Animal models of varicella zoster virus infection

Pathogens

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 364-382

  Haberthur, Kristen ^a   Messaoudi, Ilhem ^a,b  

^a OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Guinea pigs; Non human primates; SCID humanized mouse model; Simian varicella virus; Varicella zoster virus

Indexed keywords

ACICLOVIR; CD4 ANTIGEN; CD8 ANTIGEN; CHICKENPOX VACCINE; GAMMA INTERFERON INDUCIBLE PROTEIN 10; HERPES ZOSTER IMMUNOGLOBULIN; VARICELLA ZOSTER VACCINE;

ALLODYNIA; ANIMAL MODEL; CELL INFILTRATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHICKENPOX; CHLOROCEBUS; DEATH; DISEASE SEVERITY; GENE EXPRESSION; GUINEA PIG; HERPES ZOSTER; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; NONHUMAN; POSTHERPETIC NEURALGIA; RASH; REVIEW; RHESUS MONKEY; SIMIAN VARICELLA VIRUS; ULCERATIVE COLITIS; VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS; VIREMIA; VIRUS REACTIVATION; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS TRANSCRIPTION; WHOLE BODY RADIATION;

EID: 84988241550     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20760817     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens2020364     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. Cohen, J.; Straus, S.E.; Arvin, A.M. Varicella-zoster virus replication, pathogenesis, and management. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA, USA 2007; Volume 2.
2. Puvion-Dutilleul, F.; Pichard, E.; Laithier, M.; Leduc, E.H. Effect of dehydrating agents on DNA organization in herpes viruses. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1987, 35, 635-645.
3. Almeida, J.D.; Howatson, A.F.; Williams, M.G. Morphology of varicella (chicken pox) virus. Virology 1962, 16, 353-355.
4. Cok, M.L.; Stevens, J.G. Replication of varicella-zoster virus in cell culture: An ultrastructural study. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 1970, 32, 334-350.
5. Cohen, J.I. The varicella-zoster virus genome. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2010, 342, 1-14.
6. Davison, A.J.; Scott, J.E. The complete DNA sequence of varicella-zoster virus. J. Gen. Virol. 1986, 67(Pt 9), 1759-1816.
7. Cohen, J.I.; Brunell, P.A.; Straus, S.E.; Krause, P.R. Recent advances in varicella-zoster virus infection. Ann. Intern. Med. 1999, 130, 922-932.
8. Leclair, J.M.; Zaia, J.A.; Levin, M.J.; Congdon, R.G.; Goldmann, D.A. Airborne transmission of chickenpox in a hospital. N. Engl. J. Med. 1980, 302, 450-453.
9. Sawyer, M.H.; Chamberlin, C.J.; Wu, Y.N.; Aintablian, N.; Wallace, M.R. Detection of varicella-zoster virus DNA in air samples from hospital rooms. J. Infect. Dis. 1994, 169, 91-94.
10. Suzuki, K.; Yoshikawa, T.; Tomitaka, A.; Matsunaga, K.; Asano, Y. Detection of aerosolized varicella-zoster virus DNA in patients with localized herpes zoster. J. Infect. Dis. 2004, 189, 1009-1012.
11. Grose, C. Variation on a theme by fenner: The pathogenesis of chickenpox. Pediatrics 1981, 68, 735-737.
12. Heininger, U.; Seward, J.F. Varicella. Lancet 2006, 368, 1365-1376.
13. Morrow, G.; Slobedman, B.; Cunningham, A.L.; Abendroth, A. Varicella-zoster virus productively infects mature dendritic cells and alters their immune function. J. Virol. 2003, 77, 4950-4959.
14. Abendroth, A.; Morrow, G.; Cunningham, A.L.; Slobedman, B. Varicella-zoster virus infection of human dendritic cells and transmission to T cells: Implications for virus dissemination in the host. J. Virol. 2001, 75, 6183-6192.
15. Taylor, S.L.; Moffat, J.F. Replication of varicella-zoster virus in human skin organ culture. J. Virol. 2005, 79, 11501-11506.
16. Huch, J.H.; Cunningham, A.L.; Arvin, A.M.; Nasr, N.; Santegoets, S.J.; Slobedman, E.; Slobedman, B.; Abendroth, A. Impact of varicella-zoster virus on dendritic cell subsets in human skin during natural infection. J. Virol. 2010, 84, 4060-4072.
17. Mohsen, A.H.; McKendrick, M. Varicella pneumonia in adults. Eur. Respir. J. 2003, 21, 886-891.
18. Chiner, E.; Ballester, I.; Betlloch, I.; Blanquer, J.; Aguar, M.C.; Blanquer, R.; Fernandez-Fabrellas, E.; Andreu, A.L.; Briones, M.; Sanz, F. Varicella-zoster virus pneumonia in an adult population: Has mortality decreased? Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 2010, 42, 215-221.
19. Moffat, J.F.; Stein, M.D.; Kaneshima, H.; Arvin, A.M. Tropism of varicella-zoster virus for human CD4+ and CD8+ t lymphocytes and epidermal cells in SCID-hu mice. J. Virol. 1995, 69, 5236-5242.
20. Ku, C.-C.; Zerboni, L.; Ito, H.; Graham, B.S.; Wallace, M.; Arvin, A.M. Varicella-zoster virus transfer to skin by T cells and modulation of viral replication by epidermal cell interferon-{alpha}. J. Exp. Med. 2004, 200, 917-925.
21. Eshleman, E.; Shahzad, A.; Cohrs, R.J. Varicella zoster virus latency. Future Virol. 2011, 6, 341-355.
22. Bearer, E.L.; Breakefield, X.O.; Schuback, D.; Reese, T.S.; LaVail, J.H. Retrograde axonal transport of herpes simplex virus: Evidence for a single mechanism and a role for tegument. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97, 8146-8150.
23. Haanpaa, M.; Laippala, P.; Nurmikko, T. Allodynia and pinprick hypesthesia in acute herpes zoster, and the development of postherpetic neuralgia. J. Pain Symptom Manage. 2000, 20, 50-58.
24. Cohrs, R.J.; Mehta, S.K.; Schmid, D.S.; Gilden, D.H.; Pierson, D.L. Asymptomatic reactivation and shed of infectious varicella zoster virus in astronauts. J. Med. Virol. 2008, 80, 1116-1122.
25. Mehta, S.K.; Cohrs, R.J.; Forghani, B.; Zerbe, G.; Gilden, D.H.; Pierson, D.L. Stress-induced subclinical reactivation of varicella zoster virus in astronauts. J. Med. Virol. 2004, 72, 174-179.
26. Amanna, I.J.; Carlson, N.E.; Slifka, M.K. Duration of humoral immunity to common viral and vaccine antigens. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007, 357, 1903-1915.
27. Insinga, R.P.; Itzler, R.F.; Pellissier, J.M.; Saddier, P.; Nikas, A.A. The incidence of herpes zoster in a United States administrative database. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 2005, 20, 748-753.
28. Gershon, A.A.; Gershon, M.D.; Breuer, J.; Levin, M.J.; Oaklander, A.L.; Griffiths, P.D. Advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis and epidemiology of herpes zoster. J. Clin. Virol. 2010, 48(Suppl. 1), S2-S7.
29. Gilden, D.; Nagel, M.A.; Mahalingam, R.; Mueller, N.H.; Brazeau, E.A.; Pugazhenthi, S.; Cohrs, R.J. Clinical and molecular aspects of varicella zoster virus infection. Future Neurol. 2009, 4, 103-117.
30. Helgason, S.; Petursson, G.; Gudmundsson, S.; Sigurdsson, J.A. Prevalence of postherpetic neuralgia after a first episode of herpes zoster: Prospective study with long term follow up. BMJ 2000, 321, 794-796.
31. Liesegang, T.J. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus natural history, risk factors, clinical presentation, and morbidity. Ophthalmology 2008, 115, S3-S12.
32. Yeo, S.W.; Lee, D.H.; Jun, B.C.; Chang, K.H.; Park, Y.S. Analysis of prognostic factors in Bell's palsy and Ramsay Hunt syndrome. Auris Nasus Larynx 2007, 34, 159-164.
33. Gilden, D.H.; Cohrs, R.J.; Mahalingam, R. Clinical and molecular pathogenesis of varicella virus infection. Viral Immunol. 2003, 16, 243-258.
34. Gilden, D.H.; Wright, R.R.; Schneck, S.A.; Gwaltney, J.M., Jr.; Mahalingam, R. Zoster sine herpete, a clinical variant. Ann. Neurol. 1994, 35, 530-533.
35. Lewis, G.W. Zoster sine herpete. Br. Med. J. 1958, 2, 418-421.
36. Easton, H.G. Zoster sine herpete causing acute trigeminal neuralgia. Lancet 1970, 2, 1065-1066.
37. Oxman, M.N.; Levin, M.J.; Johnson, G.R.; Schmader, K.E.; Straus, S.E.; Gelb, L.D.; Arbeit, R.D.; Simberkoff, M.S.; Gershon, A.A.; Davis, L.E., et al. A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005, 352, 2271-2284.
38. Dworkin, M.S.; Jennings, C.E.; Roth-Thomas, J.; Lang, J.E.; Stukenberg, C.; Lumpkin, J.R. An Outbreak of Varicella among children attending preschool and elementary school in Illinois. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2002, 35, 102-104.
39. Galil, K.; Lee, B.; Strine, T.; Carraher, C.; Baughman, A.L.; Eaton, M.; Montero, J.; Seward, J. Outbreak of varicella at a day-care center despite vaccination. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002, 347, 1909-1915.
40. Vazquez, M.; LaRussa, P.S.; Gershon, A.A.; Niccolai, L.M.; Muehlenbein, C.E.; Steinberg, S.P.; Shapiro, E.D. Effectiveness over time of varicella vaccine. JAMA 2004, 291, 851-855.
41. Marin, M.; Zhang, J.X.; Seward, J.F. Near elimination of varicella deaths in the US after implementation of the vaccination program. Pediatrics 2011, 128, 214-220.
42. Oxman, M.N.; Levin, M.J. Vaccination against herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. J. Infect. Dis. 2008, 197(Suppl. 2), S228-S236.
43. Levin, M.J.; Oxman, M.N.; Zhang, J.H.; Johnson, G.R.; Stanley, H.; Hayward, A.R.; Caulfield, M.J.; Irwin, M.R.; Smith, J.G.; Clair, J., et al. Varicella-zoster virus-specific immune responses in elderly recipients of a herpes zoster vaccine. J. Infect. Dis. 2008, 197, 825-835.
44. Schmader, K.E.; Oxman, M.N.; Levin, M.J.; Johnson, G.; Zhang, J.H.; Betts, R.; Morrison, V.A.; Gelb, L.; Guatelli, J.C.; Harbecke, R., et al. Persistence of the efficacy of zoster vaccine in the shingles prevention study and the short-term persistence substudy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2012, 55, 1320-1328.
45. Kinchington, P.R.; Goins, W.F. Varicella zoster virus-induced pain and post-herpetic neuralgia in the human host and in rodent animal models. J. Neurovirol. 2011, 17, 590-599.
46. Myers, M.G.; Connelly, B.L.; Stanberry, L.R. Varicella in hairless guinea pigs. J. Infect. Dis. 1991, 163, 746-751.
47. Myers, M.G.; Stanberry, L.R.; Edmond, B.J. Varicella-zoster virus infection of strain 2 guinea pigs. J. Infect. Dis. 1985, 151, 106-113.
48. Lowry, P.W.; Sabella, C.; Koropchak, C.M.; Watson, B.N.; Thackray, H.M.; Abbruzzi, G.M.; Arvin, A.M. Investigation of the pathogenesis of varicella-zoster virus infection in guinea pigs by using polymerase chain reaction. J. Infect. Dis. 1993, 167, 78-83.
49. Myers, M.G.; Duer, H.L.; Hausler, C.K. Experimental infection of guinea pigs with varicella-zoster virus. J. Infect. Dis. 1980, 142, 414-420.
50. Matsunaga, Y.; Yamanishi, K.; Takahashi, M. Experimental infection and immune response of guinea pigs with varicella-zoster virus. Infect. Immun. 1982, 37, 407-412.
51. Nomdedeu, J.F.; Nomdedeu, J.; Martino, R.; Bordes, R.; Portorreal, R.; Sureda, A.; Domingo-Albos, A.; Rutllant, M.; Soler, J. Ogilvie's syndrome from disseminated varicella-zoster infection and infarcted celiac ganglia. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 1995, 20, 157-159.
52. Keene, J.K.; Lowe, D.K.; Grosfeld, J.L.; Fitzgerald, J.F.; Gonzales-Crussi, F. Disseminated varicella complicating ulcerative colitis. JAMA 1978, 239, 45-46.
53. Milligan, K.L.; Jain, A.K.; Garrett, J.S.; Knutsen, A.P. Gastric ulcers due to varicella-zoster reactivation. Pediatrics 2012, 130, e1377-e1381.
54. Chen, J.J.; Gershon, A.A.; Li, Z.; Cowles, R.A.; Gershon, M.D. Varicella zoster virus (VZV) infects and establishes latency in enteric neurons. J. Neurovirol. 2011, 17, 578-589.
55. Gray, W.L. Simian varicella: A model for human varicella-zoster virus infections. Rev. Med. Virol. 2004, 14, 363-381.
56. Sadzot-Delvaux, C.; Merville-Louis, M.P.; Delree, P.; Marc, P.; Piette, J.; Moonen, G.; Rentier, B. An in vivo model of varicella-zoster virus latent infection of dorsal root ganglia. J. Neurosci. Res. 1990, 26, 83-89.
57. Brunell, P.A.; Ren, L.C.; Cohen, J.I.; Straus, S.E. Viral gene expression in rat trigeminal ganglia following neonatal infection with varicella-zoster virus. J. Med. Virol. 1999, 58, 286-290.
58. Wroblewska, Z.; Valyi-Nagy, T.; Otte, J.; Dillner, A.; Jackson, A.; Sole, D.P.; Fraser, N.W. A mouse model for varicella-zoster virus latency. Microb. Pathog. 1993, 15, 141-151.
59. Annunziato, P.; LaRussa, P.; Lee, P.; Steinberg, S.; Lungu, O.; Gershon, A.A.; Silverstein, S. Evidence of latent varicella-zoster virus in rat dorsal root ganglia. J. Infect. Dis. 1998, 178(Suppl 1), S48-S51.
60. Cohrs, R.J.; Barbour, M.B.; Mahalingam, R.; Wellish, M.; Gilden, D.H. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) transcription during latency in human ganglia: Prevalence of VZV gene 21 transcripts in latently infected human ganglia. J. Virol. 1995, 69, 2674-2678.
61. Kennedy, P.G.; Grinfeld, E.; Bontems, S.; Sadzot-Delvaux, C. Varicella-zoster virus gene expression in latently infected rat dorsal root ganglia. Virology 2001, 289, 218-223.
62. Croen, K.D.; Ostrove, J.M.; Dragovic, L.J.; Straus, S.E. Patterns of gene expression and sites of latency in human nerve ganglia are different for varicella-zoster and herpes simplex viruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1988, 85, 9773-9777.
63. Mahalingam, R.; Wellish, M.; Wolf, W.; Dueland, A.N.; Cohrs, R.; Vafai, A.; Gilden, D. Latent varicella-zoster viral DNA in human trigeminal and thoracic ganglia. N. Engl. J. Med. 1990, 323, 627-631.
64. Meier, J.L.; Holman, R.P.; Croen, K.D.; Smialek, J.E.; Straus, S.E. Varicella-zoster virus transcription in human trigeminal ganglia. Virology 1993, 193, 193-200.
65. Fleetwood-Walker, S.M.; Quinn, J.P.; Wallace, C.; Blackburn-Munro, G.; Kelly, B.G.; Fiskerstrand, C.E.; Nash, A.A.; Dalziel, R.G. Behavioural changes in the rat following infection with varicella-zoster virus. J. Gen. Virol. 1999, 80(Pt 9), 2433-2436.
66. Dalziel, R.G.; Bingham, S.; Sutton, D.; Grant, D.; Champion, J.M.; Dennis, S.A.; Quinn, J.P.; Bountra, C.; Mark, M.A. Allodynia in rats infected with varicella zoster virus--a small animal model for post-herpetic neuralgia. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 2004, 46, 234-242.
67. Ku, C.-C.; Besser, J.; Abendroth, A.; Grose, C.; Arvin, A.M. Varicella-zoster virus pathogenesis and immunobiology: New concepts emerging from investigations with the SCIDhu mouse model. J. Virol. 2005, 79, 2651-2658.
68. Ku, C.C.; Padilla, J.A.; Grose, C.; Butcher, E.C.; Arvin, A.M. Tropism of varicella-zoster virus for human tonsillar CD4(+) T lymphocytes that express activation, memory, and skin homing markers. J. Virol. 2002, 76, 11425-11433.
69. Heineman, T.C.; Cohen, J.I. The varicella-zoster virus (VZV) open reading frame 47 (ORF47) protein kinase is dispensable for viral replication and is not required for phosphorylation of ORF63 protein, the VZV homolog of herpes simplex virus ICP22. J. Virol. 1995, 69, 7367-7370.
70. Heineman, T.C.; Seidel, K.; Cohen, J.I. The varicella-zoster virus ORF66 protein induces kinase activity and is dispensable for viral replication. J. Virol. 1996, 70, 7312-7317.
71. Kinchington, P.R.; Ling, P.; Pensiero, M.; Gershon, A.; Hay, J.; Ruyechan, W.T. A possible role for glycoprotein gpV in the pathogenesis of varicella-zoster virus. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1990, 278, 83-91.
72. Cohen, J.I.; Seidel, K.E. Absence of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) glycoprotein V does not alter growth of VZV in vitro or sensitivity to heparin. J. Gen. Virol. 1994, 75(Pt 11), 3087-3093.
73. Moffat, J.F.; Zerboni, L.; Sommer, M.H.; Heineman, T.C.; Cohen, J.I.; Kaneshima, H.; Arvin, A.M. The ORF47 and ORF66 putative protein kinases of varicella-zoster virus determine tropism for human T cells and skin in the SCID-hu mouse. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95, 11969-11974.
74. Zerboni, L.; Ku, C.C.; Jones, C.D.; Zehnder, J.L.; Arvin, A.M. Varicella-zoster virus infection of human dorsal root ganglia in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102, 6490-6495.
75. Reichelt, M.; Zerboni, L.; Arvin, A.M. Mechanisms of varicella-zoster virus neuropathogenesis in human dorsal root ganglia. J. Virol. 2008, 82, 3971-3983.
76. Mahalingam, R.; Wellish, M.; Cohrs, R.; Debrus, S.; Piette, J.; Rentier, B.; Gilden, D.H. Expression of protein encoded by varicella-zoster virus open reading frame 63 in latently infected human ganglionic neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93, 2122-2124.
77. Cohrs, R.J.; Barbour, M.; Gilden, D.H. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) transcription during latency in human ganglia: Detection of transcripts mapping to genes 21, 29, 62, and 63 in a cDNA library enriched for VZV RNA. J. Virol. 1996, 70, 2789-2796.
78. Heuschele, W.P. Varicella (chicken pox) in three young anthropoid apes. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1960, 136, 256-257.
79. White, R.J.; Simmons, L.; Wilson, R.B. Chickenpox in young anthropoid apes: Clinical and laboratory findings. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1972, 161, 690-692.
80. Myers, M.G.; Kramer, L.W.; Stanberry, L.R. Varicella in a gorilla. J. Med. Virol. 1987, 23, 317-322.
81. Cohen, J.I.; Moskal, T.; Shapiro, M.; Purcell, R.H. Varicella in chimpanzees. J. Med. Virol. 1996, 50, 289-292.
82. Schneider, H.; Schneider, M.P.; Sampaio, I.; Harada, M.L.; Stanhope, M.; Czelusniak, J.; Goodman, M. Molecular phylogeny of the New World monkeys (platyrrhini, primates). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 1993, 2, 225-242.
83. Schrago, C.G.; Russo, C.A. Timing the origin of New World monkeys. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2003, 20, 1620-1625.
84. Provost, P.J.; Keller, P.M.; Banker, F.S.; Keech, B.J.; Klein, H.J.; Lowe, R.S.; Morton, D.H.; Phelps, A.H.; McAleer, W.J.; Ellis, R.W. Successful infection of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) with human varicella-zoster virus. J. Virol. 1987, 61, 2951-2955.
85. Felsenfeld, A.D.; Schmidt, N.J. Varicella-zoster virus immunizes patas monkeys against simian varicella-like disease. J. Gen. Virol. 1979, 42, 171-178.
86. Willer, D.O.; Ambagala, A.P.; Pilon, R.; Chan, J.K.; Fournier, J.; Brooks, J.; Sandstrom, P.; Macdonald, K.S. Experimental infection of cynomolgus macaques (macaca fascicularis) with human varicella-zoster virus. J. Virol. 2012, 86, 3626-3634.
87. Clarkson, M.J.; Thorpe, E.; McCarthy, K. A virus disease of captive vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops) caused by a new herpesvirus. Arch. Gesamte. Virusforsch. 1967, 22, 219-234.
88. Fletcher, T.M., 3rd; Gray, W.L. Simian varicella virus: Characterization of virion and infected cell polypeptides and the antigenic cross-reactivity with varicella-zoster virus. J. Gen. Virol. 1992, 73(Pt 5), 1209-1215.
89. Gray, W.L.; Pumphrey, C.Y.; Ruyechan, W.T.; Fletcher, T.M. The simian varicella virus and varicella zoster virus genomes are similar in size and structure. Virology 1992, 186, 562-572.
90. Pumphrey, C.Y.; Gray, W.L. The genomes of simian varicella virus and varicella zoster virus are colinear. Virus Res. 1992, 26, 255-266.
91. Gray, W.L.; Starnes, B.; White, M.W.; Mahalingam, R. The DNA sequence of the simian varicella virus genome. Virology 2001, 284, 123-130.
92. Clarke, P.; Rabkin, S.D.; Inman, M.V.; Mahalingam, R.; Cohrs, R.; Wellish, M.; Gilden, D.H. Molecular analysis of simian varicella virus DNA. Virology 1992, 190, 597-605.
93. Gray, W.L.; Oakes, J.E. Simian varicella virus DNA shares homology with human varicella-zoster virus DNA. Virology 1984, 136, 241-246.
94. Sato, H.; Pesnicak, L.; Cohen, J.I. Varicella-zoster virus open reading frame 2 encodes a membrane phosphoprotein that is dispensable for viral replication and for establishment of latency. J. Virol. 2002, 76, 3575-3578.
95. Gray, W.L. Simian varicella virus: Molecular virology. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2010, 342, 291-308.
96. Ou, Y.; Davis, K.A.; Traina-Dorge, V.; Gray, W.L. Simian varicella virus expresses a latency-associated transcript that is antisense to open reading frame 61 (ICP0) mRNA in neural ganglia of latently infected monkeys. J. Virol. 2007, 81, 8149-8156.
97. Meyer, C.; Kerns, A.; Barron, A.; Kreklywich, C.; Streblow, D.N.; Messaoudi, I. Simian varicella virus gene expression during acute and latent infection of rhesus macaques. J. Neurovirol. 2011, 17, 600-612.
98. Blakely, G.A.; Lourie, B.; Morton, W.G.; Evans, H.H.; Kaufmann, A.F. A varicella-like disease in macaque monkeys. J. Infect. Dis. 1973, 127, 617-625.
99. Felsenfeld, A.D.; Schmidt, N.J. Antigenic relationships among several simian varicella-like viruses and varicella-zoster virus. Infect. Immun. 1977, 15, 807-812.
100. Felsenfeld, A.D.; Schmidt, N.J. Immunological relationship between delta herpesvirus of patas monkeys and varicells-zoster virus of humans. Infect. Immun. 1975, 12, 261-266.
101. Wolf, R.H.; Smetana, H.F.; Allen, W.P.; Felsenfeld, A.D. Pathology and clinical history of delta herpesvirus infection in patas monkeys. Lab. Anim. Sci. 1974, 24, 218-221.
102. Allen, W.P.; Felsenfeld, A.D.; Wolf, R.H.; Smetana, H.F. Recent studies on the isolation and characterization of delta herpesvirus. Lab. Anim. Sci. 1974, 24, 222-228.
103. Iltis, J.P.; Arrons, M.C.; Castellano, G.A.; Madden, D.L.; Sever, J.L.; Curfman, B.L.; London, W.T. Simian varicella virus (delta herpesvirus) infection of patas monkeys leading to pneumonia and encephalitis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1982, 169, 266-279.
104. Felsenfeld, A.D.; Abee, C.R.; Gerone, P.J.; Soike, K.F.; Williams, S.R. Phosphonoacetic acid in the treatment of simian varicella. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1978, 14, 331-335.
105. Soike, K.F.; Felsenfeld, A.D.; Gerone, P.J. Acyclovir treatment of experimental simian varicella infection of monkeys. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1981, 20, 291-297.
106. Soike, K.F.; Felsenfeld, A.D.; Gibson, S.; Gerone, P.J. Ineffectiveness of adenine arabinoside and adenine arabinoside 5'-monophosphate in simian varicella infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1980, 18, 142-147.
107. Soike, K.F. Simian varicella virus infection in african and asian monkeys. The potential for development of antivirals for animal diseases. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1992, 653, 323-333.
108. Gray, W.L. Simian varicella in old world monkeys. Comp. Med. 2008, 58, 22-30.
109. Wenner, H.A.; Barrick, S.; Abel, D.; Seshumurty, P. The pathogenesis of simian varicella virus in cynomolgus monkeys. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1975, 150, 318-323.
110. Mahalingam, R.; Traina-Dorge, V.; Wellish, M.; Lorino, R.; Sanford, R.; Ribka, E.P.; Alleman, S.J.; Brazeau, E.; Gilden, D.H. Simian varicella virus reactivation in cynomolgus monkeys. Virology 2007, 368, 50-59.
111. Mahalingam, R.; Traina-Dorge, V.; Wellish, M.; Deharo, E.; Singletary, M.L.; Ribka, E.P.; Sanford, R.; Gilden, D. Latent simian varicella virus reactivates in monkeys treated with tacrolimus with or without exposure to irradiation. J. Neurovirol. 2010, 16, 342-354.
112. Ouwendijk, W.J.; Abendroth, A.; Traina-Dorge, V.; Getu, S.; Steain, M.; Wellish, M.; Andeweg, A.C.; Osterhaus, A.D.; Gilden, D.; Verjans, G.M., et al. T-cell infiltration correlates with CXCL10 expression in ganglia of cynomolgus macaques with reactivated simian varicella virus. J. Virol. 2013, 87, 2979-2982.
113. Steain, M.; Gowrishankar, K.; Rodriguez, M.; Slobedman, B.; Abendroth, A. Upregulation of CXCL10 in human dorsal root ganglia during experimental and natural varicella-zoster virus infection. J. Virol. 2011, 85, 626-631.
114. Lehner, N.D.; Bullock, B.C.; Jones, N.D. Simian varicella infection in the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). Lab. Anim. Sci. 1984, 34, 281-285.
115. Roberts, E.D.; Baskin, G.B.; Soike, K.; Gibson, S.V. Pathologic changes of experimental simian varicella (Delta herpesvirus) infection in African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Am. J. Vet. Res. 1984, 45, 523-530.
116. Soike, K.F.; Keller, P.M.; Ellis, R.W. Immunization of monkeys with varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein antigens and their response to challenge with simian varicella virus. J. Med. Virol. 1987, 22, 307-313.
117. White, T.M.; Mahalingam, R.; Traina-Dorge, V.; Gilden, D.H. Simian varicella virus DNA is present and transcribed months after experimental infection of adult African green monkeys. J. Neurovirol. 2002, 8, 191-203.
118. White, T.M.; Mahalingam, R.; Traina-Dorge, V.; Gilden, D.H. Persistence of simian varicella virus DNA in CD4(+) and CD8(+) blood mononuclear cells for years after intratracheal inoculation of african green monkeys. Virology 2002, 303, 192-198.
119. Mahalingam, R.; Traina-Dorge, V.; Wellish, M.; Smith, J.; Gilden, D.H. Naturally acquired simian varicella virus infection in African green monkeys. J. Virol. 2002, 76, 8548-8550.
120. Mahalingam, R.; Wellish, M.; Soike, K.; White, T.; Kleinschmidt-DeMasters, B.K.; Gilden, D.H. Simian varicella virus infects ganglia before rash in experimentally infected monkeys. Virology 2001, 279, 339-342.
121. Messaoudi, I.; Barron, A.; Wellish, M.; Engelmann, F.; Legasse, A.; Planer, S.; Gilden, D.; Nikolich-Zugich, J.; Mahalingam, R. Simian varicella virus infection of rhesus macaques recapitulates essential features of varicella zoster virus infection in humans. PLoS Pathog. 2009, 5, e1000657.
122. Ouwendijk, W.J.; Mahalingam, R.; Traina-Dorge, V.; van Amerongen, G.; Wellish, M.; Osterhaus, A.D.; Gilden, D.; Verjans, G.M. Simian varicella virus infection of Chinese rhesus macaques produces ganglionic infection in the absence of rash. J. Neurovirol. 2012, 18, 91-99.
123. Ling, B.; Veazey, R.S.; Luckay, A.; Penedo, C.; Xu, K.; Lifson, J.D.; Marx, P.A. SIV(mac) pathogenesis in rhesus macaques of chinese and indian origin compared with primary HIV infections in humans. AIDS 2002, 16, 1489-1496.
124. Trichel, A.M.; Rajakumar, P.A.; Murphey-Corb, M. Species-specific variation in SIV disease progression between Chinese and Indian subspecies of rhesus macaque. J. Med. Primatol. 2002, 31, 171-178.
125. Meyer, C.; Kerns, A.; Haberthur, K.; Dewane, J.; Walker, J.; Gray, W.; Messaoudi, I. Attenuation of the adaptive immune response in rhesus macaques infected with simian varicella virus lacking open reading frame 61. J. Virol. 2013, 87, 2151-2163.
126. Kolappaswamy, K.; Mahalingam, R.; Traina-Dorge, V.; Shipley, S.T.; Gilden, D.H.; Kleinschmidt-Demasters, B.K.; McLeod, C.G., Jr.; Hungerford, L.L.; DeTolla, L.J. Disseminated simian varicella virus infection in an irradiated rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). J. Virol. 2007, 81, 411-415.
127. Gourishankar, S.; McDermid, J.C.; Jhangri, G.S.; Preiksaitis, J.K. Herpes zoster infection following solid organ transplantation: Incidence, risk factors and outcomes in the current immunosuppressive era. Am. J. Transplant. 2004, 4, 108-115.
128. Herrero, J.I.; Quiroga, J.; Sangro, B.; Pardo, F.; Rotellar, F.; Alvarez-Cienfuegos, J.; Prieto, J. Herpes zoster after liver transplantation: Incidence, risk factors, and complications. Liver. Transpl. 2004, 10, 1140-1143.
129. Fuks, L.; Shitrit, D.; Fox, B.D.; Amital, A.; Raviv, Y.; Bakal, I.; Kramer, M.R. Herpes zoster after lung transplantation: Incidence, timing, and outcome. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2009, 87, 423-426.
130. Schuchter, L.M.; Wingard, J.R.; Piantadosi, S.; Burns, W.H.; Santos, G.W.; Saral, R. Herpes zoster infection after autologous bone marrow transplantation. Blood 1989, 74, 1424-1427.
131. Locksley, R.M.; Flournoy, N.; Sullivan, K.M.; Meyers, J.D. Infection with varicella-zoster virus after marrow transplantation. J. Infect. Dis. 1985, 152, 1172-1181.
132. Dahl, H.; Marcoccia, J.; Linde, A. Antigen detection: The method of choice in comparison with virus isolation and serology for laboratory diagnosis of herpes zoster in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1997, 35, 347-349.
133. Haberthur, K.; Engelmann, F.; Park, B.; Barron, A.; Legasse, A.; Dewane, J.; Fischer, M.; Kerns, A.; Brown, M.; Messaoudi, I. CD4 T cell immunity is critical for the control of simian varicella virus infection in a nonhuman primate model of VZV infection. PLoS Pathog. 2011, 7, e1002367.
134. Cohrs, R.J.; Hurley, M.P.; Gilden, D.H. Array analysis of viral gene transcription during lytic infection of cells in tissue culture with varicella-zoster virus. J. Virol. 2003, 77, 11718-11732.
135. Cohrs, R.J.; Gilden, D.H. Prevalence and abundance of latently transcribed varicella-zoster virus genes in human ganglia. J. Virol. 2007, 81, 2950-2956.
136. Cohrs, R.J.; Randall, J.; Smith, J.; Gilden, D.H.; Dabrowski, C.; van Der Keyl, H.; Tal-Singer, R. Analysis of individual human trigeminal ganglia for latent herpes simplex virus type 1 and varicella-zoster virus nucleic acids using real-time PCR. J. Virol. 2000, 74, 11464-11471.
137. Kennedy, P.G.; Grinfeld, E.; Bell, J.E. Varicella-zoster virus gene expression in latently infected and explanted human ganglia. J. Virol. 2000, 74, 11893-11898.
138. Nagel, M.A.; Choe, A.; Traktinskiy, I.; Cordery-Cotter, R.; Gilden, D.; Cohrs, R.J. Varicella-zoster virus transcriptome in latently infected human ganglia. J. Virol. 2011, 85, 2276-2287.
139. Mahalingam, R.; Traina-Dorge, V.; Wellish, M.; Deharo, E.; Golive, A.; Messaoudi, I.; Gilden, D. Effect of time delay after necropsy on analysis of simian varicella-zoster virus expression in latently infected ganglia of rhesus macaques. J. Virol. 2010, 84, 12454-12457.