Japanese encephalitis virus invasion of cell: allies and alleys

Reviews in Medical Virology

Volumn , Issue , 2016, Pages 129-141

  Nain, Minu ^a,b   Abdin, Malik Z ^b   Kalia, Manjula ^a   Vrati, Sudhanshu ^a  

^a TRANSLATIONAL HEALTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE   (India)

^b HAMDARD UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

VIRUS ENVELOPE PROTEIN;

CELL LINEAGE; ENDOCYTOSIS; FLAVIVIRUS; JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; VIROGENESIS; VIRUS ATTACHMENT; VIRUS CELL INTERACTION; VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS; VIRUS MORPHOLOGY;

EID: 84987800334     PISSN: 10529276     EISSN: 10991654     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1868     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Lindenbach BD, Thiel H-J, Rice CM. Flaviviridae: the viruses and their replication, 5th edn. In Fields Virology, Knipe DM, Howley PM (eds), 1. Lippincott-Raven Publishers: Philadelphia, PA, 2007; 1101–1152.
2. Sips GJ, Wilschut J, Smit JM. Neuroinvasive flavivirus infections. Reviews in Medical Virology 2011; 22: 69–87.
3. Sanchez-San Martin C, Liu CY, Kielian M. Dealing with low pH: entry and exit of alphaviruses and flaviviruses. Trends in Microbiology 2009; 17: 514–521.
4. Uchil PD, Satchidanandam V. Architecture of the flaviviral replication complex. Protease, nuclease, and detergents reveal encasement within double-layered membrane compartments. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2003; 278: 24388–24398.
5. Westaway EG, Mackenzie JM, Kenney MT, Jones MK, Khromykh AA. Ultrastructure of Kunjin virus-infected cells: colocalization of NS1 and NS3 with double-stranded RNA, and of NS2B with NS3, in virus-induced membrane structures. Journal of Virology 1997; 71: 6650–6661.
6. Diamond MS. Evasion of innate and adaptive immunity by flaviviruses. Immunology and Cell Biology 2003; 81: 196–206.
7. Bhattacharyya S, Sen U, Vrati S. Regulated IRE1-dependent decay pathway is activated during Japanese encephalitis virus-induced unfolded protein response and benefits viral replication. Journal of General Virology 2014; 95: 71–79.
8. Su HL, Liao CL, Lin YL. Japanese encephalitis virus infection initiates endoplasmic reticulum stress and an unfolded protein response. Journal of Virology 2002; 76: 4162–4171.
9. Sharma M, Bhattacharyya S, Nain M, et al. Japanese encephalitis virus replication is negatively regulated by autophagy and occurs on LC3-I- and EDEM1-containing membranes. Autophagy 2015; 10: 1637–1651.
10. Liao CL, Lin YL, Wang JJ, et al. Effect of enforced expression of human bcl-2 on Japanese encephalitis virus-induced apoptosis in cultured cells. Journal of Virology 1997; 71: 5963–5971.
11. Yang TC, Shiu SL, Chuang PH, et al. Japanese encephalitis virus NS2B-NS3 protease induces caspase 3 activation and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in human medulloblastoma cells. Virus Research 2009; 143: 77–85.
12. Hills SL, Phillips DC. Past, present, and future of Japanese encephalitis. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2009; 15: 1333.
13. Mackenzie JS, Gubler DJ, Petersen LR. Emerging flaviviruses: the spread and resurgence of Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and dengue viruses. Nature Medicine 2004; 10: S98–S109.
14. Hanna JN, Ritchie SA, Phillips DA, et al. Japanese encephalitis in north Queensland, Australia, 1998. Medical Journal of Australia 1999; 170: 533–536.
15. Hanna JN, Ritchie SA, Phillips DA, et al. An outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in the Torres Strait, Australia, 1995. Medical Journal of Australia 1996; 165: 256–260.
16. Daep CA, Munoz-Jordan JL, Eugenin EA. Flaviviruses, an expanding threat in public health: focus on dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis virus. Journal for Neurovirology 2014; 20: 539–560.
17. Campbell GL, Hills SL, Fischer M, et al. Estimated global incidence of Japanese encephalitis: a systematic review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2011; 89: 766–774, 774A-774E.
18. Keiser J, Maltese MF, Erlanger TE, et al. Effect of irrigated rice agriculture on Japanese encephalitis, including challenges and opportunities for integrated vector management. Acta Tropica 2005; 95: 40–57.
19. Vaughn DW, Hoke CH Jr. The epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis: prospects for prevention. Epidemiologic Reviews 1992; 14: 197–221.
20. Wang H, Liang G. Epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis: past, present, and future prospects. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management 2015; 11: 435–448.
21. Kumar R, Mathur A, Kumar A, Sharma S, Chakraborty S, Chaturvedi UC. Clinical features and prognostic indicators of Japanese encephalitis in children in Lucknow (India). Indian Journal of Medical Research 1990; 91: 321–327.
22. Michael BD, Solomon T. Seizures and encephalitis: clinical features, management, and potential pathophysiologic mechanisms. Epilepsia 2012; 53(Suppl 4): 63–71.
23. Misra UK, Kalita J. Overview: Japanese encephalitis. Progress in Neurobiology 2010; 91: 108–120.
24. Solomon T, Dung NM, Kneen R, et al. Seizures and raised intracranial pressure in Vietnamese patients with Japanese encephalitis. Brain 2002; 125: 1084–1093.
25. Solomon T, Kneen R, Dung NM, et al. Poliomyelitis-like illness due to Japanese encephalitis virus. Lancet 1998; 351: 1094–1097.
26. Hennessy S, Liu Z, Tsai TF, et al. Effectiveness of live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine (SA14-14-2): a case-control study. Lancet 1996; 347: 1583–1586.
27. Song BH, Yun GN, Kim JK, Yun SI, Lee YM. Biological and genetic properties of SA(1)(4)-14-2, a live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine that is currently available for humans. Journal of Microbiology 2012; 50: 698–706.
28. Chin R, Torresi J. Japanese B encephalitis: an overview of the disease and use of ChimeriVax-JE as a preventative vaccine. Infectious Disease and Therapy 2013; 2: 145–158.
29. Singh A, Mitra M, Sampath G, et al. A Japanese encephalitis vaccine from india induces durable and cross-protective immunity against temporally and spatially wide-ranging global field strains. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2015; 212: 715–725.
30. Kuhn RJ, Zhang W, Rossmann MG, et al. Structure of dengue virus: implications for flavivirus organization, maturation, and fusion. Cell 2002; 108: 717–725.
31. Luca VC, AbiMansour J, Nelson CA, Fremont DH. Crystal structure of the Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein. Journal of Virology 2012; 86: 2337–2346.
32. Modis Y, Ogata S, Clements D, Harrison SC. A ligand-binding pocket in the dengue virus envelope glycoprotein. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2003; 100: 6986–6991.
33. Rey FA, Heinz FX, Mandl C, Kunz C, Harrison SC. The envelope glycoprotein from tick-borne encephalitis virus at 2 A resolution. Nature 1995; 375: 291–298.
34. Bressanelli S, Stiasny K, Allison SL, et al. Structure of a flavivirus envelope glycoprotein in its low-pH-induced membrane fusion conformation. EMBO Journal 2004; 23: 728–738.
35. Modis Y, Ogata S, Clements D, Harrison SC. Structure of the dengue virus envelope protein after membrane fusion. Nature 2004; 427: 313–319.
36. Modis Y, Ogata S, Clements D, Harrison SC. Variable surface epitopes in the crystal structure of dengue virus type 3 envelope glycoprotein. Journal of Virology 2005; 79: 1223–1231.
37. Allison SL, Schalich J, Stiasny K, Mandl CW, Heinz FX. Mutational evidence for an internal fusion peptide in flavivirus envelope protein E. Journal of Virology 2001; 75: 4268–4275.
38. Huang CY, Butrapet S, Moss KJ, et al. The dengue virus type 2 envelope protein fusion peptide is essential for membrane fusion. Virology 2010; 396: 305–315.
39. Zhang Y, Zhang W, Ogata S, et al. Conformational changes of the flavivirus E glycoprotein. Structure 2004; 12: 1607–1618.
40. Liu H, Liu Y, Wang S, et al. Structure-based mutational analysis of several sites in the E protein: implications for understanding the entry mechanism of Japanese encephalitis virus. Journal of Virology 2015; 89: 5668–5686.
41. Chin JF, Chu JJ, Ng ML. The envelope glycoprotein domain III of dengue virus serotypes 1 and 2 inhibit virus entry. Microbes and Infection 2007; 9: 1–6.
42. Chu JJ, Rajamanonmani R, Li J, Bhuvanakantham R, Lescar J, Ng ML. Inhibition of West Nile virus entry by using a recombinant domain III from the envelope glycoprotein. Journal of General Virology 2005; 86: 405–412.
43. Fan J, Liu Y, Xie X, Zhang B, Yuan Z. Inhibition of Japanese encephalitis virus infection by flavivirus recombinant E protein domain III. Virologica Sinica 2013; 28: 152–160.
44. Chavez JH, Silva JR, Amarilla AA, Moraes Figueiredo LT. Domain III peptides from flavivirus envelope protein are useful antigens for serologic diagnosis and targets for immunization. Biologicals 2010; 38: 613–618.
45. Li C, Ge LL, Yu YL, et al. A tripeptide (NSK) inhibits Japanese encephalitis virus infection in vitro and in vivo. Archives of Virology 2014; 159: 1045–1055.
46. Zu X, Liu Y, Wang S, et al. Peptide inhibitor of Japanese encephalitis virus infection targeting envelope protein domain III. Antiviral Research 2014; 104: 7–14.
47. Jennings AD, Gibson CA, Miller BR, et al. Analysis of a yellow fever virus isolated from a fatal case of vaccine-associated human encephalitis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1994; 169: 512–518.
48. Pryor MJ, Carr JM, Hocking H, Davidson AD, Li P, Wright PJ. Replication of dengue virus type 2 in human monocyte-derived macrophages: comparisons of isolates and recombinant viruses with substitutions at amino acid 390 in the envelope glycoprotein. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2001; 65: 427–434.
49. Volk DE, Beasley DW, Kallick DA, Holbrook MR, Barrett AD, Gorenstein DG. Solution structure and antibody binding studies of the envelope protein domain III from the New York strain of West Nile virus. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2004; 279: 38755–38761.
50. Volk DE, Lee YC, Li X, et al. Solution structure of the envelope protein domain III of dengue-4 virus. Virology 2007; 364: 147–154.
51. Volk DE, May FJ, Gandham SH, et al. Structure of yellow fever virus envelope protein domain III. Virology 2009; 394: 12–18.
52. Wu KP, Wu CW, Tsao YP, et al. Structural basis of a flavivirus recognized by its neutralizing antibody: solution structure of the domain III of the Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2003; 278: 46007–46013.
53. Brien JD, Austin SK, Sukupolvi-Petty S, et al. Genotype-specific neutralization and protection by antibodies against dengue virus type 3. Journal of Virology 2010; 84: 10630–10643.
54. Crill WD, Roehrig JT. Monoclonal antibodies that bind to domain III of dengue virus E glycoprotein are the most efficient blockers of virus adsorption to Vero cells. Journal of Virology 2001; 75: 7769–7773.
55. Beltramello M, Williams KL, Simmons CP, et al. The human immune response to Dengue virus is dominated by highly cross-reactive antibodies endowed with neutralizing and enhancing activity. Cell Host & Microbe 2010; 8: 271–283.
56. Chiou SS, Fan YC, Crill WD, Chang RY, Chang GJ. Mutation analysis of the cross-reactive epitopes of Japanese encephalitis virus envelope glycoprotein. Journal of General Virology 2012; 93: 1185–1192.
57. Jarmer J, Zlatkovic J, Tsouchnikas G, et al. Variation of the specificity of the human antibody responses after tick-borne encephalitis virus infection and vaccination. Journal of Virology 2014; 88: 13845–13857.
58. Kim JM, Yun SI, Song BH, et al. A single N-linked glycosylation site in the Japanese encephalitis virus prM protein is critical for cell type-specific prM protein biogenesis, virus particle release, and pathogenicity in mice. Journal of Virology 2008; 82: 7846–7862.
59. Kalia M, Jameel S. Virus entry paradigms. Amino Acids 2011; 41: 1147–1157.
60. Marsh M, Helenius A. Virus entry: open sesame. Cell 2006; 124: 729–740.
61. Barth H, Schafer C, Adah MI, et al. Cellular binding of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein E2 requires cell surface heparan sulfate. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2003; 278: 41003–41012.
62. Kalia M, Chandra V, Rahman SA, Sehgal D, Jameel S. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are required for cellular binding of the hepatitis E virus ORF2 capsid protein and for viral infection. Journal of Virology 2009; 83: 12714–12724.
63. Mondor I, Ugolini S, Sattentau QJ. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 attachment to HeLa CD4 cells is CD4 independent and gp120 dependent and requires cell surface heparans. Journal of Virology 1998; 72: 3623–3634.
64. Spear PG. Herpes simplex virus: receptors and ligands for cell entry. Cellular Microbiology 2004; 6: 401–410.
65. Chen Y, Maguire T, Hileman RE, et al. Dengue virus infectivity depends on envelope protein binding to target cell heparan sulfate. Nature Medicine 1997; 3: 866–871.
66. Chien YJ, Chen WJ, Hsu WL, Chiou SS. Bovine lactoferrin inhibits Japanese encephalitis virus by binding to heparan sulfate and receptor for low density lipoprotein. Virology 2008; 379: 143–151.
67. Chiou SS, Liu H, Chuang CK, Lin CC, Chen WJ. Fitness of Japanese encephalitis virus to Neuro-2a cells is determined by interactions of the viral envelope protein with highly sulfated glycosaminoglycans on the cell surface. Journal of Medical Virology 2005; 76: 583–592.
68. Germi R, Crance JM, Garin D, et al. Heparan sulfate-mediated binding of infectious dengue virus type 2 and yellow fever virus. Virology 2002; 292: 162–168.
69. Kroschewski H, Allison SL, Heinz FX, Mandl CW. Role of heparan sulfate for attachment and entry of tick-borne encephalitis virus. Virology 2003; 308: 92–100.
70. Su CM, Liao CL, Lee YL, Lin YL. Highly sulfated forms of heparin sulfate are involved in Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Virology 2001; 286: 206–215.
71. Lee E, Hall RA, Lobigs M. Common E protein determinants for attenuation of glycosaminoglycan-binding variants of Japanese encephalitis and West Nile viruses. Journal of Virology 2004; 78: 8271–8280.
72. Lee E, Lobigs M. Mechanism of virulence attenuation of glycosaminoglycan-binding variants of Japanese encephalitis virus and Murray Valley encephalitis virus. Journal of Virology 2002; 76: 4901–4911.
73. Liu H, Chiou SS, Chen WJ. Differential binding efficiency between the envelope protein of Japanese encephalitis virus variants and heparan sulfate on the cell surface. Journal of Medical Virology 2004; 72: 618–624.
74. Chiou SS, Chen WJ. Phenotypic changes in the Japanese encephalitis virus after one passage in Neuro-2a cells: generation of attenuated strains of the virus. Vaccine 2007; 26: 15–23.
75. Nickells J, Cannella M, Droll DA, Liang Y, Wold WS, Chambers TJ. Neuroadapted yellow fever virus strain 17D: a charged locus in domain III of the E protein governs heparin binding activity and neuroinvasiveness in the SCID mouse model. Journal of Virology 2008; 82: 12510–12519.
76. Das S, Laxminarayana SV, Chandra N, Ravi V, Desai A. Heat shock protein 70 on Neuro2a cells is a putative receptor for Japanese encephalitis virus. Virology 2009; 385: 47–57.
77. Reyes-Del Valle J, Chavez-Salinas S, Medina F, Del Angel RM. Heat shock protein 90 and heat shock protein 70 are components of dengue virus receptor complex in human cells. Journal of Virology 2005; 79: 4557–4567.
78. Salas-Benito J, Reyes-Del Valle J, Salas-Benito M, Ceballos-Olvera I, Mosso C, del Angel RM. Evidence that the 45-kD glycoprotein, part of a putative dengue virus receptor complex in the mosquito cell line C6/36, is a heat-shock related protein. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2007; 77: 283–290.
79. Thongtan T, Wikan N, Wintachai P, et al. Characterization of putative Japanese encephalitis virus receptor molecules on microglial cells. Journal of Medical Virology 2012; 84: 615–623.
80. Zhu YZ, Cao MM, Wang WB, et al. Association of heat-shock protein 70 with lipid rafts is required for Japanese encephalitis virus infection in Huh7 cells. Journal of General Virology 2012; 93: 61–71.
81. Ren J, Ding T, Zhang W, Song J, Ma W. Does Japanese encephalitis virus share the same cellular receptor with other mosquito-borne flaviviruses on the C6/36 mosquito cells? Virology Journal 2007; 4: 83.
82. Hung CY, Tsai MC, Wu YP, Wang RY. Identification of heat-shock protein 90 beta in Japanese encephalitis virus-induced secretion proteins. Journal of General Virology 2011; 92: 2803–2809.
83. Kimura T. Characterization of binding and entry process of Japanese encephalitis virus infection to high-susceptibility and low-susceptibility cell lines. Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi 1994; 69: 857–865.
84. Chen LK, Lin YL, Liao CL, et al. Generation and characterization of organ-tropism mutants of Japanese encephalitis virus in vivo and in vitro. Virology 1996; 223: 79–88.
85. Liang JJ, Yu CY, Liao CL, Lin YL. Vimentin binding is critical for infection by the virulent strain of Japanese encephalitis virus. Cellular Microbiology 2011; 13: 1358–1370.
86. Chu JJ, Ng ML. Interaction of West Nile virus with alpha v beta 3 integrin mediates virus entry into cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2004; 279: 54533–54541.
87. Boonsanay V, Smith DR. Entry into and production of the Japanese encephalitis virus from C6/36 cells. Intervirology 2007; 50: 85–92.
88. Medigeshi GR, Hirsch AJ, Streblow DN, Nikolich-Zugich J, Nelson JA. West Nile virus entry requires cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains and is independent of alphavbeta3 integrin. Journal of Virology 2008; 82: 5212–5219.
89. Davis CW, Nguyen HY, Hanna SL, Sanchez MD, Doms RW, Pierson TC. West Nile virus discriminates between DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR for cellular attachment and infection. Journal of Virology 2006; 80: 1290–1301.
90. Navarro-Sanchez E, Altmeyer R, Amara A, et al. Dendritic-cell-specific ICAM3-grabbing non-integrin is essential for the productive infection of human dendritic cells by mosquito-cell-derived dengue viruses. EMBO Reports 2003; 4: 723–728.
91. Perera-Lecoin M, Meertens L, Carnec X, Amara A. Flavivirus entry receptors: an update. Viruses 2014; 6: 69–88.
92. Tassaneetrithep B, Burgess TH, Granelli-Piperno A, et al. DC-SIGN (CD209) mediates dengue virus infection of human dendritic cells. Journal of Experimental Medicine 2003; 197: 823–829.
93. Miller JL, de Wet BJ, Martinez-Pomares L, et al. The mannose receptor mediates dengue virus infection of macrophages. PLoS Pathogen 2008; 4: e17:.
94. Chen ST, Lin YL, Huang MT, et al. CLEC5A is critical for dengue-virus-induced lethal disease. Nature 2008; 453: 672–676.
95. Chen ST, Liu RS, Wu MF, et al. CLEC5A regulates Japanese encephalitis virus-induced neuroinflammation and lethality. PLoS Pathogen 2012; 8: e1002655:.
96. Meertens L, Carnec X, Lecoin MP, et al. The TIM and TAM families of phosphatidylserine receptors mediate dengue virus entry. Cell Host & Microbe 2012; 12: 544–557.
97. Jemielity S, Wang JJ, Chan YK, et al. TIM-family proteins promote infection of multiple enveloped viruses through virion-associated phosphatidylserine. PLoS Pathogen 2013; 9: e1003232:.
98. Moller-Tank S, Kondratowicz AS, Davey RA, Rennert PD, Maury W. Role of the phosphatidylserine receptor TIM-1 in enveloped-virus entry. Journal of Virology 2013; 87: 8327–8341.
99. Burckhardt CJ, Greber UF. Virus movements on the plasma membrane support infection and transmission between cells. PLoS Pathogen 2009; 5: e1000621:.
100. Ishak R, Tovey DG, Howard CR. Morphogenesis of yellow fever virus 17D in infected cell cultures. Journal of General Virology 1988; 69(Pt 2): 325–335.
101. Ng ML, Lau LC. Possible involvement of receptors in the entry of Kunjin virus into Vero cells. Archives of Virology 1988; 100: 199–211.
102. Acosta EG, Castilla V, Damonte EB. Functional entry of dengue virus into Aedes albopictus mosquito cells is dependent on clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Journal of General Virology 2008; 89: 474–484.
103. Chu JJ, Leong PW, Ng ML. Analysis of the endocytic pathway mediating the infectious entry of mosquito-borne flavivirus West Nile into Aedes albopictus mosquito (C6/36) cells. Virology 2006; 349: 463–475.
104. Chu JJ, Ng ML. Infectious entry of West Nile virus occurs through a clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway. Journal of Virology 2004; 78: 10543–10555.
105. Mosso C, Galvan-Mendoza IJ, Ludert JE, del Angel RM. Endocytic pathway followed by dengue virus to infect the mosquito cell line C6/36 HT. Virology 2008; 378: 193–199.
106. van der Schaar HM, Rust MJ, Chen C, et al. Dissecting the cell entry pathway of dengue virus by single-particle tracking in living cells. PLoS Pathogen 2008; 4: e1000244:.
107. Alhoot MA, Wang SM, Sekaran SD. Inhibition of dengue virus entry and multiplication into monocytes using RNA interference. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2011; 5: e1410:.
108. Alhoot MA, Wang SM, Sekaran SD. RNA interference mediated inhibition of dengue virus multiplication and entry in HepG2 cells. PLoS One 2012; 7: e34060:.
109. Ang F, Wong AP, Ng MM, Chu JJ. Small interference RNA profiling reveals the essential role of human membrane trafficking genes in mediating the infectious entry of dengue virus. Virology Journal 2010; 7: 24.
110. Krishnan MN, Ng A, Sukumaran B, et al. RNA interference screen for human genes associated with West Nile virus infection. Nature 2008; 455: 242–245.
111. Liou ML, Hsu CY. Japanese encephalitis virus is transported across the cerebral blood vessels by endocytosis in mouse brain. Cell and Tissue Research 1998; 293: 389–394.
112. Das S, Chakraborty S, Basu A. Critical role of lipid rafts in virus entry and activation of phosphoinositide 3′ kinase/Akt signaling during early stages of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in neural stem/progenitor cells. Journal of Neurochemistry 2010; 115: 537–549.
113. Nawa M, Takasaki T, Yamada K, Kurane I, Akatsuka T. Interference in Japanese encephalitis virus infection of Vero cells by a cationic amphiphilic drug, chlorpromazine. Journal of General Virology 2003; 84: 1737–1741.
114. Chuang CK, Yang TH, Chen TH, Yang CF, Chen WJ. Heat shock cognate protein 70 isoform D is required for clathrin-dependent endocytosis of Japanese encephalitis virus in C6/36 cells. Journal of General Virology 2015; 96: 793–803.
115. Kirkham M, Parton RG. Clathrin-independent endocytosis: new insights into caveolae and non-caveolar lipid raft carriers. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2005; 1746: 349–363.
116. Mayor S, Pagano RE. Pathways of clathrin-independent endocytosis. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 2007; 8: 603–612.
117. Acosta EG, Castilla V, Damonte EB. Alternative infectious entry pathways for dengue virus serotypes into mammalian cells. Cellular Microbiology 2009; 11: 1533–1549.
118. Acosta EG, Piccini LE, Talarico LB, Castilla V, Damonte EB. Changes in antiviral susceptibility to entry inhibitors and endocytic uptake of dengue-2 virus serially passaged in Vero or C6/36 cells. Virus Research 2014; 184: 39–43.
119. Kalia M, Khasa R, Sharma M, Nain M, Vrati S. Japanese encephalitis virus infects neuronal cells through a clathrin-independent endocytic mechanism. Journal of Virology 2013; 87: 148–162.
120. Zhu YZ, Xu QQ, Wu DG, et al. Japanese encephalitis virus enters rat neuroblastoma cells via a pH-dependent, dynamin and caveola-mediated endocytosis pathway. Journal of Virology 2012; 86: 13407–13422.
121. Tsai TF. New initiatives for the control of Japanese encephalitis by vaccination: minutes of a WHO/CVI meeting, Bangkok, Thailand, 13–15 October 1998. Vaccine 2000; 18(Suppl 2): 1–25.
122. McArthur MA, Holbrook MR. Japanese encephalitis vaccines. Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense 2011; S1: 2.