"I Love Me Some Me": Examining the Links Between Narcissism and Self-Esteem

The Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Theoretical Approaches, Empirical Findings, and Treatments

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 261-271

  Bosson, Jennifer K ^a   Weaver, Jonathan R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

Narcissism; Self concept; Self esteem

Indexed keywords

EID: 84886042051     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118093108.ch23     Document Type: Chapter

References (93)

1. Abele, A., & Wojciszke, B. (2007). Agency and communion from the perspective of self versus others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 751-763.
2. Akhtar, S., & Thomson, J. A. (1982). Overview: Narcissistic personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 12-20.
3. Alicke, M. D., & Govorum, O. (2005). The better-thanaverage effect. In M. D. Alicke, D. A. Dunning, & J. I. Krueger (Eds.),Studies in self and identity (pp. 85-106). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
4. American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
5. Ashby, H. U., Lee, R. R., & Duke, E. H. (1979). A narcissistic personality disorder MMPI scale. Paper presented at the 87th annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York, NY.
6. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
7. Beggan, J. K. (1992). On the social nature of nonsocial perception: The mere ownership effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 229-237.
8. Blascovich, J., & Tomaka, J. (1991). Measures of selfesteem. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.),Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (pp. 115-160). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
9. Bosson, J. K., Brown, R. P., Zeigler-Hill, V., & Swann, W. B., Jr. (2003). Self-enhancement tendencies among people with high explicit self-esteem: The moderating role of implicit self-esteem. Self & Identity, 2, 169-187.
10. Bosson, J. K., Goheen, T. W., & Campbell, W. K. (2006). Unpublished data, University of Oklahoma.
11. Bosson, J. K., Lakey, C. E., Campbell, W. K., Zeigler-Hill, V., Jordan, C. H., & Kernis, M. H. (2008). Untangling the links between narcissism and self-esteem: A theoretical and empirical review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2/3, 1415-1439.
12. Bosson, J. K., & Prewitt-Freilino, J. L. (2007). Overvalued and ashamed: Considering the roles of self-esteem and self-conscious emotions in covert narcissism. In J. L. Tracy, R. W. Robins, & J. P. Tangney (Eds.),The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 407-425). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
13. Bosson, J. K., & Swann, W. B., Jr. (2009). Self-esteem. In M. R. Leary & R. H. Hoyle (Eds.),Handbook of individual differences in social behavior (pp. 527-546). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
14. Bosson, J. K., Swann, W. B., Jr., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2000). Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 631-643.
15. Bradlee, P. M., & Emmons, R. A. (1992). Locating narcissism within the interpersonal circumplex and the five-factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 821-830.
16. Brown, J. D., & Kobayashi, C. (2002). Self-enhancement in Japan and America. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 5, 145-167.
17. Brown, R. P., Budzek, K., & Tamborski, M. (2009). On the meaning and measure of narcissism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 951-964.
18. Brown, R. P., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (2004). Narcissism and the non-equivalence of self-esteem measures: A matter of dominance? Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 585-592.
19. Campbell, W. K. (1999). Narcissism and romantic attraction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1254-1270.
20. Campbell, W. K., Bonacci, A. M., Shelton, J., Exline, J. J., & Bushman, B. J. (2004). Psychological entitlement: Interpersonal consequences and validation of a self-report measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 83, 29-45.
21. Campbell, W. K., Bosson, J. K., Goheen, T. W., Lakey, C. E., & Kernis, M. H. (2007). Do narcissists dislike themselves "deep down inside"? Psychological Science, 18, 227-229.
22. Campbell, W. K., Brunell, A. B., & Finkel, E. J. (2006). Narcissism, interpersonal self-regulation and romantic relationships: An agency model approach. In E. J. Finkel & K. D. Vohs (Eds.),Self and relationships: Connecting intrapersonal and interpersonal processes (pp. 57-83). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
23. Campbell, W. K., Rudich, E., & Sedikides, C. (2002). Narcissism, self-esteem, and the positivity of selfviews: Two portraits of self-love. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 358-368.
24. Carroll, L. (1987). A study of narcissism, affiliation, intimacy, and power motives among students in business administration. Psychological Reports, 61, 355-358.
25. Colvin, C. R., Block, J., & Funder, D. C. (1995). Overly positive self-evaluations and personality: Negative implications for mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 1152-1162.
26. Cooper, A. (1998). Further developments in the clinical diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder. In E. Ronningstam (Ed.),Disorders of narcissism: Diagnostic, clinical, and empirical implications (pp. 53-74). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
27. Cooper, A., & Ronningstam, E. (1992). Narcissistic personality disorder. American Psychiatric Press Review of Psychiatry, 11, 80-97.
28. Coopersmith, S. (1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco, CA: Freeman.
29. Crocker, J., & Park, L. E. (2004). The costly pursuit of self-esteem. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 392-414.
30. Dickinson, K. A., & Pincus, A. L. (2003). Interpersonal analysis of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 188-207.
31. Emmons, R. A. (1984). Factor analysis and construct validation of the narcissistic personality inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48, 291-300.
32. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878-902.
33. Foster, J. D., Shrira, I., & Campbell, W. K. (2006). Theoretical models of narcissism, sexuality, and relationship commitment. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 23, 367-386.
34. Freud, S. (1914/1957). On narcissism: An introduction. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.),The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 14, pp. 67-104). London, UK: Hogarth Press.
35. Gabbard, G. (1989). Two subtypes of narcissistic personality disorder. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 53, 527-532.
36. Gramzow, R., & Tangney, J. P. (1992). Proneness to shame and the narcissistic personality. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 369-376.
37. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
38. Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197-216.
39. Heatherton, T. F., & Polivy, J. (1991). Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 895-910.
40. Hendin, H. M., & Cheek, J. M. (1997). Assessing hypersensitive narcissism: A re-examination of Murray's narcissism scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 588-599.
41. Hibbard, S. (1992). Narcissism, shame, masochism, and object relations: An exploratory correlational study. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 9, 489-508.
42. Hibbard, S., & Bunce, S. C. (1995, August). Two paradoxes of narcissism. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association annual meeting, New York.
43. Hoyle, R. H. (1991). Evaluating measurement models in clinical research: Covariance structure analysis of latent variable models of self-conception. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 67-76.
44. Jordan, C. H., Spencer, S. J., Zanna, M. P., Hoshino-Browne, E., & Correll, J. (2003). Secure and defensive high self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 969-978.
45. Judd, C. M., James-Hawkins, L., Yzerbyt, V., & Kashima, Y. (2005). Fundamental dimensions of social judgment: Understanding the relations between judgments of competence and warmth. Journal of Personality and Social psychology, 89, 899-913.
46. Karpinski, A., & Steinman, R. B. (2006). The single category implicit association test as a measure of implicit social cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 16-32.
47. Kernberg, O. F. (1986). Factors in the psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic personalities. In A. P. Morrison (Ed.),Essential papers on narcissism (pp. 213-244). New York and London: New York University Press.
48. Kitayama, S., & Karasawa, M. (1997). Implicit selfesteem in Japan: Name letters and birthday numbers. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 736-742.
49. Kohut, H. (1977). The restoration of the self. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
50. Kohut, H., & Wolf, E. S. (1986). The disorders of self and their treatment: An outline. In A. P. Morrison (Ed.),Essential papers on narcissism (pp. 175-196). New York and London: New York University Press.
51. Koole, S. L., Dijksterhuis, A., & van Knippenberg, A. (2001). What's in a name: Implicit self-esteem and the automatic self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 669-685.
52. Kruger, J., & Dunning, D. (1999). Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1121-1134.
53. Marsh, H. W., & Craven, R. G. (2006). Reciprocal effects of self-concept and performance from a multidimensional perspective: Beyond seductive pleasure and unidimensional perspectives. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 133-163.
54. Marsh, H. W., & Hattie, J. (1996). Theoretical perspectives on the structure of self-concept. In B. Bracken (Ed.),Handbook of self-concept (pp. 38-90). New York, NY: Wiley.
55. McGregor, I., Nail, P. R., Haji, R., & Kocalar, D. (2007). Smug, low empathy: A side effect of praising narcissists. Unpublished manuscript, York University.
56. Miller, J. D., Dir, A., Gentile, B., Wilson, L., Pryor, L. R., & Campbell, W. K. (in press). Searching for a vulnerable dark triad: Comparing factor 2 psychopathy, vulnerable narcissism, and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality.
57. Millon, T. (1981). Disorders of personality: DSM-III, axis II. New York, NY: Wiley.
58. Morf, C. C., & Rhodewalt, F. (1993). Narcissism and selfevaluation maintenance: Explorations in object relations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 668-676.
59. Morf, C. C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self-regulatory processing model. Psychological Inquiry, 12, 177-196.
60. Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2001). The go/ no-go association task. Social Cognition, 19, 625-666.
61. Nuttin, J. M. (1985). Narcissism beyond Gestalt awareness: The name letter effect. European Journal of Social Psychology, 15, 353-361.
62. Nuttin, J. M. (1987). Affective consequences of mere ownership: The name letter effect in twelve European languages. European Journal of Social Psychology, 17, 381-402.
63. Ochocinco, C. J., & Cole, J. (2009). Ocho Cinco: What football and life have thrown my way. New York, NY: Crown.
64. Otway, L. J., & Vignoles, V. L. (2006). Narcissism and childhood recollections: A quantitative test of psychoanalytic predictions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 104-116.
65. Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 556-568.
66. Pincus, A. L., Ansell, E. B., Pimentel, C. A., Cain, N. M., Wright, A. G. C., & Levy, K. N. (2009). Initial construction and validation of the pathological narcissism inventory. Psychological Assessment, 21, 365-379.
67. Raskin, R. N., & Hall, C. S. (1979). A narcissistic personality inventory. Psychological Reports, 45, 590.
68. Raskin, R. N., & Hall, C. S. (1981). The narcissistic personality inventory: Alternative form reliability and further evidence of construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 159-162.
69. Raskin, R., & Terry, H. (1988). A principal-components analysis of the narcissistic personality inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 890-902.
70. Rathvon, N., & Holmstrom, R. W. (1996). An MMPI-2 portrait of narcissism. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66, 1-19.
71. Rhodewalt, F., Madrian, J. C., & Cheney, S. (1998). Narcissism, self-knowledge organization, and emotional reactivity: The effect of daily experiences on self-esteem and affect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 75-87.
72. Rhodewalt, F., & Morf, C. C. (1995). Self and interpersonal correlates of the narcissistic personality inventory: A review and new findings. Journal of Research in Personality, 29, 1-23.
73. Rhodewalt, F., & Peterson, B. (2009). Narcissism. In M. R. Leary & R. H. Hoyle (Eds.),Handbook of individual differences in social behavior (pp. 547-560). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
74. Rhodewalt, F., & Sorrow, D. L. (2003). Interpersonal selfregulation: Lessons from the study of narcissism. In M. R. Leary & J. Tangney (Eds.),Handbook of self and identity (pp. 519-535). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
75. Rose, P. (2002). The happy and unhappy faces of narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 379-391.
76. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent selfimage. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
77. Rosenthal, S. A., Hooley, J. M., & Steshenko, Y. (2007). Distinguishing grandiosity from self-esteem: Development of the narcissistic grandiosity scale. Manuscript in preparation.
78. Røvik, J. O. (2001). Overt and covert narcissism: Turning points and mutative elements in two psychotherapies. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 17, 435-447.
79. Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069-1081.
80. Sedikides, C., Gaertner, L., & Toguchi, Y. (2003). Pancultural self-enhancement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 60-79.
81. Sedikides, C., Rudich, E. A., Gregg, A. P., Kumashiro, M., & Rusbult, C. (2004). Are normal narcissists psychologically healthy?: Self-esteem matters. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 400-416.
82. Shavelson, R. J., Hubner, J. J., & Stanton, G. C. (1976). Validation of construct interpretations. Review of Educational Research, 46, 407-441.
83. Tafarodi, R. W., & Swann, W. B., Jr. (1995). Self-liking and self-competence as dimensions of global selfesteem: Initial validation of a measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 65, 322-342.
84. Tafarodi, R. W., & Swann, W. B., Jr. (2001). Twodimensional self-esteem: Theory and measurement. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 653-673.
85. Taibbi, M. (2010). A field guide to sports egos. Men's Journal. Retrieved from www.mensjournal.com/ a-field-guide-to-sports-egos
86. Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988). Illusion and wellbeing: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 13, 193-210.
87. Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2003). "Death of a (narcissistic) salesman": An integrative model of fragile self-esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 14, 57-62.
88. Watson, P. J., & Biderman, M. D. (1993). Narcissistic personality inventory factors, splitting, and selfconsciousness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 61, 41-57.
89. Watson, P. J., Little, T., Sawrie, S. M., & Biderman, M. D. (1992). Measures of the narcissistic personality: Complexity of relationships with self-esteem and empathy. Journal of Personality Disorders, 6, 434-449.
90. Weinstein, N. D. (1980). Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 806-820.
91. Wiggins, J. S., & Broughton, R. (1991). A geometric taxonomy of personality scales. European Journal of Personality, 5, 343-365.
92. Wink, P. (1991). Two faces of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 590-597.
93. Zeigler-Hill, V., Clark, C. B., & Pickard, J. D. (2008). Narcissistic subtypes and contingent self-esteem: Do all narcissists base their self-esteem on the same domains? Journal of Personality, 76, 753-774.