How warm was Greenland during the last interglacial period?

Climate of the Past

Volumn 12, Issue 9, 2016, Pages 1933-1948

  Landais, Amaelle ^a   Masson Delmotte, Valérie ^a   Capron, Emilie ^b,c   Langebroek, Petra M ^d   Bakker, Pepijn ^e   Stone, Emma J ^f   Merz, Niklaus ^g   Raible, Christoph C ^g   Fischer, Hubertus ^g   Orsi, Anaïs ^a   Prié, Frédéric ^a   Vinther, Bo ^b   Dahl Jensen, Dorthe ^b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ PARIS SACLAY   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^c BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

^d BJERKNES CENTRE FOR CLIMATE RESEARCH   (Norway)

^e OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^g UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; CLIMATE MODELING; CLIMATE VARIATION; ICE CORE; ICE SHEET; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; LAST INTERGLACIAL; SEA ICE; SNOW ACCUMULATION; SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TOPOGRAPHY; WARMING;

ANTARCTIC ICE SHEET; ANTARCTICA; ARCTIC; GREENLAND; GREENLAND ICE SHEET;

EID: 84989858370     PISSN: 18149324     EISSN: 18149332     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/cp-12-1933-2016     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Arthern, R. J., Vaughan, D. G., Rankin, A. M., Mulvaney, R., and Thomas, E. R.: In situ measurements of Antarctic snow compaction compared with predictions of models, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf., 115, F03044, doi:10.1029/2009JF001543, 2010.
2. Bakker, P., Masson-Delmotte, V., Martrat, B., Charbit, S., Renssen, H., Gröger, M., Krebs-Kanzow, U., Lohmann, G., Lunt, D. J., Pfeiffer, M., Phipps, S. J., Prange, M., Ritz, S. P., Stenni, B., Stone, E. J., and Varma, V.: Temperature trends during the Present and Last Interglacial periods - a multi-model-data comparison, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 99, 224-243, 2014.
3. Bakker, P., Stone, E. J., Charbit, S., Gröger, M., Krebs-Kanzow, U., Ritz, S. P., Varma, V., Khon, V., Lunt, D. J., Mikolajewicz, U., Prange, M., Renssen, H., Schneider, B., and Schulz, M.: Last interglacial temperature evolution - a model inter-comparison, Clim. Past, 9, 605-619, doi:10.5194/cp-9-605-2013, 2013.
4. Bazin, L., Landais, A., Lemieux-Dudon, B., Toyé Mahamadou Kele, H., Veres, D., Parrenin, F., Martinerie, P., Ritz, C., Capron, E., Lipenkov, V., Loutre, M.-F., Raynaud, D., Vinther, B., Svensson, A., Rasmussen, S. O., Severi, M., Blunier, T., Leuenberger, M., Fischer, H., Masson-Delmotte, V., Chappellaz, J., andWolff, E.: An optimized multi-proxy, multi-site Antarctic ice and gas orbital chronology (AICC2012): 120-800 ka, Clim. Past, 9, 1715-1731, doi:10.5194/cp-9-1715-2013, 2013.
5. Bender, M., Floch, G., Chappellaz, J., Suwa, M., Barnola, J.-M., Blunier, T., Dreyfus, G., Jouzel, J., and Parrenin, F.: Gas age-ice age differences and the chronology of the Vostok ice core, 0-100 ka, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D21115, doi:10.1029/2005JD006488, 2006.
6. Benson, C. S.: Stratigraphic studies in the snow and firn of the Greenland ice sheet, SIPRE Res. Rep., 70, 76-83, 1962.
7. Born, A. and Nisancioglu, K. H.: Melting of Northern Greenland during the last interglaciation, The Cryosphere, 6, 1239-1250, doi:10.5194/tc-6-1239-2012, 2012.
8. Box, J. E., Yang, L., Bromwich, D. H., and Bai, L.-S.: Greenland Ice Sheet Surface Air Temperature Variability: 1840-2007, J. Clim., 22, 4029-4049, 2009
9. Buchardt, S. L., Clausen, H. B., Vinther, B. M., and Dahl-Jensen, D.: Investigating the past and recent δ18O-accumulation relationship seen in greenland ice cores, Clim. Past, 8, 2053-2059, 10.5194/cp-8-2053-2012, 2012.
10. Buizert, C., Martinerie, P., Petrenko, V. V., Severinghaus, J. P., Trudinger, C. M., Witrant, E., Rosen, J. L., Orsi, A. J., Rubino, M., Etheridge, D. M., Steele, L. P., Hogan, C., Laube, J. C., Sturges, W. T., Levchenko, V. A., Smith, A. M., Levin, I., Conway, T. J., Dlugokencky, E. J., Lang, P. M., Kawamura, K., Jenk, T. M., White, J.W. C., Sowers, T., Schwander, J., and Blunier, T.: Gas transport in firn: multiple-tracer characterisation and model intercomparison for NEEM, Northern Greenland, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 4259-4277, doi:10.5194/acp-12-4259-2012, 2012.
11. Capron, E., Landais, A., Lemieux-Dudon, B., Schilt, A., Masson-Delmotte, V., Buiron, D., Chappellaz, J., Dahl-Jensen, D., Johnsen, S., Leuenberger, M., Loulergue, L., and Oerter, H.: Synchronising EDML and NorthGRIP ice cores using δ18O of atmospheric oxygen and CH4 measurements over MIS5 (80-123 ka), Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 235-246, 2010.
12. Capron, E., Landais, A., Chappellaz, J., Buiron, D., Fischer, H., Johnsen, S. J., Jouzel, J., Leuenberger, M., Masson-Delmotte, V., and Stocker, T. F.: A global picture of the first abrupt climatic event occurring during the last glacial inception, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L15703, doi:10.1029/2012GL052656, 2012.
13. Capron, E., Govin, A., Stone, E. J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Mulitza, S., Otto-Bliesner, B., Rasmussen, T. L., Sime, L. C.,Waelbroeck, C., and Wolff, E. W.: Temporal and spatial structure of multimillennial temperature changes at high latitudes during the Last Interglacial, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 103, 116-133, 2014.
14. Dällenbach, A., Blunier, T., Flückiger, J., Stauffer, B., Chappellaz, J., and Raynaud, D.: Changes in the atmospheric CH4 gradient between Greenland and Antarctica during the Last Glacial and the transition to the Holocene, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1005-1008, 2000.
15. Dansgaard, W.: Stable isotopes in precipitation, Tellus, 16, 436-468, 1964
16. Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S. B., Hersbach, H., Hólm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P., Köhler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J.-J., Park, B.-K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thépaut, J.-N., and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 656, 553-597, 2011.
17. Dutton, A., Carlson, A. E., Long, A. J., Milne, G. A., Clark, P. U., DeConto, R., Horton, B. P., Rahmstorf, S., and Raymo, M. E.: Sea-level rise due to polar ice-sheet mass loss during past warm periods, Science, 349, aaa4019, doi:10.1126/science.aaa4019, 2015.
18. Goujon, C., Barnola, J.-M., and Ritz, C.: Modeling the densification of polar firn including heat diffusion: Application to close-off characteristics and gas isotopic fractionation for Antarctica and Greenland sites, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4800, doi:10.1029/2003JD003758, 2003.
19. Grootes, P. M., Stuiver, M., White, J. W. C., Johnsen, S. J., and Jouzel, J.: Comparison of the oxygen isotope records from the GISP2 and GRIP Greenland ice cores, Nature, 366, 552-554, 1993
20. Guillevic, M., Bazin, L., Landais, A., Kindler, P., Orsi, A., Masson-Delmotte, V., Blunier, T., Buchardt, S. L., Capron, E., Leuenberger, M., Martinerie, P., Prié, F., and Vinther, B. M.: Spatial gradients of temperature, accumulation and δ18O-ice in Greenland over a series of Dansgaard-Oeschger events, Clim. Past, 9, 1029-1051, doi:10.5194/cp-9-1029-2013, 2013.
21. Hawley, R., Courville, Z. R., Kehrk, L. M., Lutz, E. R., Osterberg, E. C., Overly, T. B., and Wong, G. J.: Recent accumulation variability in northwest Greenland from ground-penetrating radar and shallow cores along the Greenland Inland Traverse, J. Glaciol., 60, 375-382, doi:10.3189/2014JoG13J141, 2014.
22. Helsen, M. M., van de Berg, W. J., van de Wal, R. S. W., van den Broeke, M. R., and Oerlemans, J.: Coupled regional climateice-sheet simulation shows limited greenland ice loss during the Eemian, Clim. Past, 9, 1773-1788, 10.5194/cp-9-1773-2013, 2013.
23. Herron, M. M. and Langway, C. C.: Firn densification: an empirical model, J. Glaciol., 25, 373-385, 1980.
24. Johnsen, S. J., Clausen, H. B., Dansgaard, W., Gundestrup, N. S., Hammer, C. U., Andersen, U., Andersen, K. K., Dahl-Jensen, D., Steffensen, J. P., Sveinbjörnsdottir, A. E., White, J., Jouzel, J., and Fisher, D.: The δ18O record along the Greenland Ice Core Project deep ice core and the problem of possible Eemian climatic instability, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26397-26410, 1997.
25. Jouzel, J.: Calibrating the isotopic paleothermometer, Science, 286, 910-911, 1999.
26. Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Cattani, O., Dreyfus, G., Falourd, S., Hoffmann, G., Minster, B., Nouet, J., Barnola, J.-M., Fisher, H., Gallet, J.-C., Johnsen, S., Leuenberger, M., Loulergue, L., Luethi, D., Oerter, H., Parrenin, F., Raisbeck, G., Raynaud, D., Schilt, A., Schwander, J., Selmo, J., Souchez, R., Spahni, R., Stauffer, B., Steffensen, J.-P., Stenni, B., Stocker, T. F., Tison, J.-L., Werner, M., and Wolff, E. W.: Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate variability over the past 800,000 years, Science, 317, 793-796, 2007.
27. Kapsner, W. R., Alley, R. B., Shuman, A., Anandakrishnan, S., and Grootes, P. M.: Dominant influence of atmospheric circulation on snow accumulation in Greenland over the past 18,000 years, Nature, 373, 52-54, 1995.
28. Keegan, K., Albert, M. R., and Baker, I.: The impact of ice layers on gas transport through firn at the North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (NEEM) site, Greenland, The Cryosphere, 8, 1801-1806, doi:10.5194/tc-8-1801-2014, 2014.
29. Kindler, P., Guillevic, M., Baumgartner, M., Schwander, J., Landais, A., and Leuenberger, M.: Temperature reconstruction from 10 to 120 kyr b2k from the NGRIP ice core, Clim. Past, 10, 887-902, doi:10.5194/cp-10-887-2014, 2014.
30. Kobashi, T., Severinghaus, J. P., and Kawamura, K.: Argon and nitrogen isotopes of trapped air in the GISP2 ice core during the Holocene epoch (0-11,500 B.P.): Methodology and implications for gas loss processes, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 72, 4675-4686, 2008.
31. Krinner, G., Genthon, C., and Jouzel, J.: GCM analysis of local influences on ice core d signals, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2825-2828, 1997.
32. Landais, A., Chappellaz, J., Delmotte, M., Jouzel, J., Blunier, T., Bourg, C., Caillon, N., Cherrier, S., Malaize, B., Masson-Delmotte, V., Raynaud, D., Schwander, J., and Steffensen, J.: A tentative reconstruction of the last interglacial and glacial inception in greenland based on new gas measurements in the greenland ice core project (grip) ice core, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, D184563, doi:10.1029/2002jd003147, 2003.
33. Landais, A., Steffensen, J. P., Caillon, N., Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., and Schwander, J.: Evidence for stratigraphic distortion in the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) ice core during Event 5e1 (120 kyr BP) from gas isotopes, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D06214, doi:10.1029/2003JD004193, 2004.
34. 2, Antarctic temperature and global climate during Termination II, Nat. Geosci., 6, 1062-1065, 2013.
35. Li, J. and Zwally, H. J.: Modeling the density variation in the shallow firn layer, Ann. Glaciol., 38, 309-313, 2004.
36. Ligtenberg, S. R. M., Medley, B., Van den Broeke, M. R., and Munneke, P. K.: Antarctic firn compaction rates from repeattrack airborne radar data: II. Firn model evaluation, Ann. Glaciol., 56, 167-174, 2015.
37. Lorius, C., Ritz, C., Jouzel, J., Merlivat, L., and Barkov, N. I.: A 150 000-year climatic record from Antarctic ice, Nature, 316, 591-596, 1985.
38. Lunt, D. J., Abe-Ouchi, A., Bakker, P., Berger, A., Braconnot, P., Charbit, S., Fischer, N., Herold, N., Jungclaus, J. H., Khon, V. C., Krebs-Kanzow, U., Langebroek, P. M., Lohmann, G., Nisancioglu, K. H., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Park,W., Pfeiffer, M., Phipps, S. J., Prange, M., Rachmayani, R., Renssen, H., Rosenbloom, N., Schneider, B., Stone, E. J., Takahashi, K., Wei, W., Yin, Q., and Zhang, Z. S.: A multi-model assessment of last interglacial temperatures, Clim. Past, 9, 699-717, doi:10.5194/cp-9-699-2013, 2013.
39. Masson-Delmotte, V., Landais, A., Stievenard, M., Hoffmann, G., Cattani, O., Falourd, S., Johnsen, S. J., Jouzel, J., Dahl-Jensen, D., Sveinsbjornsdottir, A., White, J. C. W., Popp, T., and Fischer, H.: Holocene climatic changes in Greenland: Different deuterium excess signals at Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) and NorthGRIP, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D14102, doi:10.1029/2004JD005575, 2005.
40. 2 climate simulations, Clim. Past, 7, 1041-1059, doi:10.5194/cp-7-1041-2011, 2011.
41. Masson-Delmotte, V., Schulz, M., Abe-Ouchi, A., Beer, J., Ganopolski, A., González Rouco, J. F., Jansen, E., Lambeck, K., Luterbacher, J., Naish, T., Osborn, T., Otto-Bliesner, B., Quinn, T., Ramesh, R., Rojas, M., Shao, X., and Timmermann, A.: Information from Paleoclimate Archives, in: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 383-464, 2013.
42. Masson-Delmotte, V., Steen-Larsen, H. C., Ortega, P., Swingedouw, D., Popp, T., Vinther, B. M., Oerter, H., Sveinbjornsdottir, A. E., Gudlaugsdottir, H., Box, J. E., Falourd, S., Fettweis, X., Gallée, H., Garnier, E., Gkinis, V., Jouzel, J., Landais, A., Minster, B., Paradis, N., Orsi, A., Risi, C., Werner, M., and White, J. W. C.: Recent changes in north-west Greenland climate documented by NEEM shallow ice core data and simulations, and implications for past-temperature reconstructions, The Cryosphere, 9, 1481-1504, doi:10.5194/tc-9-1481-2015, 2015.
43. Merz, N., Born, A., Raible, C. C., Fischer, H., and Stocker, T. F.: Dependence of Eemian Greenland temperature reconstructions on the ice sheet topography, Clim. Past, 10, 1221-1238, doi:10.5194/cp-10-1221-2014, 2014a.
44. Merz, N., Gfeller, G., Born, A., Raible, C. C., Stocker, T. F., and Fischer, H.: Influence of ice sheet topography on Greenland precipitation during the Eemian interglacial, J. Geophys. Res., 119, 10749-10768, 2014b.
45. Merz, N., Born, A., Raible, C. C., and Stocker, T. F.: Warm Greenland during the last interglacial: the role of regional changes in sea ice cover, Clim. Past Discuss., doi:10.5194/cp-2016-12, in review, 2016.
46. Munk, J., Jezek, K. C., Forster, R. R., and Gogieni, S. P.: An accumulation map for the Greenland dry-snow facies derived from spaceborn radar, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4297, doi:10.1029/2002JD002481, 2003.
47. NEEM community members: Eemian interglacial reconstructed from a greenland folded ice core, Nature, 493, 489-494, 2013.
48. NorthGRIP community members: High resolution climate record of the northern hemisphere reaching into last interglacial period, Nature, 431, 147-151, 2004.
49. Orsi, A. J., Kawamura, K., Fegyveresi, J. M., Headly, M. A., Alley, R. B., and Severinghaus, J. P.: Differentiating bubble-free layers from melt layers in ice cores using noble gases, J. Glaciol., 61, 585-594, 2015
50. Ortega, P., Swingedouw, D., Masson-Delmotte, V., Risi, C., Vinther, B., Yiou, P., Vautard, R., and Yoshimura, K.: Characterizing atmospheric circulation signals in Greenland ice cores: insights from a weather regime approach, Clim. Dynam., 43, 2585-2605, 2014
51. Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Marshall, S. J., Overpeck, J. T., Miller, G. H., Hu, A., and CAPE Last Interglacial Project members: Simulating Arctic Climate Warmth and Icefield Retreat in the Last Interglaciation, Science, 311, 1751-1753, 2006.
52. Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Park, W., Pfeiffer, M., Phipps, S. J., Prange, M., Rachmayani, R., Renssen, H., Rosenbloom, N., Schneider, B., Stone, E. J., Takahashi, E., Wei, W., Yin, Q., and Zang, Z. S.: A multi-model assessment of last interglacial temperatures, Clim. Past, 9, 699-717, doi:10.5194/cp-9-699-2013, 2013a.
53. Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Rosenbloom, N., Stone, E. J., McKay, N. P., Lunt, D. J., Brady, E. C., and Overpeck, J. T.: How warm was the last interglacial? New model-data comparisons, P. T. Roy. Soc. A, 371, 20130097, doi:10.1098/rsta.2013.0097, 2013b.
54. Petit, J. R., Jouzel, J., Raynaud, D., Barkov, N. I., Barnola, J.-M., Basile, I., Bender, M., Chappellaz, J., Davis, M., Delaygue, G., Delmotte, M., Kotlyakov, V. M., Legrand, M., Lipenkov, V. Y., Lorius, C., Pepin, L., Ritz, C., Saltzman, E., and Stievenard, M.: Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica, Nature, 399, 429-436, 1999.
55. Pfahl, S. and Sodemann, H.: What controls deuterium excess in global precipitation?, Clim. Past, 10, 771-781, doi:10.5194/cp-10-771-2014, 2014
56. Ritz, C.: Un modèle thermo-mécanique d'évolution pour le bassin glaciaire Antarctique Vostok-Glacier Byrd: Sensibilité aux valeurs des paramètres mal connus, Ph.D. thesis, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, 1992.
57. Robinson, A., Calov, R., and Ganopolski, A.: Greenland ice sheet model parameters constrained using simulations of the Eemian Interglacial, Clim. Past, 7, 381-396, doi:10.5194/cp-7-381-2011, 2011.
58. Severinghaus, J. P., Sowers, T., Brook, E. J., Alley, R. B., and Bender, M. L.: Timing of abrupt climate change at the end of the Younger Dryas interval from thermally fractionated gases in polar ice, Nature, 391, 6663, 141-146, 1998.
59. Sime, L. C., Risi, C., Tindall, J. C., Sjolte, J.,Wolff, E.W., Masson-Delmotte, V., and Capron, E.: Warm climate isotopic simulations: What do we learn about interglacial signals in greenland ice cores?, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 67, 59-80, 2013.
60. Steen-Larsen, H. C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Sjolte, J., Johnsen, S. J., Vinther, B. M., Breon, F. M., Clausen, H. B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Falourd, S., Fettweis, X., Gallee, H., Jouzel, J., Kageyama, M., Lerche, H., Minster, B., Picard, G., Punge, H. J., Risi, C., Salas, D., Schwander, J., Steffen, K., Sveinbjornsdottir, A. E., Svensson, A., and White, J.: Understanding the climatic signal in the water stable isotope records from the neem shallow firn/ice cores in northwest Greenland, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D06108, doi:10.1029/2010jd014311, 2011.
61. Steen-Larsen, H. C., Johnsen, S. J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Stenni, B., Risi, C., Sodemann, H., Balslev-Clausen, D., Blunier, T., Dahl-Jensen, D., Ellehoj, M. D., Falourd, S., Grindsted, A., Gkinis, V., Jouzel, J., Popp, T., Sheldon, S., Simonsen, S. B., Sjolte, J., Steffensen, J. P., Sperlich, P., Sveinbjnorsdottir, A. E., Vinther, B. M., and White, J. W. C.: Continuous monitoring of summer surface water vapor isotopic composition above the greenland ice sheet, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4815-4828, 10.5194/acp-13-4815-2013, 2013.
62. Steen-Larsen, H. C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Hirabayashi, M., Winkler, R., Satow, K., Prié, F., Bayou, N., Brun, E., Cuffey, K. M., Dahl-Jensen, D., Dumont, M., Guillevic, M., Kipfstuhl, J., Landais, A., Popp, T., Risi, C., Steffen, K., Stenni, B., and Sveinbjörnsdottír, A.: What controls the isotopic composition of greenland surface snow?, Clim. Past, 10, 377-392, doi:10.5194/cp-10-377-2014, 2014.
63. Steen-Larsen, H. C., Sveinbjörnsdottir, A. E., Jonsson, T., Ritter, F., Bonne, J.-L., Masson-Delmotte, V., Sodemann, H., Blunier, T., Dahl-Jensen, D., and Vinther, B.: Moisture sources and synoptic to seasonal variability of North Atlantic water vapor isotopic composition, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 5721-6304, doi:10.1002/2015JD023234, 2015.
64. Stone, E. J., Lunt, D. J., Annan, J. D., and Hargreaves, J. C.: Quantification of the greenland ice sheet contribution to last interglacial sea level rise, Clim. Past, 9, 621-639, doi:10.5194/cp-9-621-2013, 2013.
65. Sturevik-Storm, A. S., Aldahan, A., Possnert, G., Berggren, A. M., Muscheler, R., Dahl-Jensen, D., Vinter, B., and Usoskin, I. G.: 10Be climate fingerprints during the Eemian in the NEEM ice core, Greenland, Sci. Rep., 4, 6408, doi:10.1038/srep06408, 2014.
66. Suwa, M., Fischer, J. C., Bender, M. L., Landais, A., and Brook, E. J.: Chronology reconstruction for the disturbed bottom section of the gisp2 and the grip ice cores: Implications for termination II in Greenland, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D02101, doi:10.1029/2005JD006032, 2006.
67. Uppala, S. M., Kallberg, P. W., Simmons, A. J., Andrae, U., Bechtold, V. D. C., Fiorino, M., Gibson, J. K., Haseler, J., Hernandez, A., Kelly, G. A., Li, X., Onogi, K., Saarinen, S., Sokka, N., Allan, R. P., Andersson, E., Arpe, K., Balmaseda, M. A., Beljaars, A. C. M., Van De Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Caires, S., Chevallier, F., Dethof, A., Dragosavac, M., Fisher, M., Fuentes, M., Hagemann, S., Hólm, E., Hoskins, B. J., Isaksen, L., Janssen, P., Jenne, R., Mcnally, A. P., Mahfouf, J.-F., Morcrette, J.-J., Rayner, N. A., Saunders, R. W., Simon, P., Sterl, A., Trenberth, K., Untch, A., Vasiljevic, D., Viterbo, P., and Woollen, J.: The ERA-40 re-analysis, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 131, 2961-3012, 2005.
68. van de Berg, W. J., van den Broeke, M. R., van Meijgaard, E., and Kaspar, F.: Importance of precipitation seasonality for the interpretation of eemian ice core isotope records from greenland, Clim. Past, 9, 1589-1600, doi:10.5194/cp-9-1589-2013, 2013.
69. Veres, D., Bazin, L., Landais, A., Toyé Mahamadou Kele, H., Lemieux-Dudon, B., Parrenin, F., Martinerie, P., Blayo, E., Blunier, T., Capron, E., Chappellaz, J., Rasmussen, S. O., Severi, M., Svensson, A., Vinther, B., and Wolff, E. W.: The Antarctic ice core chronology (AICC2012): an optimized multi-parameter and multi-site dating approach for the last 120 thousand years, Clim. Past, 9, 1733-1748, doi:10.5194/cp-9-1733-2013, 2013.
70. Vinther, B. M., Buchardt, S. L., Clausen, H. B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Johnsen, S. J., Fisher, D. A., Koerner, R. M., Raynaud, D., Lipenkov, V., Andersen, K. K., Blunier, T., Rasmussen, S. O., Steffensen, J. P., and Svensson, A. M.: Holocene thinning of the greenland ice sheet, Nature, 461, 385-388, 2009.
71. Vinther, B. M., Jones, P., Briffa, K., Clausen, H., Andersen, K., Dahl-Jensen, D., and Johnsen, S.: Climatic signals in multiple highly resolved stable isotope records from greenland, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 522-538, 2010.