The Emotional Dynamics of Narcissism: Inflated by Pride, Deflated by Shame

The Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Theoretical Approaches, Empirical Findings, and Treatments

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 330-343

  Tracy, Jessica L ^a   Cheng, Joey T ^a   Martens, Jason P ^a   Robins, Richard W ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Authentic pride; Evolutionary account; Hubristic pride; Self esteem; Shame

Indexed keywords

EID: 84886057312     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118093108.ch29     Document Type: Chapter

References (115)

1. Ackerman, R. A., Witt, E. A., Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., Robins, R. W., & Kashy, D. A. (2010, September 27). What does the narcissistic personality inventory really measure? Assessment. doi: 10.1177/1073191110382845
2. Ashby, H. U. (1978). An MMPI scale for narcissistic personality disorder. Dissertation Abstracts International, 39, 5053.
3. Ashby, H. U., Lee, R. R., & Duke, E. H. (1979, September). A narcissistic personality disorder MMPI scale. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York, NY.
4. Barry, C. T., Frick, P. J., Adler, K. K., & Grafeman, S. J. (2007). The predictive utility of narcissism among children and adolescents: Evidence for a distinction between adaptive and maladaptive narcissism. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16, 508-521.
5. Batson, C. D. (1987). Prosocial motivation: Is it ever truly altruistic? In L. Berkowitz (Ed.),Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 20, pp. 65- 122). New York, NY: Academic Press.
6. Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, 1-44.
7. Baumeister, R., Smart, L., & Boden, J. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103, 5-33.
8. Baumeister, R. F., Stillwell, A. M., & Heatherton, T. F. (1994). Guilt: An interpersonal approach. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 243-267.
9. Block, J., & Thomas, H. (1955). Is satisfaction with self a good measure of self-esteem? Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51, 254-259.
10. Bosson, J. K., Brown, R. P., Zeigler-Hill, V., & Swann, W. B. (2003). Self-enhancement tendencies among people with high explicit self-esteem: The moderating role of implicit self-esteem. Self and Identity, 2, 169-187.
11. Broucek, F. J. (1982). Shame and its relationship to early narcissistic development. The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 63, 369-378.
12. Brown, R. P., & Bosson J. K. (2001). Narcissus meets sisyphus: Self-love, self-loathing, and the never-ending pursuit of self-worth. Psychological Inquiry, 12, 210-213.
13. Brown, J., & Weiner, B. (1984). Affective consequences of ability versus effort ascriptions: Controversies, resolutions, and quandaries. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 146-158.
14. Brunell, A. B., Gentry, W. A., Campbell, W. K., Hoffman, B. J., Kuhnert, K. W., & DeMarree, K. G. (2008). Leader emergence: The case of the narcissistic leader. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1663-1676.
15. Bushman, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 219-229.
16. Buss, A. H. (2001). Psychological dimensions of the self. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
17. Buss, D. M. (1989). Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral Brain Sciences, 12, 1-49.
18. Cain, N. M., Pincus, A. L., & Ansell, E. B. (2008). Narcissism at the crossroads: Phenotypic description of pathological narcissism across clinical theory, social/personality psychology, and psychiatric diagnosis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 638-656.
19. Campbell, W. K. (1999). Narcissism and romantic attraction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1254-1270.
20. Campbell, W. K., Bosson, J. K., Goheen, T. W., Lakey, C. E., & Kernis, M. H. (2007). Do narcissists dislike themselves "deep down inside"? Psychological Science, 18, 227-229.
21. Cheng, J. T., Tracy, J. L., & Henrich, J. (2010). Pride, personality, and the evolutionary foundations of human social status. Evolution and Human Behavior, 31, 334-347.
22. Cheng, J. T., Tracy, J. L., Henrich, J., Foulsham, T., & Kingstone, A. (2011). Unpacking social status: Dominance, prestige, and social influence. Manuscript in preparation, University of British Columbia.
23. Covington, M. V., & Omelich, C. L. (1981). As failures mount: Affective and cognitive consequences of ability demotion in the classroom. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 796-808.
24. Cowlishaw, G., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (1991). Dominance rank and mating success in male primates. Animal Behaviour, 41, 1045-1056.
25. Cramer, P. (in press). Young adult narcissism: A 20 year longitudinal study of the contribution of parenting styles, preschool precursors of narcissism, and denial. Journal of Research in Personality.
26. Crocker, J., Karpinski, A., Quinn, D. M., & Chase, S. K. (2003). When grades determine self-worth: Consequences of contingent self-worth for male and female engineering and psychology majors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 507-516.
27. Crocker, J., & Wolfe, C. T. (2001). Contingencies of selfworth. Psychological Review, 108, 593-623.
28. Donnellan, M. B. (2010). Unpublished data. Michigan State University.
29. Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., Robins, R. W., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2005). Low self-esteem is related to aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. Psychological Science, 16, 328-335.
30. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 124-129.
31. Ekman, P., Sorenson, E. R., & Friesen, W. V. (1969). Pan-cultural elements in facial displays of emotion. Science, 164, 86-88.
32. Emmons, R. A. (1987). Narcissism: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 11-17.
33. Fiscalini, J. (1993). Interpersonal relations and the problem of narcissism. In J. Fiscalini & A. Grey (Eds.),Narcissism and the interpersonal self (pp. 53-87). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
34. Foster, J. D., Shrira, I., & Campbell, W. K. (2006). Theoretical models of narcissism, sexuality, and relationship commitment. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 23, 367-386.
35. Freud, S. (1957). On narcissism: An introduction. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.),The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 14, pp. 67-104). London, England: Hogarth. (Original work published 1914)
36. Friedman, M., & Ulmer, D. (1984). Treating Type A behavior and your heart. New York, NY: Knopf.
37. Goldman, B. M., & Kernis, M. H. (2004). The development of the authenticity inventory, Version 3. Unpublished raw data, University of Georgia.
38. Gramzow, R., & Tangney, J. P. (1992). Proneness to shame and the narcissistic personality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 369-376.
39. Haidt, J., & Keltner, D. (1999). Culture and facial expression: Open-ended methods find more expressions and a gradient of recognition. Cognition & Emotion, 13, 225-266.
40. Harms, P. D., Wood, D., & Roberts, B. W. (2009). The role of self-enhancement in leadership appraisals, performance outcomes, and group cohesiveness. Under review.
41. Heiserman, A., & Cook, H. (1998). Narcissism, affect, and gender: An empirical examination of Kernberg's and Kohut's theories of narcissism. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 15, 74-92.
42. Henrich, J., & Gil-White, F. J. (2001). The evolution of prestige: Freely conferred deference as a mechanism for enhancing the benefits of cultural transmission. Evolution and Human Behavior, 22, 165-196.
43. Hewitt, J., & Goldman, M. (1974). Self-esteem, need for approval, and reactions to personal evaluations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10, 201-210.
44. Hibbard, S. (1992). Narcissism, shame, masochism, and object relations: An exploratory correlational study. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 9, 489-508.
45. Hogan, R. (1983). A socioanalytic theory of personality. In M. M. Page (Ed.),Nebraska symposium on motivation (pp. 336-355). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
46. Holtzman, N. H., & Strube, M. J. (this volume). Shortterm mating shaped the evolution of narcissism. Washington University in St. Louis.
47. Hopcroft, R. L. (2006). Sex, status, and reproductive success in the contemporary United States. Evolution and Human Behavior, 27, 104-120.
48. Horvath, S., & Morf, C. C. (2009). Narcissistic defensiveness: Hypervigilance and avoidance of worthlessness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 1252-1258.
49. Izard, C. E. (1971). The face of emotion. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
50. Jagacinski, C. M., & Nicholls, J. G. (1984). Conceptions of ability and related affects in task involvement and ego involvement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 909-919.
51. James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. New York, NY: Holt.
52. Jonason, P. K., Li, N. P., & Buss, D. M. (2010). The costs and benefits of the dark triad: Implications for mate poaching and mate retention tactics. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 373-378.
53. Jordan, C. H., Spencer, S. J., Zanna, M. P., Hoshino-Browne, E., & Correll, J. (2003). Secure and defensive high self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 969-978.
54. Keltner, D. (1995). Signs of appeasement: Evidence for the distinct displays of embarrassment, amusement, and shame. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 441-454.
55. Kernberg, O. F. (1975). Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. New York, NY: Aronson.
56. Kernis, M. H. (2003). Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 14, 1-26.
57. Kohut, H. (1971). The analysis of self. New York, NY: International Universities Press.
58. Lewis, H. (1981). Shame and guilt in human nature. In S. Tuttman, C. Kaye, & M. Zimmerman (Eds.),Object and self: A developmental approach. New York, NY: International Universities Press.
59. Lewis, H. B. (1971). Shame and guilt in neurosis. Psychoanalytic Review, 58, 419-438.
60. Lewis, M. (2000). Self-conscious emotions: Embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.),Handbook of emotions (2nd ed., pp. 623-636). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
61. McCall, M., & Lombardo, M. (1983). Off the track: Why and how successful executives get derailed (Technical Report No. 21). Greensboro, NC: Center for Creative Leadership.
62. McGregor, I., & Marigold, D. C. (2003). Defensive zeal and the uncertain self: What makes you so sure? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 838-852.
63. McGregor, I., Zanna, M. P., Holmes, J. G., & Spencer, S. J. (2001). Compensatory conviction in the face of personal uncertainty: Going to extremes and being oneself. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 472-488.
64. Miller, J. D., & Campbell, W. K. (2008). Comparing clinical and social-personality conceptualizations of narcissism. Journal of Personality, 76, 449-476.
65. Mnookin, S. (2003, May 19). Total Fiction. Newsweek, 70-71.
66. Morf, C. C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self-regulatory processing model. Psychological Inquiry, 12, 177-196.
67. Morrison, A. P. (1989). Shame, the underside of narcissism. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
68. Niedenthal, P. M., Tangney, J. P., & Gavanski, I. (1994). "If only I weren't" versus "If only I hadn't": Distinguishing shame and guilt in counterfactual thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 585-595.
69. O'Brien, M. L. (1987). Examining the dimensionality of pathological narcissism: Factor analysis and construct validity of the O'Brien multiphasic narcissism inventory. Psychological Reports, 61, 499-510.
70. Otway, L. J., & Vignoles, V. L. (2006). Narcissism and childhood recollections: A quantitative test of psychoanalytic predictions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 104-116.
71. Paradise, A. W., & Kernis, M. H. (1999). Development of the contingent self-esteem scale. Unpublished data, University of Georgia.
72. Paulhus, D. L. (1984). Two-component models of socially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 598-609.
73. Paulhus, D. L. (1998). Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptiveness of trait self-enhancement: A mixed blessing? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1197-1208.
74. Paulhus D. L., & John, O. J. (1998). Egoistic and moralistic biases in self-perception: The interplay of self-deceptive styles with basic traits and motives. Journal of Personality, 66, 1025-1060.
75. Paulhus, D. L., Robins, R. W., Trzesniewski, K. H., & Tracy, J. L. (2004). Two replicable suppressor situations in personality research. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 301-326.
76. Pincus, A. L., Ansell, E. B., Pimentel, C. A., Cain, N. M., Wright, A.G.C., & Levy, K. N. (2009). Initial construction and validation of the pathological narcissism inventory. Psychological Assessment, 21, 365-379.
77. Raskin, R., & Shaw, R. (2006). Narcissism and the use of personal pronouns. Journal of Personality, 56, 393-404.
78. Raskin, R., & Terry, H. (1988). A principal-component analysis of narcissistic personality inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 890-902.
79. Rathvon, N., & Holmstrom, R. W. (1996). An MMPI-2 portrait of narcissism. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66, 1-19.
80. Reise, S. P., & Wright, T. M. (1996) Personality traits, cluster B personality disorders, and sociosexuality. Journal of Research in Personality, 30, 128-136.
81. Rhodewalt, F., & Eddings, S. K. (2002). Narcissus reflects: Memory distortion in response to egorelevant feedback among high-and low-narcissistic men. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 97-116.
82. Robins, R. W., & Beer, J. S. (2001). Positive illusions about the self: Short-term benefits and long-term costs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 340-352.
83. Robins, R. W., & John, O. P. (1997). The quest for selfinsight: Theory and research on the accuracy of self-perceptions. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. R. Briggs (Eds.),Handbook of personality psychology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
84. Robins, R. W., Tracy, J. L., & Shaver, P. R. (2001). Shamed into self-love: Dynamics, roots, and functions of narcissism. Psychological Inquiry, 12, 230-236.
85. Robins, R. W., Tracy, J. L., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2008). The naturalized self. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.),Handbook of personality (3rd ed., pp. 421-447). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
86. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.
87. Rosenthal, S. A., & Hooley, J. M. (2010). Narcissism assessment in social-personality research: Does the association between narcissism and psychological health result from a confound with self-esteem? Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 453-465.
88. Rosenthal, S. A., & Pittinsky, T. L. (2006). Narcissistic leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 17, 617-633.
89. Salmivalli, C., Kaukianen, A., Kaistaniemi, L., & Lagerspetz, K. M. J. (1999). Self-evaluated selfesteem, peer-evaluated self-esteem, and defensive egotism as predictors of adolescents' participation in bullying situations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1268-1278.
90. Scheff, T. J. (1998). Community conferences: Shame and anger in therapeutic jurisprudence. Revista Juridica University of Puerto Rico, 67, 97-119.
91. Sedikides, C., & Luke, M. (2008). On when self-enhancement and self-criticism function adaptively and maladaptively. Self-criticism and self-enhancement: Theory, research, and clinical implications (pp. 181-198). Washington, DC: American Psycho logical Association.
92. Shariff, A. F., & Tracy, J. L. (2009). Knowing who's boss: Implicit perceptions of status from the nonverbal expression of pride. Emotion, 9, 631-639.
93. Snyder, J. K., Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Barrett, H. C. (2008). The dominance dilemma: Do women really prefer dominant mates? Personal Relationships, 15, 425-444.
94. Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. L. (2002). Shame and guilt. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
95. Thomaes, S., Bushman, B. J., Stegge, H., & Olthof, T. (2008). Trumping shame by blasts of noise: Narcissism, selfesteem, shame, and aggression in young adolescents. Child Development, 79, 1792-1801.
96. Tiedens, L. Z. (2000). Powerful emotions: The vicious cycle of social status positions and emotions. In N. M. Ashkanasy, C. E. Hartel, & W. J. Zerbe (Eds.),Emotions in the workplace: Research, theory, and practice (pp. 72-81). Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
97. Tracy, J. L., Cheng, J., Robins, R. W., & Trzesniewski, K. (2009). Authentic and hubristic pride: The affective core of self-esteem and narcissism. Self and Identity, 8, 196-213.
98. Tracy, J. L., & Matsumoto, D. (2008). The spontaneous expression of pride and shame: Evidence for biologically innate nonverbal displays. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 11655-11660.
99. Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2003). "Death of a (narcissistic) salesman": An integrative model of fragile self-esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 14, 57-62.
100. Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2004). Putting the self into self-conscious emotions: A theoretical model. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 103-125.
101. Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2006). Appraisal antecedents of shame and guilt: Support for a theoretical model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1339-1351.
102. Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2007a). The psychological structure of pride: A tale of two facets. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 506-525.
103. Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2007b). The prototypical pride expression: Development of a nonverbal behavioral coding system. Emotion, 7, 789-801.
104. Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2008). The nonverbal expression of pride: Evidence for cross-cultural recognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 516-530.
105. Tracy, J. L., Shariff, A. F., & Cheng, J. T. (2010). A naturalist's view of pride. Emotion Review, 2, 163-177.
106. Tracy, J. L., Shariff, A. F., Zhao, W., & Henrich, J. (2010). Cross-cultural evidence that the nonverbal expression of pride functions to implicitly signal social status. Under review.
107. Turke, P. W., & Betzig, L. L. (1985). Those who can do: Wealth, status, and reproductive success on Ifaluk. Ethology and Sociobiology, 6, 79-87.
108. Vangelisti, A. L., Knapp, M. L., & Daly, J. A. (1990). Conversational narcissism. Communication Monographs, 57, 251-274.
109. Watson, P. J., Hickman, S. E., & Morris, R. J. (1996). Self-reported narcissism and shame: Testing the defensive self-esteem and continuum hypotheses. Personality and Individual Differences, 21, 253-259.
110. Webster, G. D., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2006). Behavioral and self-reported aggression as a function of domain-specific self-esteem. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 17-27.
111. Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion. Psychological Review, 92, 548-573.
112. Williams, L. A., & Desteno, D. (2009). Pride: Adaptive Social Emotion or Seventh Sin? Psychological Science, 20, 284-288.
113. Wink, P. (1991). Two faces of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 590-597.
114. Wright, F., O'Leary, J., & Balkin, J. (1989). Shame, guilt, narcissism, and depression: Correlates and sex differences. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 6, 217-230.
115. Zeigler-Hill, V. (2006). Discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem: Implications for narcissism and self-esteem instability. Journal of Personality, 74, 119-143.