Growth factors and platelet rich plasma in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Current Stem Cell Research and Therapy

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 19-25

  Bissell, Lianne ^b   Tibrewal, Saket ^a   Sahni, Varun ^b   Khan, Wasim S ^c  

^a PENINSULA ORTHOPAEDICS   (Australia)

^b MANLY HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anterior cruciate ligament; Growth factors; Platelet rich plasma; Repair; Surgical reconstruction; Tissue engineering

Indexed keywords

GROWTH FACTOR; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; VASCULOTROPIN; SIGNAL PEPTIDE;

ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); HEALING; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN TARGETING; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; THROMBOCYTE RICH PLASMA; TISSUE ENGINEERING; VASCULARIZATION; ANIMAL; ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT; DRUG EFFECTS; METABOLISM; SURGERY;

ANIMALS; ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT; ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION; HUMANS; INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS; PLATELET-RICH PLASMA;

EID: 84989244694     PISSN: 1574888X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1574888X09666140710102002     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. Spindler KP, Wright RW. Clinical practice. Anterior cruciate ligament tear. N Engl J Med 2008; 359(20): 2135-42.
2. Miyasaka KC, Daniel DM, Stone ML, Hirschman P. The incidence of knee ligament injuries in the general population. Am J Knee Surg 1991; 4: 3-8.
3. Hill CL, Seo GS, Gale D, Totterman S, Gale ME, Felson DT. Cruciate ligament integrity in osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52(3): 794-9.
4. Khan U, Occleston NL, Khaw PT, McGrouther DA. Differences in proliferative rate and collagen lattice contraction between endotenon and synovial fibroblasts. J Hand Surg Am 1998; 23(2): 266-73.
5. Fenwick SA, Hazleman BL, Riley GP. The vasculature and its role in the damaged and healing tendon. Arthritis Res 2002; 4(4): 252-60.
6. Woo SL, Debski RE, Zeminski J, Abramowitch SD, Saw SS, Fenwick JA. Injury and repair of ligaments and tendons. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2000; 2: 83-118.
7. Maak TG, Voos JE, Wickiewicz TL, Warren RF. Tunnel widening in revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2010; 18(11): 695-706.
8. Carlson NE, Roach RB Jr. Platelet-rich plasma: clinical applications in dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc 2002; 133(10): 1383-6.
9. Nikolidakis D, Jansen JA. The biology of platelet-rich plasma and its application in oral surgery: literature review. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 2008; 14(3): 249-58.
10. Molloy T, Wang Y, Murrell G. The roles of growth factors in tendon and ligament healing. Sports Med 2003; 33(5): 381-94.
11. Park YG, Han SB, Song SJ, Kim TJ, Ha CW. Platelet-rich plasma therapy for knee joint problems: review of the literature, current practice and legal perspectives in Korea. Knee Surg Relat Res 2012; 24(2): 70-8.
12. Mohan S, Baylink DJ. Bone growth factors. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1991; (263): 30-48.
13. Lubkowska A, Dolegowska B, Banfi G. Growth factor content in PRP and their applicability in medicine. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2012; 26(2 Suppl 1): 3S-22S.
14. Yuan T, Guo SC, Han P, Zhang CQ, Zeng BF. Applications of leukocyte-and platelet-rich plasma (L-PRP) in trauma surgery. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2012; 13(7): 1173-84.
15. Zhang J, Wang JH. Platelet-rich plasma releasate promotes differentiation of tendon stem cells into active tenocytes. Am J Sports Med 2010; 38(12): 2477-86.
16. Alsousou J, Ali A, Willett K, Harrison P. The role of platelet-rich plasma in tissue regeneration. Platelets 2013; 24(3): 173-82.
17. Marx RE, Carlson ER, Eichstaedt RM, Schimmele SR, Strauss JE, Georgeff KR. Platelet-rich plasma: Growth factor enhancement for bone grafts. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998; 85(6): 638-46.
18. Lynch SE, Colvin RB, Antoniades HN. Growth factors in wound healing. Single and synergistic effects on partial thickness porcine skin wounds. J Clin Invest 1989; 84(2): 640-6.
19. Pierce GF, Mustoe TA, Lingelbach J, et al. Platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta enhance tissue repair activities by unique mechanisms. J Cell Biol 1989; 109(1): 429-40.
20. DesRosiers EA, Yahia L, Rivard CH. Proliferative and matrix synthesis response of canine anterior cruciate ligament fibroblasts submitted to combined growth factors. J Orthop Res 1996; 14(2): 200-8.
21. Gillery P, Leperre A, Maquart FX, Borel JP. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) stimulates protein synthesis and collagen gene expression in monolayer and lattice cultures of fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol 1992; 152(2): 389-96.
22. Bennett NT, Schultz GS. Growth factors and wound healing: biochemical properties of growth factors and their receptors. Am J Surg 1993; 165(6): 728-37.
23. Jackson JR, Minton JA, Ho ML, Wei N, Winkler JD. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in synovial fibroblasts is induced by hypoxia and interleukin 1beta. J Rheumatol 1997; 24(7): 1253-9.
24. Chan BP, Chan KM, Maffulli N, Webb S, Lee KK. Effect of basic fibroblast growth factor. An in vitro study of tendon healing. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1997; (342): 239-47.
25. Folkman J, Klagsbrun M. Angiogenic factors. Science (New York, NY). 1987; 235(4787): 442-7.
26. Wasterlain AS, Braun HJ, Harris AH, Kim HJ, Dragoo JL. The systemic effects of platelet-rich plasma injection. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41(1): 186-93.
27. Van Belle E, Witzenbichler B, Chen D, et al. Potentiated angiogenic effect of scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor via induction of vascular endothelial growth factor: the case for paracrine amplification of angiogenesis. Circulation 1998 Feb 3; 97(4): 381-90.
28. Yamazaki S, Yasuda K, Tomita F, Tohyama H, Minami A. The effect of transforming growth factor-beta1 on intraosseous healing of flexor tendon autograft replacement of anterior cruciate ligament in dogs. Arthroscopy 2005; 21(9): 1034-41.
29. Wang Y, Tang Z, Xue R, et al. TGF-beta1 promoted MMP-2 mediated wound healing of anterior cruciate ligament fibroblasts through NF-B. Connect Tissue Res 2011; 52(3): 218-25.
30. Kondo E, Yasuda K, Yamanaka M, Minami A, Tohyama H. Effects of administration of exogenous growth factors on biomechanical properties of the elongation-type anterior cruciate ligament injury with partial laceration. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33(2): 188-96.
31. Meaney Murray M, Rice K, Wright RJ, Spector M. The effect of selected growth factors on human anterior cruciate ligament cell interactions with a three-dimensional collagen-GAG scaffold. J Orthop Res 2003; 21(2): 238-44.
32. Madry H, Kohn D, Cucchiarini M. Direct FGF-2 gene transfer via recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors stimulates cell proliferation, collagen production, and the repair of experimental lesions in the human ACL. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41(1): 194-202.
33. Kobayashi D, Kurosaka M, Yoshiya S, Mizuno K. Effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on the healing of defects in the canine anterior cruciate ligament. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1997; 5(3): 189-94.
34. Weiler A, Forster C, Hunt P, et al. The influence of locally applied platelet-derived growth factor-BB on free tendon graft remodeling after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32(4): 881-91.
35. Nin JR, Gasque GM, Azcarate AV, Beola JD, Gonzalez MH. Has platelet-rich plasma any role in anterior cruciate ligament allograft healing? Arthroscopy 2009; 25(11): 1206-13.
36. Yoshikawa T, Tohyama H, Enomoto H, Matsumoto H, Toyama Y, Yasuda K. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenesis in patellar tendon grafts in the early phase after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2006; 14(9): 804-10.
37. Ju YJ, Tohyama H, Kondo E, et al. Effects of local administration of vascular endothelial growth factor on properties of the in situ frozen-thawed anterior cruciate ligament in rabbits. Am J Sports Med 2006; 34(1): 84-91.
38. Letson AK, Dahners LE. The effect of combinations of growth factors on ligament healing. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1994; (308): 207-12.
39. Anitua E, Andia I, Ardanza B, Nurden P, Nurden AT. Autologous platelets as a source of proteins for healing and tissue regeneration. Thromb Haemost 2004; 91(1): 4-15.
40. Anitua E, Sanchez M, Nurden AT, Nurden P, Orive G, Andia I. New insights into and novel applications for platelet-rich fibrin therapies. Trends Biotechnol 2006; 24(5): 227-34.
41. Anitua E, Sanchez M, Orive G, Andia I. The potential impact of the preparation rich in growth factors (PRGF) in different medical fields. Biomaterials 2007; 28(31): 4551-60.
42. Woo SL, Niyibizi C, Matyas J, Kavalkovich K, Weaver-Green C, Fox RJ. Medial collateral knee ligament healing. Combined medial collateral and anterior cruciate ligament injuries studied in rabbits. Acta Orthop Scand 1997; 68(2): 142-8.
43. Bray RC, Leonard CA, Salo PT. Correlation of healing capacity with vascular response in the anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments of the rabbit. J Orthop Res 2003; 21(6): 1118-23.
44. Rizzello G, Longo UG, Petrillo S, et al. Growth factors and stem cells for the management of anterior cruciate ligament tears. Open Orthop J 2012; 6: 525-30.
45. Hannafin JA, Attia ET, Warren RF, Bhargava MM. Characterization of chemotactic migration and growth kinetics of canine knee ligament fibroblasts. J Orthop Res 1999; 17(3): 398-404.
46. Xie J, Jiang J, Zhang Y, et al. Up-regulation expressions of lysyl oxidase family in Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Medial Collateral Ligament fibroblasts induced by Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1. Int Orthop 2012; 36(1): 207-13.
47. Foster TE, Puskas BL, Mandelbaum BR, Gerhardt MB, Rodeo SA. Platelet-rich plasma: from basic science to clinical applications. Am J Sports Med 2009; 37(11): 2259-72.
48. de Vos RJ, Weir A, van Schie HT, et al. Platelet-rich plasma injection for chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010; 303(2): 144-9.
49. Fallouh L, Nakagawa K, Sasho T, et al. Effects of autologous platelet-rich plasma on cell viability and collagen synthesis in injured human anterior cruciate ligament. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2010; 92(18): 2909-16.
50. Xie X, Zhao S, Wu H, et al. Platelet-rich plasma enhances autograft revascularization and reinnervation in a dog model of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Surg Res 2013; 183(1): 214-22.
51. Figueroa PD, Figueroa BF, Ximena AP, Calvo RR, Vaisman BA. Use of platelet rich plasma in knee ligament surgery. Rev Med Chil 2013; 141(10): 1315-20.
52. Ventura A, Terzaghi C, Borgo E, Verdoia C, Gallazzi M. Use of growth factors in ACL surgery: preliminary study. J Orthop Traumatol 2005; 6: 76-9.
53. Sanchez M, Anitua E, Azofra J, Prado R, Muruzabal F, Andia I. Ligamentization of tendon grafts treated with an endogenous preparation rich in growth factors: gross morphology and histology. Arthroscopy 2010; 26(4): 470-80.
54. Radice F, Yanez R, Gutierrez V, Rosales J, Pinedo M, Coda S. Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging findings in anterior cruciate ligament grafts with and without autologous plateletderived growth factors. Arthroscopy 2010; 26(1): 50-7.
55. Murray MM, Palmer M, Abreu E, Spindler KP, Zurakowski D, Fleming BC. Platelet-rich plasma alone is not sufficient to enhance suture repair of the ACL in skeletally immature animals: an in vivo study. J Orthop Res 2009; 27(5): 639-45.
56. Cervellin M, de Girolamo L, Bait C, Denti M, Volpi P. Autologous platelet-rich plasma gel to reduce donor-site morbidity after patellar tendon graft harvesting for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomized, controlled clinical study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2012; 20(1): 114-20.
57. Magnussen RA, Flanigan DC, Pedroza AD, Heinlein KA, Kaeding CC. Platelet rich plasma use in allograft ACL reconstructions: twoyear clinical results of a MOON cohort study. Knee 2013; 20(4): 277-80.
58. Herbort M, Lenschow S, Fu FH, Petersen W, Zantop T. ACL mismatch reconstructions: influence of different tunnel placement strategies in single-bundle ACL reconstructions on the knee kinematics. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2010; 18(11): 1551-8.
59. Baumfeld JA, Diduch DR, Rubino LJ, et al. Tunnel widening following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring autograft: a comparison between double cross-pin and suspensory graft fixation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2008; 16(12): 1108-13.
60. Frank RM, Seroyer ST, Lewis PB, Bach BR Jr, Verma NN. MRI analysis of tibial position of the anterior cruciate ligament. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2010; 18(11): 1607-11.
61. L’Insalata JC, Klatt B, Fu FH, Harner CD. Tunnel expansion following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a comparison of hamstring and patellar tendon autografts. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1997; 5(4): 234-8.
62. Yu JK, Paessler HH. Relationship between tunnel widening and different rehabilitation procedures after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadrupled hamstring tendons. Chin Med J 2005; 118(4): 320-6.
63. Rork PE. “Bungee cord” effect in hamstring tendon ACL reconstruction. Orthopedics 2000; 23 (3): 184.
64. Jagodzinski M, Foerstemann T, Mall G, Krettek C, Bosch U, Paessler HH. Analysis of forces of ACL reconstructions at the tunnel entrance: is tunnel enlargement a biomechanical problem? J Biomech 2005; 38(1): 23-31.
65. Hoher J, Moller HD, Fu FH. Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: fact or fiction? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 1998; 6(4): 231-40.
66. Nordstrom DC, Santavirta S, Aho A, Heikkila J, Teppo AM, Konttinen YT. Immune responses to osteoarticular allografts of the knee--cytokine studies. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1999; 119(3-4): 195-8.
67. Meijer H, Reinecke J, Becker C, Tholen G, Wehling P. The production of anti-inflammatory cytokines in whole blood by physico-chemical induction. Inflamm Res 2003; 52(10): 404-7.
68. Darabos N, Haspl M, Moser C, Darabos A, Bartolek D, Groenemeyer D. Intraarticular application of autologous conditioned serum (ACS) reduces bone tunnel widening after ACL reconstructive surgery in a randomized controlled trial. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2011; 19 Suppl 1: S36-46.
69. Vogrin M, Rupreht M, Dinevski D, et al. Effects of a platelet gel on early graft revascularization after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. Eur Surg Res 2010; 45(2): 77-85.
70. Rupreht M, Jevtic V, Sersa I, Vogrin M, Jevsek M. Evaluation of the tibial tunnel after intraoperatively administered platelet-rich plasma gel during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using diffusion weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 37(4): 928-35.
71. Vadala A, Iorio R, De Carli A, et al. Platelet-rich plasma: does it help reduce tunnel widening after ACL reconstruction? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2013; 21(4): 824-9.
72. Mirzatolooei F, Alamdari MT, Khalkhali HR. The impact of platelet-rich plasma on the prevention of tunnel widening in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using quadrupled autologous hamstring tendon: a randomised clinical trial. Bone Joint J 2013; 95-B(1): 65-9.
73. Orrego M, Larrain C, Rosales J, et al. Effects of platelet concentrate and a bone plug on the healing of hamstring tendons in a bone tunnel. Arthroscopy 2008; 24(12): 1373-80.
74. Silva A, Sampaio R. Anatomic ACL reconstruction: does the platelet-rich plasma accelerate tendon healing? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2009; 17(6): 676-82.
75. Vavken P, Saad FA, Fleming BC, Murray MM. VEGF receptor mRNA expression by ACL fibroblasts is associated with functional healing of the ACL. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2011; 19(10): 1675-82.
76. Magarian EM, Vavken P, Murray MM. Human anterior cruciate ligament fibroblasts from immature patients have a stronger in vitro response to platelet concentrates than those from mature individuals. Knee 2011; 18(4): 247-51.