Recent changes in north-west Greenland climate documented by NEEM shallow ice core data and simulations, and implications for past-temperature reconstructions

Cryosphere

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 1481-1504

  Masson Delmotte, V ^a   Steen Larsen, H C ^a   Ortega, P ^a,l   Swingedouw, D ^b   Popp, T ^c   Vinther, B M ^c   Oerter, H ^d   Sveinbjornsdottir, A E ^e   Gudlaugsdottir, H ^e   Box, J E ^f   Falourd, S ^a   Fettweis, X ^g   Gallee H ^h   Garnier, E ⁱ   Gkinis, V ^c   Jouzel, J ^a   Landais, A ^a   Minster, B ^a   Paradis, N ^a   Orsi, A ^a   Risi, C ^j   Werner, M ^d   White, J W C ^k   more..

^a DIF   (France)

^b CNRS   (France)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^d ALFRED WEGENER INSTITUTE FOR POLAR AND MARINE RESEARCH   (Germany)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND   (Iceland)

^f GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF DENMARK AND GREENLAND   (Denmark)

^g UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

^h LABORATOIRE DE GLACIOLOGIE ET GÉOPHYSIQUE DE L ENVIRONNEMENT   (France)

ⁱ UNIVERSITÉ DE LA ROCHELLE   (France)

^j LABORATOIRE DE MÉTÉOROLOGIE DYNAMIQUE   (France)

^k UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^l UNIVERSITÉ PIERRE ET MARIE CURIE   (France)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC MODELING; CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATE VARIATION; DATA SET; DEUTERIUM; GEOACCUMULATION; ICE CORE; LAST INTERGLACIAL; NORTH ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; OXYGEN ISOTOPE; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PALEOTEMPERATURE; RECONSTRUCTION; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; SIMULATION; SNOW ACCUMULATION; TEMPERATURE GRADIENT;

ARCTIC; ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH); GREENLAND;

EID: 84938819733     PISSN: 19940416     EISSN: 19940424     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/tc-9-1481-2015     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Andersen, K. K., Ditlevsen, P. D., Rasmussen, S. O., Clausen, H. B., Vinther, B. M., Johnsen, S. J., and Steffensen, J. P.: Retrieving a common accumulation record from Greenland ice cores for the past 1800 years, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D15106, doi:10.1029/2005jd006765, 2006.
2. Bennartz, R., Shupe, M. D., Turner, D. D., Walden, V. P., Steffen, K., Cox, C. J., Kulie, M. S., Miller, N. B., and Pettersen, C.: July 2012 Greenland melt extent enhanced by low-level liquid clouds, Nature, 496, 83-86, 2013.
3. Birks, S. J. and Edwards, T.W. D.: Atmospheric circulation controls on precipitation isotope-climate relations in western Canada, Tellus B, 61, 566-576, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2009.00423.x, 2009.
4. Bonne, J.-L., Masson-Delmotte, V., Cattani, O., Delmotte, M., Risi, C., Sodemann, H., and Steen-Larsen, H. C.: The isotopic composition of water vapour and precipitation in Ivittuut, southern Greenland, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 4419-4439, doi:10.5194/acp-14-4419-2014, 2014.
5. Bonne, J., Steen-Larsen, H.-C., Clerbaux, C., Cesana, G., Delmotte, M., Fettweis, X., Lacour, J.-L., Masson-Delmotte, V., Risi, C., Sodemann, H., and Werner, M.: The summer 2012 Greenland heat wave: In situ and remote sensing observations of water vapour isotopic composition along an atmospheric river event, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 2970-2989, 2015.
6. Box, J. E.: Greenland ice sheet mass balance reconstruction. Part ii, surface mass balance (1840-2010), J. Clim., 26, 6974-6989, 2013.
7. Box, J. E., Yang, L., Bromwhich, D., and Bai, L.-S.: Greenland ice sheet surface air temperature variability: 1840-2007, J. Climate, 22, 4029-4049, 2009.
8. Box, J. E., Cressie, N., Bromwich, D. H., Jung, J.-H., van den Broeke, M., van Angelen, J. H., Forster, R. R., Miège, C., Mosley-Thompson, E., Vinther, B., and McConnell, J. R.: Greenland ice sheet mass balance reconstruction. Part i: Net snow accumulation (1600-2009), J. Climate, 26, 3919-3934, doi:10.1175/jcli-d-12-00373.1, 2012.
9. 18O-accumulation relationship seen in Greenland ice cores, Clim. Past, 8, 2053-2059, doi:10.5194/cp-8-2053-2012, 2012.
10. Buizert, C., Gkinis, V., Severinghaus, J. P., He, F., Lecavalier, B. S., Kindler, P., Leuenberger, M., Carlson, A. E., Vinther, B., Masson-Delmotte, V., White, J. W. C., Liu, Z., Otto-Bliesner, B., and Brook, E. J.: Greenland temperature response to climate forcing during the last deglaciation, Science, 345, 1177-1180, doi:10.1126/science.1254961, 2014.
11. Butzin, M., Werner, M., Masson-Delmotte, V., Risi, C., Frankenberg, C., Gribanov, K., Jouzel, J., and Zakharov, V. I.: Variations of oxygen-18 in West Siberian precipitation during the last 50 years, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5853-5869, doi:10.5194/acp-14- 5853-2014, 2014.
12. Cappelen, J. and Vinther, B. M.: Sw Greenland temperature data 1784-2013, DMI, Copenhagen, Technical Report 14-06, 2014.
13. Capron, E., Govin, A., Stone, E. J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Mulitza, S., Otto-Bliesner, B., Rasmussen, T. L., Sime, L. C., Waelbroeck, C., and Wolff, E. W.: Temporal and spatial structure of multi-millennial temperature changes at high latitudes during the last interglacial, Quat. Sci. Rev., 103, 116-133, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.08.018, 2014.
14. Casado, M., Ortega, P., Masson-Delmotte, V., Risi, C., Swingedouw, D., Daux, V., Genty, D., Maignan, F., Solomina, O., Vinther, B., Viovy, N., and Yiou, P.: Impact of precipitation intermittency on nao-temperature signals in proxy records, Clim. Past, 9, 871-886, doi:10.5194/cp-9-871-2013, 2013.
15. Chylek, P., Folland, C. K., Dijkstra, H. A., Lesins, G., and Dubey, M. K.: Ice-core data evidence for a prominent near 20 year time-scale of the atlantic multidecadal oscillation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L13704, doi:10.1029/2011gl047501, 2011.
16. Compo, G. P., Whitaker, J. S., Sardeshmukh, P. D., Matsui, N., Allan, R. J., Yin, X., Gleason, B. E., Vose, R. S., Rutledge, G., Bessemoulin, P., Brönnimann, S., Brunet, M., Crouthamel, R. I., Grant, A. N., Groisman, P. Y., Jones, P. D., Kruk, M. C., Kruger, A. C., Marshall, G. J., Maugeri, M., Mok, H. Y., Nordli, Ø., Ross, T. F., Trigo, R. M., Wang, X. L., Woodruff, S. D., and Worley, S. J.: The twentieth century reanalysis project, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 1-28, doi:10.1002/qj.776, 2011.
17. Cuffey, K. M. and Clow, G. D.: Temperature, accumulation, and elevation in central Greenland through the last deglacial transition, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26383-26396, 1997.
18. Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., and al., e.: Theera-interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 553- 597, 2011.
19. Ding, Q.,Wallace, J. M., Battisti, D. S., Steig, E. J., Gallant, A. J. E., Kim, H.-J., and Geng, L.: Tropical forcing of the recent rapid arctic warming in northeastern Canada and Greenland, Nature, 509, 209-212, 2014.
20. Drinkwater, K., Colbourne, E., Loeng, H., Sundby, S., and Kristiansen, T.: Comparison of the atmospheric forcing and oceanographic responses between the Labrador sea and the norwegian and barents seas, Prog. Oceanogr., 114, 11-25, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2013.03.007, 2013.
21. Enfield, D. B., Mestas-Nuñez, A. M., and Trimble, P. J.: The atlantic multidecadal oscillation and its relation to rainfall and river flows in the continental U.S., Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2077-2080, doi:10.1029/2000gl012745, 2001.
22. Fettweis, X., Tedesco, M., van den Broeke, M., and Ettema, J.: Melting trends over the Greenland ice sheet (1958-2009) from spaceborne microwave data and regional climate models, The Cryosphere, 5, 359-375, doi:10.5194/tc-5-359-2011, 2011.
23. Fettweis, X., Hanna, E., Lang, C., Belleflamme, A., Erpicum, M., and Gallee, H.: Important role of the mid-tropospheric atmospheric circulation in the recent surface melt increase over the Greenland ice sheet, The Cryosphere, 7, 241-248, doi:10.5194/tc-7-241-2013, 2013a.
24. Fettweis, X., Franco, B., Tedesco, M., van Angelen, J. H., Lenaerts, J. T. M., van den Broeke, M. R., and Gallée, H.: Estimating the Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance contribution to future sea level rise using the regional atmospheric climate model mar, The Cryosphere, 7, 469-489, doi:10.5194/tc-7-469-2013, 2013b.
25. Fisher, D. A., Reeh, N., and Clausen, H. B.: Stratigraphic noise in time series derived from ice cores, Ann. Glaciol., 7, 76-83, 1985.
26. Graah, M. A.: Narrative of an expedition to the east coast of greenland: Sent by order of the king of Denmark, in search of the lost colonies, under the command of captain w.A. Graah of the danish royal navy, Cambridge library collection - polar exploration, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 224 pp., 2014.
27. Guillevic, M., Bazin, L., Landais, A., Kindler, P., Orsi, A., Masson- Delmotte, V., Blunier, T., Buchardt, S. L., Capron, E., Leuenberger, M., Martinerie, P., Prie, F., and Vinther, B. M.: Spatial gradients of temperature, accumulation and delta-18-ice in greenland over a series of dansgaard-oeschger events, Clim Past, 9, 1029-1051, doi:10.5194/cp-9-1029-2013, 2013.
28. Hanna, E. and Cappelen, J.: Recent cooling in coastal southern greenland and relation with the north atlantic oscillation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1132, doi:10.1029/2002gl015797, 2003.
29. Hanna, E., Jones, J. M., Cappelen, J., Mernild, S. H., Wood, L., Steffen, K., and Huybrechts, P.: The influence of north atlantic atmospheric and oceanic forcing effects on 1900-2010 greenland summer climate and ice melt/runoff, Int. J. Climatol., 33, 862- 880, doi:10.1002/joc.3475, 2013.
30. Hanna, E., Fettweis, X., Mernild, S. H., Cappelen, J., Ribergaard, M. H., Shuman, C. A., Steffen, K.,Wood, L., and Mote, T. L.: Atmospheric and oceanic climate forcing of the exceptional greenland ice sheet surface melt in summer 2012, Int. J. Climatol., 34, 1022-1037, doi:10.1002/joc.3743, 2014.
31. Hoffmann, G., Jouzel, J., and Johnsen, S. J.: Last millenium deuterium excess record from central greenland over the last millennium: Hints of a north atlantic signal during the little ice age, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 14265-14274, 2001.
32. Hourdin, F., Musat, I., Bony, S., Braconnot, P., Codron, F., Dufresne, J.-L., Fairhead, L., Filiberti, M.-A., Friedlingstein, P., Grandpeix, J.-Y., Krinner, G., LeVan, P., Li, Z.-X., and Lott, F.: The lmdz4 general circulation model: Climate performance and sensitivity to parametrized physics with emphasis on tropical convection, Clim. Dynam., 27, 787-813, doi:10.1007/s00382- 006-0158-0, 2006.
33. IPCC: Climate change 2013: The physical science basis, contribution of working group i to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernemental panel on climate change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G. K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp., 2013.
34. Johnsen, S. J.: Stable isotope homogeneisation of polar snow and ice, Isotopes and impurities in snow and ice. IAHS Publication, Proceedings of the Grenoble Symposium August/September 1975, 210-219, 1977.
35. Johnsen, S. J., Clausen, H. B., Cuffey, K. M., Hoffmann, G., Schwander, J., and Creyts, T.: Diffusion of stable isotopes in polar firn and ice: The isotope effect in firn diffusion, Phys Ice Core Rec., 159, 121-140, 2000.
36. Jones, P. D., Jonsson, T., and Wheeler, D.: Extension to the north atlantic oscillation using early instrumental pressure observations from gibraltar and south-west Iceland, Int. J. Climatol., 17, 1433-1450, doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0088(19971115)17:13 3.0.CO;2-p, 1997.
37. Jouzel, J., Alley, R. B., Cuffey, K. M., Dansgaard, W., Grootes, P., Hoffmann, G., Johnsen, S. J., Koster, R. D., Peel, D., Shuman, C. A., Stievenard, M., Stuiver, M., and White, J.: Validity of the temperature reconstruction from ice cores, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26471-26487, 1997.
38. Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G.,Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., Reynolds, R., Jenne, R., and Joseph, D.: The ncep/ncar 40-year reanalyses project, B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437-431, 1996.
39. Krinner, G. and Werner, M.: Impact of precipitation seasonality changes on isotopic signals in polar ice cores, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 216, 525-538, 2003.
40. Kurita, N.: Origin of arctic water vapor during the icegrowth season, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L02709, doi:10.1029/2010gl046064, 2011.
41. Landais, A., Steen-Larsen, H. C., Guillevic, M., Masson- Delmotte, V., Vinther, B., and Winkler, R.: Triple isotopic composition of oxygen in surface snow and water vapor at neem (greenland), Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 77, 304-316, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2011.11.022, 2012.
42. Landsea, C.: Counting atlantic tropical cyclones back to 1900, EOS, 88, 197-208, 2007.
43. Masson-Delmotte, V., Landais, A., Stievenard, M., Cattani, O., Falourd, S., Jouzel, J., Johnsen, S., Jensen, D., Sveinsbjornsdottir, A., White, J., Popp, T., and Fischer, H.: Holocene climatic changes in greenland: Different deuterium excess signals at greenland ice core project (grip) and northgrip, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D14102, doi:10.1029/2004jd005575, 2005.
44. 18O: ice core data, orbital and increased CO2 climate simulations, Clim. Past, 7, 1041- 1059, doi:10.5194/cp-7-1041-2011, 2011.
45. NEEM: Eemian interglacial reconstructed from a greenland folded ice core, Nature, 493, 489-494, doi:10.1038/nature11789, 2013.
46. Noël, B., Fettweis, X., van de Berg, W. J., van den Broeke, M. R., and Erpicum, M.: Sensitivity of Greenland Ice Sheet surface mass balance to perturbations in sea surface temperature and sea ice cover: a study with the regional climate model MAR, The Cryosphere, 8, 1871-1883, doi:10.5194/tc-8-1871-2014, 2014.
47. Ortega, P., Swingedouw, D., Masson-Delmotte, V., Risi, C., Vinther, B., Yiou, P., Vautard, R., and Yoshimura, K.: Characterizing atmospheric circulation signals in greenland ice cores: Insights from a weather regime approach, Clim. Dynam., 1-21, doi:10.1007/s00382-014-2074-z, 2014.
48. Ortega, P., Lehner, F., Swingedouw, D., Masson-Delmotte, V., Raible, C. C., Casado, M., and Yiou, P.: A model-tested North Atlantic Oscillation reconstruction for the past millennium, Nature, 523, 71-74, doi:10.1038/nature14518, 2015.
49. Persson, A., Langen, P. L., Ditlevsen, P., and Vinther, B. M.: The influence of precipitation weighting on interannual variability of stable water isotopes in greenland, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D20120, doi:10.1029/2010JD015517, 2011.
50. Rasmussen, S. O., Abbott, P. M., Blunier, T., Bourne, A. J., Brook, E., Buchardt, S. L., Buizert, C., Chappellaz, J., Clausen, H. B., Cook, E., Dahl-Jensen, D., Davies, S. M., Guillevic, M., Kipfstuhl, S., Laepple, T., Seierstad, I. K., Severinghaus, J. P., Steffensen, J. P., Stowasser, C., Svensson, A., Vallelonga, P., Vinther, B. M.,Wilhelms, F., andWinstrup, M.: A first chronology for the North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (NEEM) ice core, Clim. Past, 9, 2713-2730, doi:10.5194/cp-9-2713-2013, 2013.
51. Risi, C., Bony, S., Vimeux, F., and Jouzel, J.: Water stable isotopes in the lmdz4 general circulation model: Model evaluation for present day and past climates and application to climatic interpretations in tropical isotopic records, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D12118, doi:10.1029/2009JD013255, 2010.
52. Ross, J. and Ross, J. C.: Narrative of a second voyage in search of a north-west passage, and of a residence in the arctic regions during the years 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, 1833, A. W. Webster, London, 1835.
53. Rozanski, K., L., A.-A., and Gonfiantini, R.: Relation between longterm trends of oxygen-18 isotope composition of precipitation and climate, Science, 258, 981-985, 1992.
54. Sime, L. C., Risi, C., Tindall, J. C., Sjolte, J.,Wolff, E.W., Masson- Delmotte, V., and Capron, E.: Warm climate isotopic simulations: What do we learn about interglacial signals in greenland ice cores?, Quat. Sci. Rev., 67, 59-80, 2013.
55. Sjolte, J., Hoffmann, G., Johnsen, S. J., Vinther, B. M., Masson-Delmotte, V., and Sturm, C.: Modeling the water isotopes in greenland precipitation 1959-2001 with the mesoscale model remo-iso, J Geophys Res-Atmos., 116, D18105, doi:10.1029/2010jd015287, 2011.
56. Steen-Larsen, H. C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Sjolte, J., Johnsen, S. J., Vinther, B. M., Breon, F. M., Clausen, H. B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Falourd, S., Fettweis, X., Gallee, H., Jouzel, J., Kageyama, M., Lerche, H., Minster, B., Picard, G., Punge, H. J., Risi, C., Salas, D., Schwander, J., Steffen, K., Sveinbjornsdottir, A. E., Svensson, A., and White, J.: Understanding the climatic signal in the water stable isotope records from the neem shallow firn/ice cores in northwest greenland, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D06108, doi:10.1029/2010jd014311, 2011.
57. Steen-Larsen, H. C., Johnsen, S. J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Stenni, B., Risi, C., Sodemann, H., Balslev-Clausen, D., Blunier, T., Dahl-Jensen, D., Ellehoj, M. D., Falourd, S., Grindsted, A., Gkinis, V., Jouzel, J., Popp, T., Sheldon, S., Simonsen, S. B., Sjolte, J., Steffensen, J. P., Sperlich, P., Sveinbjnorsdottir, A. E., Vinther, B. M., and White, J. W. C.: Continuous monitoring of summer surface water vapor isotopic composition above the greenland icesheet, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4815-4828, doi:10.5194/acp-13-4815-2013, 2013.
58. Steen-Larsen, H. C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Hirabayashi, M., Winkler, R., Satow, K., Prié, F., Bayou, N., Brun, E., Cuffey, K. M., Dahl-Jensen, D., Dumont, M., Guillevic, M., Kipfstuhl, J., Landais, A., Popp, T., Risi, C., Steffen, K., Stenni, B., and Sveinbjörnsdottír, A.: What controls the isotopic composition of greenland surface snow?, Clim. Past, 10, 377-392, doi:10.5194/cp-10- 377-2014, 2014.
59. Svendsen, L., Hetzinger, S., Keenlyside, N., and Gao, Y.: Marine-based multiproxy reconstruction of atlantic multidecadal variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 1295-1300, doi:10.1002/2013GL059076, 2014.
60. Swingedouw, D., Ortega, P., Mignot, J., Guilyardi, E., Masson- Delmotte, V., Butler, P. G., Khodri, M., and Seferian, R.: Bidecadal north atlantic ocean circulation variability controlled by timing of volcanic eruptions, Nature Comm., 6, 1-12, doi:10.1038/ncomms7545, 2015.
61. Trenberth, K. E. and Shea, D. J.: Atlantic hurricanes and natural variability in 2005, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L12704, doi:10.1029/2006gl026894, 2006.
62. Uppala, S. M., Kållberg, P. W., Simmons, A. J., Andrae, U., Bechtold, V. D. C., Fiorino, M., Gibson, J. K., Haseler, J., Hernandez, A., Kelly, G. A., Li, X., Onogi, K., Saarinen, S., Sokka, N., Allan, R. P., Andersson, E., Arpe, K., Balmaseda, M. A., Beljaars, A. C. M., Berg, L. V. D., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Caires, S., Chevallier, F., Dethof, A., Dragosavac, M., Fisher, M., Fuentes, M., Hagemann, S., Hólm, E., Hoskins, B. J., Isaksen, L., Janssen, P. A. E. M., Jenne, R., McNally, A. P., Mahfouf, J. F., Morcrette, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Saunders, R. W., Simon, P., Sterl, A., Trenberth, K. E., Untch, A., Vasiljevic, D., Viterbo, P., and Woollen, J.: The era-40 re-analysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 131, 2961-3012, doi:10.1256/qj.04.176, 2005.
63. Vinther, B., Johnsen, S. J., Andersen, K. K., H. B. Clausen, and Hansen, A. W.: Nao signal recorded in the stable isotopes of greenland ice cores, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1387-1390, 2003.
64. Vinther, B. M., Andersen, K. K., Jones, P. D., Briffa, K. R., and Cappelen, J.: Extending greenland temperature records into the late eighteenth century, century, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D11105, doi:10.1029/2005jd006810, 2006.
65. Vinther, B. M., Buchardt, S. L., Clausen, H. B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Johnsen, S. J., Fisher, D. A., Koerner, R. M., Raynaud, D., Lipenkov, V., Andersen, K. K., Blunier, T., Rasmussen, S. O., Steffensen, J. P., and Svensson, A. M.: Holocene thinning of the greenland ice sheet, Nature, 461, 385-388, doi:10.1038/nature08355, 2009.
66. Vinther, B. M., Jones, P., Briffa, K., Clausen, H., Andersen, K., Dahl-Jensen, D., and Johnsen, S.: Climatic signals in multiple highly resolved stable isotope records from greenland, Quat. Sci. Rev., 29, 522-538, 2010.
67. Werner, M., Langebroek, P. M., Carlsen, T., Herold, M., and Lohmann, G.: Stable water isotopes in the echam5 general circulation model: Toward high-resolution isotope modeling on a global scale, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, D15109, doi:10.1029/2011jd015681, 2011.
68. White, J. W. C., Barlow, L. K., Fisher, D., Grootes, P., Jouzel, J., Johnsen, S. J., Stuiver, M., and Clausen, H.: The climate signal in the stable isotopes of snow from summit, greenland: Results of comparisons with modern climate observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 102, 26425-26439, doi:10.1029/97jc00162, 1997.
69. Zhang, X., Sorteberg, A., Zhang, J., Gerdes, R., and Comiso, J. C.: Recent radical shifts of atmospheric circulations and rapid changes in arctic climate system, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L22701, doi:10.1029/2008gl035607, 2008.