The psychological structure of humility

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 114, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 153-178

  Weidman, Aaron C ^a   Cheng, Joey T ^b   Tracy, Jessica L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

Appreciative humility; Emotion; Humility; Measurement; Self abasing humility

Indexed keywords

CLASSIFICATION; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; EXPLORATORY RESEARCH; FACTOR ANALYSIS; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; SELF ESTEEM; SELF EVALUATION; SHAME; ADULT; EMOTION; FEMALE; MALE; PERSONALITY; SOCIAL DESIRABILITY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; EMOTIONS; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PERSONALITY; SELF-ASSESSMENT; SOCIAL DESIRABILITY; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84988842390     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000112     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Ackerman, R. A., Witt, E. A., Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., Robins, R. W., & Kashy, D. A. (2011). What does the narcissistic personality inventory really measure? Assessment, 18, 67-87. http://dx .doi.org/10.1177/1073191110382845
2. Anderson, C., John, O. P., & Keltner, D. (2012). The personal sense of power. Journal of Personality, 80, 313-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j .1467-6494.2011.00734.x
3. Anderson, C., & Kilduff, G. J. (2009). The pursuit of status in social groups. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 295-298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01655.x
4. Aquinas, T. (2002). Summa theological (R. Pasnau, Trans.). Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company. (Original work published 1265)
5. Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2007). Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 150-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 1088868306294907
6. Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., & de Vries, R. E. (2014). The HEXACO Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness, and Emotionality factors: A review of research and theory. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 18, 139-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088868314523838
7. Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2009). Exploratory structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 16, 397-438. http://dx.doi .org/10.1080/10705510903008204
8. Barrett, L. F., & Russell, J. A. (1998). Independence and bipolarity in the structure of current affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 967-984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.4.967
9. Bosson, J. K., & Weaver, J. R. (2011). "I love me some me": Examining the links between narcissism and self-esteem. In W. K. Campbell & J. D. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder (pp. 261-271). New York, NY: Wiley.
10. Chancellor, J., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2013). Humble beginnings: Current trends, state perspectives, and hallmarks of humility. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7, 819-833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ spc3.12069
11. Cheng, J. T., Tracy, J. L., Foulsham, T., Kingstone, A., & Henrich, J. (2013). Two ways to the top: Evidence that dominance and prestige are distinct yet viable avenues to social rank and influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 103-125. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1037/a0030398
12. Cheng, J. T., Tracy, J. L., & Henrich, J. (2010). Pride, personality and the evolutionary foundations of human social status. Evolution and Human Behavior, 31, 334-347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010 .02.004
13. Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1980). Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 668-678. http://dx.doi .org/10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.668
14. Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
15. Davis, D. E., & Hook, J. N. (2014). Humility, religion, and spirituality: An endpiece. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 42, 111-117.
16. Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Van Tongeren, D. R., Gartner, A. L., Jennings, D. J., II., & Emmons, R. A. (2011). Relational humility: Conceptualizing and measuring humility as a personality judgment. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93, 225-234. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1080/00223891.2011.558871
17. Davis, D. E., Rice, K., McElroy, S., DeBlaere, C., Choe, E., Van Tongeren, D. R., & Hook, J. N. (2016). Distinguishing intellectual humility and general humility. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11, 215-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1048818
18. Davis, D. E., Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Hook, J. N. (2010). Humility: Review of measurement strategies and conceptualization as a personality judgment. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5, 243-252. http://dx.doi .org/10.1080/17439761003791672
19. Davis, D. E., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Hook, J. L., Emmons, R. A., Hill, P. C., Bollinger, R. A., & Van Tongeren, D. R. (2013). Humility and the development and repair of social bonds: Two longitudinal studies. Self and Identity, 12, 58-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2011 .636509
20. de Clairvaux, B. (1929). The twelve degrees of humility and pride (B. R. V. Mills, Trans.). London, UK: SPCK. (Original work published 1120). http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699939208411068
21. Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 169-200.
22. Ekman, P., Levenson, R. W., & Friesen, W. V. (1983). Autonomic nervous system activity distinguishes among emotions. Science, 221, 1208-1210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.6612338
23. Emmons, R. A. (1999). The psychology of ultimate concern. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
24. Etymonline.com. (2015). Humility. In Online etymology dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=humility
25. Exline, J. J., & Geyer, A. L. (2004). Perceptions of humility: A preliminary study. Self and Identity, 3, 95-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 13576500342000077
26. Exline, J. J., & Hill, P. C. (2012). Humility: A consistent and robust predictor of generosity. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7, 208-218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2012.671348
27. Ferrando, P. J., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2000). Unrestricted versus restricted factor analysis of multidimensional test items: Some aspects of the problem and some suggestions. Psicológica, 21, 301-323.
28. Fessler, D. T. M. (2007). From appeasement to conformity: Evolutionary and cultural perspectives on shame, competition, and cooperation. In J. L. Tracy, R. W. Robins, & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research (pp. 174-193). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
29. Frijda, N. H. (1988). The laws of emotion. American Psychologist, 43, 349-358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.43.5.349
30. Gilbert, P. (1997). The evolution of social attractiveness and its role in shame, humiliation, guilt and therapy. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 70, 113-147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1997 .tb01893.x
31. Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative "description of personality": The Big-Five factor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1216-1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.6.1216
32. Goldberg, L. R. (1992). The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure. Psychological Assessment, 4, 26-42. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26
33. Gregg, A. P., Hart, C. M., Sedikides, C., & Kumashiro, M. (2008). Everyday conceptions of modesty: A prototype analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 978-992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 0146167208316734
34. Haslam, N., Bain, P., & Neal, D. (2004). The implicit structure of positive characteristics. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 529-541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167203261893
35. Heine, S. J., & Hamamura, T. (2007). In search of East Asian selfenhancement. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 4-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088868306294587
36. Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self-regard? Psychological Review, 106, 766-794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.766
37. Henrich, J., & Gil-White, F. J. (2001). The evolution of prestige: Freely conferred deference as a mechanism for enhancing the benefits of cultural transmission. Evolution and Human Behavior, 22, 165-196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1090-5138(00)00071-4
38. Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., Owen, J., Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Utsey, S. O. (2013). Cultural humility: Measuring openness to culturally diverse clients. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60, 353-366. http://dx.doi .org/10.1037/a0032595
39. Hook, J. N., & Watkins, C. E., Jr. (2015). Cultural humility: The cornerstone of positive contact with culturally different individuals and groups? American Psychologist, 70, 661-662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ a0038965
40. Hopkin, C. R., Hoyle, R. H., & Toner, K. (2014). Intellectual humility and reactions to opinions about religious beliefs. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 42, 50-61.
41. Hume, D. (1911). A treatise on human nature. New York, NY: Dutton. (Original work published 1739)
42. Ignatius of Loyola. (1964). Spiritual exercises (A. Mottola, Trans.). Garden City, NY: Image Books. (Original work published 1548)
43. Irons, C., & Gilbert, P. (2005). Evolved mechanisms in adolescent anxiety and depression symptoms: The role of the attachment and social rank systems. Journal of Adolescence, 28, 325-341. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1016/j.adolescence.2004.07.004
44. Jankowski, P. J., Sandage, S. J., & Hill, P. C. (2013). Differentiation-based models of forgivingness, mental health and social justice commitment: Mediator effects for differentiation of self and humility. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8, 412-424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760 .2013.820337
45. John, O. P., Naumann, L. P., & Soto, C. J. (2008). Paradigm shift to the integrative Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and conceptual issues. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 114-158). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
46. Jordan, C. H., Spencer, S. J., Zanna, M. P., Hoshino-Browne, E., & Correll, J. (2003). Secure and defensive high self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 969-978.
47. Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34, 183-202. http://dx.doi .org/10.1007/BF02289343
48. Keltner, D., & Gross, J. J. (1999). Functional accounts of emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 467-480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 026999399379140
49. Kesebir, P. (2014). A quiet ego quiets death anxiety: Humility as an existential anxiety buffer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106, 610-623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0035814
50. Krause, N. (2010). Religious involvement, humility, and self-rated health. Social Indicators Research, 98, 23-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/ s11205-009-9514-x
51. Krause, N. (2014). Exploring the relationships among humility, negative interaction in the church, and depressed affect. Aging & Mental Health, 18, 970-979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2014.896867
52. Krause, N., Pargament, K. I., Hill, P. C., & Ironson, G. (2016). Humility, stressful life events, and psychological well-being: Findings from the landmark spirituality and health survey. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11, 499-510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015 .1127991
53. Kruse, E., Chancellor, J., Ruberton, P. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). An upward spiral between gratitude and humility. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5, 805-814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 1948550614534700
54. LaBouff, J. P., Rowatt, W. C., Johnson, M. K., Tsang, J., & Willerton, G. M. (2012). Humble persons are more helpful than less humble persons: Evidence from three studies. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7, 16-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2011.626787
55. Larsen, R. J., & Ketelaar, T. (1991). Personality and susceptibility to positive and negative emotional states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 132-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.132
56. Levenson, R. W., Carstensen, L. L., Friesen, W. V., & Ekman, P. (1991). Emotion, physiology, and expression in old age. Psychology and Aging, 6, 28-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.6.1.28
57. Lorenzo-Seva, U., & ten-Berge, J. M. F. (2006). Tucker's congruence coefficient as a meaningful index of factor similarity. Methodology: European Journal of Research Methods for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 2, 57-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241.2.2.57
58. McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
59. McElroy, S. E., Rice, K. G., Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., Hill, P. C., Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Van Tongeren, D. R. (2014). Intellectual humility: Scale development and theoretical elaborations in the context of religious leadership. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 42, 19-30.
60. Modigliani, A. (1968). Embarrassment and embarrassability. Sociometry, 31, 313-326. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2786616
61. Oatley, K., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1987). Towards a cognitive theory of emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 1, 29-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 02699938708408362
62. Paulhus, D. L., Robins, R. W., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Tracy, J. L. (2004). Two replicable suppressor situations in personality research. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 303-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/ s15327906mbr3902_7
63. Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Washington, DC: APA Press.
64. Pettersson, E., & Turkheimer, E. (2013). Approach temperament, anger, and evaluation: Resolving a paradox. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105, 285-300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0033046
65. Pettersson, E., Turkheimer, E., Horn, E. E., & Menatti, A. R. (2012). The general factor of personality and evaluation. European Journal of Personality, 26, 292-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.839
66. Pincus, A. L., & Roche, M. J. (2011). Narcissistic grandiosity and narcissistic vulnerability. In W. K. Campbell & J. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder (pp. 31-40). New York, NY: Wiley.
67. Raskin, R., & Terry, H. (1988). A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 890-902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.890
68. Richards, N. (1988). Is humility a virtue? American Philosophical Quarterly, 25, 253-259.
69. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
70. Rowatt, W. C., Powers, C., Targhetta, V., Comer, J., Kennedy, S., & Labouff, J. (2006). Development and initial validation of an implicit measure of humility relative to arrogance. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1, 198-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760600885671
71. Saroglou, V., Buxant, C., & Tilquin, J. (2008). Positive emotions as leading to religion and spirituality. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3, 165-173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760801998737
72. Spivey, E. (1990). Social exclusion as a common factor in social anxiety, loneliness, jealousy, and social depression: Testing an integrative model (Unpublished master's thesis). Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
73. Tangney, J. P. (1995). Shame and guilt in interpersonal relationships. In J. P. Tangney & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions. The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride (pp. 114-139). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
74. Tangney, J. P. (2000). Humility: Theoretical perspectives, empirical findings and directions for future research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 70-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.70
75. Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. L. (2002). Shame and guilt. New York, NY: Guilford Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412950664.n388
76. Tangney, J. P., Dearing, R. L., Wagner, P. E., & Gramzow, R. (2000). The test of self-conscious affect-3 (TOSCA-3). Fairfax, VA: George Mason University.
77. Tangney, J. P., Miller, R. S., Flicker, L., & Barlow, D. H. (1996). Are shame, guilt, and embarrassment distinct emotions? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1256-1269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ 0022-3514.70.6.1256
78. Tong, E. W. M., Tan, K. W. T., Chor, A. A. B., Koh, E. P. S., Lee, J. S. Y., & Tan, R. W. Y. (2016). Humility facilitates higher self-control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 62, 30-39. http://dx.doi.org/10 .1016/j.jesp.2015.09.008
79. Tracy, J. L., Cheng, J. T., Martens, J. P., & Robins, R. W. (2011). The affective core of narcissism: Inflated by pride, deflated by shame. In W. K. Campbell & J. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder (pp. 330-343). New York, NY: Wiley.
80. Tracy, J. L., Cheng, J. T., Robins, R. W., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2009). Authentic and hubristic pride: The affective core of self-esteem and narcissism. Self and Identity, 8, 196-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 15298860802505053
81. Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2007). The psychological structure of pride: A tale of two facets. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 506-525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.3.506
82. Tucker, S. R. (2015). Virtues and vices in the arts: A sourcebook. Eugene, OR: Cascade Books.
83. Weidman, A. C., & Tracy, J. L. (in press). Is humility a sentiment? Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
84. Weidman, A. C., Tracy, J. L., & Elliot, A. J. (2015). The benefits of following your pride: Authentic pride promotes achievement. Journal of Personality. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jopy .12184
85. Wiggins, J. S., Trapnell, P., & Phillips, N. (1988). Psychometric and Geometric Characteristics of the Revised Interpersonal Adjective Scales (IAS-R). Multivariate Behavioral Research, 23, 517-530. http://dx.doi .org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2304_8
86. Zwick, W. R., & Velicer, W. F. (1986). Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retain. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 432-442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.99.3.432