Natural history and clinical management of central retinal vein occlusion. The Central Vein Occlusion Study Group. Archives of Ophthalmology 1997;115(10):1275.
45. DeCroos FC, Shuler RK Jr, Stinnett S, Fekrat S. Pars plana vitrectomy, internal limiting membrane peeling, and panretinal endophotocoagulation for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2009;147(4):627-33.
46. Drechsler F, Koferl P, Hollborn M, Wiedemann P, Bringmann A, Kohen L, Rehak M. Effect of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment on the retinal gene expression in acute experimental central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmic Research 2012;47(3):157-62.
47. Economides AN, Carpenter LR, Rudge JS, Wong V, Koehler-Stec EM, Hartnett C, et al. Cytokine traps: multi-component, high-affinity blockers of cytokine action. Nature Medicine 2003;9(1):47-52.
48. Edelman JL, Lutz D, Castro MR. Corticosteroids inhibit VEGF-induced vascular leakage in a rabbit model of blood-retinal and blood-aqueous barrier breakdown. Experimental Eye Research 2005;80(2):249-58.
49. Everett AI, Yang SS. Venous occlusive disease: the latest in current management. Retina 2006;26(6):S63-4.
50. Eyetech, Inc Macugen - Pegatanib sodium injection. www.macugen.com/macugenUSPI.pdf 2008.
51. Feng J, Zhao T, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Jiang Y. Differences in aqueous concentrations of cytokines in macular edema secondary to branch and central retinal vein occlusion. PLoS One 2013;8(7):e68149.
52. Ferrara N, Damico L, Shams N, Lowman H, Kim R. Development of ranibizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antigen binding fragment, as therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2006;26(8):859-70.
53. Funk M, Kriechbaum K, Prager F, Benesch T, Georgopoulos M, Zlabinger GJ, et al. Intraocular concentrations of growth factors and cytokines in retinal vein occlusion and the effect of therapy with bevacizumab. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2009;50(3):1025-32.
54. Genentech, Inc Lucentis: Full prescribing information. www.gene.com/gene/products/information/pdf/lucentis-prescribing.pdf 2008.
55. Genentech, Inc Avastin: Full prescribing information. www.gene.com/gene/products/information/pdf/avastin-prescribing.pdf 2009.
56. Genentech/Roche Lucentis - Ranibizumab injection: Product Information Home. www.gene.com/gene/products/information/tgr/lucentis/ 2009.
57. Genentech/Roche Avastin: Product Information Home. www.gene.com/gene/products/information/oncology/avastin/ 2009.
58. Gewaily D, Greenberg P B. Intravitreal steroids versus observation for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007324.pub2]
59. Glanville JM, Lefebvre C, Miles JN, Camosso-Stefinovic J. How to identify randomized controlled trials in MEDLINE: ten years on. Journal of the Medical Library Association 2006;94(2):130-6.
60. Gragoudas ES, Adamis AP, Cunningham ET, Feinsod Jr M, Guyer DR. Pegaptanib for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. New England Journal of Medicine 2004;351(27):2805-16.
61. Gregori NZ, Feuer W, Rosenfeld PJ. Novel method for analyzing Snellen visual acuity measurements. Retina 2010;30(7):1046-50.
62. Guex-Crosier Y. The pathogenesis and clinical presentation of macular edema in inflammatory diseases. Documenta Ophthalmologica 1999;97(3-4):297-309.
63. Hasselbach HC, Ruefer F, Feltgen N, Schneider U, Bopp S, Hansen LL, et al. Treatment of central retinal vein occlusion by radial optic neurotomy in 107 cases. Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2007;245(8):1145-56.
64. Hayreh SS. Classification of central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 1983;90(5):458-74.
65. Hayreh SS, Klugman MR, Beri M, Kimura AE, Podhajsky P. Differentiation of ischemic from non-ischemic central retinal vein occlusion during the early acute phase. Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 1990;228(3):201-17.
66. Hayreh SS, Klugman MR, Podhajsky P, Servais GE, Perkins ES. Argon laser panretinal photocoagulation in ischemic central retinal vein occlusion. A 10-year prospective study. Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 1990;228(4):281-96.
67. Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB, Podhajsky P. Incidence of various types of retinal vein occlusion and their recurrence and demographic characteristics. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1994;117(4):429-41.
68. Hayreh SS. Management of central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmologica 2003;217(3):167-88.
69. Hayreh SS, Podhajsky PA, Zimmerman MB. Natural history of visual outcome in central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 2011;118(1):119-33.
70. Hee MR, Puliafito CA, Wong C, Duker JS, Reichel E, Rutledge B, et al. Quantitative assessment of macular edema with optical coherence tomography. Archives of Ophthalmology 1995;113(8):1019-29.
71. Heier JS, Campochiaro PA, Yau L, Li Z, Saroj N, Rubio RG, et al. Ranibizumab for macular edema due to retinal vein occlusions: long-term follow-up in the HORIZON trial. Ophthalmology 2012;119(4):802-9.
72. Higgins JPT, Green S. Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
73. Homsi J, Daud AI. Spectrum of activity and mechanism of action of VEGF/PDGF inhibitors. Cancer Control 2007;14(3):285-94.
74. Krohne TU, Eter N, Holz FG, Meyer CH. Intraocular pharmacokinetics of bevacizumab after a single intravitreal injection in humans. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2008;146(4):508-12.
75. Los M, Roodhart JM, Voest EE. Target practice: lessons from phase III trials with bevacizumab and vatalanib in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer. Oncologist 2007;12(4):443-50.
76. Lynch SS, Cheng CM. Bevacizumab for neovascular ocular diseases. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2007;41(4):614-25.
77. McAllister IL, Gillies ME, Smithies LA, Rochtchina E, Harper CA, Daniell MD, et al. The Central Retinal Vein Bypass Study: a trial of laser-induced chorioretinal venous anastomosis for central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 2010;117(5):954-65.
78. McIntosh RL, Rogers SL, Lim L, Cheung N, Wang JJ, Mitchell P, et al. Natural history of central retinal vein occlusion: an evidence-based systematic review. Ophthalmology 2010;117(6):1113-23.
79. Meyer CH, Michels S, Rodrigues EB, Hager A, Mennel S, Schmidt JC, et al. Incidence of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments after intravitreal antivascular endothelial factor injections. Acta Ophthalmologica 2011;89(1):70-5.
80. Nishijima K, Ng YS, Zhong L, Bradley J, Schubert W, Jo N, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A is a survival factor for retinal neurons and a critical neuroprotectant during the adaptive response to ischemic injury. American Journal of Pathology 2007;171(1):53-67.
81. Opremcak EM, Rehmar AJ, Ridenour CD, Kurz DE. Radial optic neurotomy for central retinal vein occlusion: 117 consecutive cases. Retina 2006;26(3):297-305.
82. Haller JA, Bandello F, Belfort R, Blumenkranz MS, Gillies M, Heier J, et al. The OZURDEX GENEVA Study Group. Randomized, sham-controlled trial of dexamethasone intravitreal implant in patients with macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 2010;117(6):1134-46.
83. Haller JA, Bandello F, Belfort R Jr, Blumenkranz MS, Gillies M, Heier J, et al. The OZURDEX GENEVA Study Group. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant in patients with macular edema related to branch or central retinal vein occlusion twelve-month study results. Ophthalmology 2011;118(12):2453-60.
84. Park CH, Scott AW, Fekrat S. Effect of oral pentoxifylline on cystoid macular edema associated with central retinal vein occlusion. Retina 2007;27(8):1020-5.
85. Park DH, Kim IT. Long-term effects of vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane peeling for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion and hemiretinal vein occlusion. Retina 2010;30(1):117-24.
86. Pe'er J, Shweiki D, Itin A, Hemo I, Gnessin H, Keshet E. Hypoxia-induced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor by retinal cells is a common factor in neovascularizing ocular diseases. Laboratory Investigation 1995;72(6):638-45.
87. Pe'er J, Folberg R, Itin A, Gnessin H, Hemo I, Keshet E. Vascular endothelial growth factor upregulation in human central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 1998;105(3):412-6.
88. Prasad PS, Oliver SC, Coffee RE, Hubschman JP, Schwartz SD. Ultra wide-field angiographic characteristics of branch retinal and hemicentral retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 2010;117(4):780-4.
89. Prisco D, Marcucci R. Retinal vein thrombosis: risk factors, pathogenesis and therapeutic approach. Pathophysiology of Haemostasis & Thrombosis 2002;32(5-6):308-11.
90. Raszewska-Steglinska M, Gozdek P, Cisiecki S, Michalewska Z, Michalewski J, Nawrocki J. Pars plana vitrectomy with ILM peeling for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion. European Journal of Ophthalmology 2009;19(6):1055-62.
91. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). 5.1. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011.
92. Rogers S, McIntosh RL, Cheung N, Lim L, Wang JJ, Mitchell P, et al. The prevalence of retinal vein occlusion: pooled data from population studies from the United States, Europe, Asia, and Australia. Ophthalmology 2010;117(2):313-9.
93. Ip MS, Scott IU, VanVeldhuisen PC, Oden NL, Blodi BA, Fisher M, et al. SCORE Study Research Group. A randomized trial comparing the efficacy and safety of intravitreal triamcinolone with observation to treat vision loss associated with macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion: The standard care vs corticosteroid for retinal vein occlusion (SCORE) study report 5. Archives of Ophthalmology 2009;127(9):1101-14.
94. Shahsuvaryan ML, Melkonyan AK. Central retinal vein occlusion risk profile: a case-control study. European Journal of Ophthalmology 2003;13(5):445-52.
95. Shima DT, Gougos A, Miller JW, Tolentino M, Robinson G, Adamis AP, et al. Cloning and mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in ischemic retinas of Macaca fascicularis. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 1996;37(7):1334-40.
96. Stem MS, Talwar N, Comer GM, Stein JD. A longitudinal analysis of risk factors associated with central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 2013;120(2):362-70.
97. Stewart MW, Rosenfeld PJ. Predicted biological activity of intravitreal VEGF Trap. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2008;92(5):667-8.
98. Stewart MW, Grippon S, Kirkpatrick P. Aflibercept. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 2012; Vol. 11, issue 4:269-70.
99. van der Reis MI, La Heij EC, De Jong-Hesse Y, Ringens PJ, Hendrikse F, Schouten JS. A systematic review of the adverse events of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2011;31(8):1449-69.
100. Vinores SA, Derevjanik NL, Ozaki H, Okamoto N, Campochiaro PA. Cellular mechanisms of blood-retinal barrier dysfunction in macular edema. Documenta Ophthalmologica 1999;97(3-4):217-28.
101. Wittstrom E, Holmberg H, Hvarfner C, Andreasson S. Clinical and electrophysiologic outcome in patients with neovascular glaucoma treated with and without bevacizumab. European Journal of Ophthalmology 2012;22(4):563-74.
102. Wolf-Schnurrbusch UE, Ghanem R, Rothenbuehler SP, Enzmann V, Framme C, Wolf S. Predictors of short-term visual outcome after anti-VEGF therapy of macular edema due to central retinal vein occlusion. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2011;52(6):3334-7.
103. Wright JK, Franklin B, Zant E. Clinical case report: treatment of a central retinal vein occlusion with hyperbaric oxygen. Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine 2007;34(5):315-9.
104. Wu L, Martinez-Castellanos MA, Quiroz-Mercado H, Arevalo JF, Berrocal MH, Farah ME, et al.Twelve-month safety of intravitreal injections of bevacizumab (Avastin): results of the Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study Group (PACORES). Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2008;246(1):81-7.
105. Yasuda S, Kachi S, Kondo M, Ushida H, Uetani R, Terui T, et al. Significant correlation between electroretinogram parameters and ocular vascular endothelial growth factor concentration in central retinal vein occlusion eyes. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 2011;52(8):5737-42.
106. Zambarakji HJ, Ghazi-Nouri S, Schadt M, Bunce C, Hykin PG, Charteris DG. Vitrectomy and radial optic neurotomy for central retinal vein occlusion: effects on visual acuity and macular anatomy. Graefes Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2005;243(5):397-405.
107. Braithwaite T, Nanji AA, Greenberg PB. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 10. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007325]
108. Smith TST, Nanji AA, Greenberg PB. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007325]