Learning to lead in the entrepreneurial context

International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 5-34

  Kempster, Stephen ^a   Cope, Jason ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CUMBRIA   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Entrepreneurialism; Leadership; Learning; Small to medium sized enterprises

Indexed keywords

EID: 84986078209     PISSN: 13552554     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/13552551011020054     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. Alvesson, M. (1996), “Leadership studies: from procedure and abstraction to reflexivity and situation”, Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 7 No. 4, pp. 455-85.
2. Anderson, A.R. and Jack, S.L. (2002), “The articulation of social capital in entrepreneurial networks: a glue or a lubricant?”, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Vol. 14 No. 3, pp. 193-210.
3. Anderson, A.R. and Miller, C.J. (2003), “‘Class matters’: human and social capital in the entrepreneurial process”, Journal of Socio-Economics, Vol. 32 No. 1, pp. 17-36.
4. Balkundi, P. and Kilduff, M. (2006), “The ties that bind: a social network approach to leadership”, The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 17 No. 4, pp. 419-39.
5. Bandura, A. (1986), Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
6. Bennis, W.G. and Thomas, R.G. (2002), “Crucibles of leadership”, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 80 No. 9, pp. 39-46.
7. Bessant, J. and Tsekouras, G. (2001), “Developing learning networks”, AI and Society, Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 82-98.
8. Bird, B. (1989), Entrepreneurial Behaviour, Scott, Foresman and Company, Glenview, IL.
9. Brass, D.J., Galaskieqicz, J., Greve, H.R. and Tsai, W. (2004), “Taking stock of networks and organizations: a multi-level perspective”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 47 No. 6, pp. 795-817.
10. Bryman, A. (2004), “Qualitative research on leadership: a critical but appreciative review”, Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 15 No. 6, pp. 729-69.
11. Bryman, A., Stephens, M. and Campo, C. (1996), “The importance of context: qualitative research and the study of leadership”, Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 7 No. 3, pp. 353-70.
12. Bryman, A., Bresnen, M., Beardworth, A. and Keil, T. (1988), “Qualitative research and the study of leadership”, Human Relations, Vol. 41 No. 1, pp. 13-29.
13. Burgoyne, J.G. (2004), “Leadership training is a waste”, People Management, October.
14. Burgoyne, J.G. and Hodgson, V.E. (1983), “Natural learning and managerial action: a phenomenological study in the field setting”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 20 No. 3, pp. 387-99.
15. Bygrave, W. and Hofer, C.W. (1991), “Theorising about entrepreneurship”, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 13-22.
16. CEML (2002), Joining Entrepreneurs in their World: Improving Entrepreneurship, Management and Leadership in the UK, CEML, London.
17. Clarke, J., Thorpe, R., Anderson, L. and Gold, J. (2006), “It's all action, it's all learning: action learning in SMEs”, Journal of European Industrial Training, Vol. 30 No. 6, pp. 441-55.
18. Cogliser, C.C. and Brigham, K.H. (2004), “The intersection of leadership and entrepreneurship: mutual lessons to be learned”, The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 15 No. 6, pp. 771-99.
19. Colbert, F. (2003), “Entrepreneurship and leadership in marketing the arts”, International Journal of Arts Management, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 30-9.
20. Conger, J.A. (1996), “Can we really train leadership?”, Strategy and Business, Vol. 2, pp. 52-65.
21. Conger, J.A. (1998), “Qualitative research as the cornerstone methodology for understanding leadership”, Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 107-21.
22. Conger, J.A. (2004), “Developing leadership capability: what's inside the black box?”, Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 136-9.
23. Cope, J. (2001), “The entrepreneurial experience: towards a dynamic learning perspective of entrepreneurship”, unpublished PhD thesis, Lancaster University, Lancaster.
24. Cope, J. (2003), “Entrepreneurial learning and critical reflection: discontinuous events as triggers for higher-level learning”, Management Learning, Vol. 34 No. 4, pp. 429-50.
25. Cope, J. (2005a), “Toward a dynamic learning perspective of entrepreneurship”, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, Vol. 29 No. 4, pp. 373-98.
26. Cope, J. (2005b), “Researching entrepreneurship through phenomenological inquiry: philosophical and methodological issues”, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 23 No. 2, pp. 159-83.
27. Cope, J. and Watts, G. (2000), “Learning by doing: an exploration of experience, critical incidents and reflection in entrepreneurial learning”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, Vol. 6 No. 3, pp. 104-24.
28. Cox, C.J. and Cooper, C.L. (1989), “The making of the British CEO: childhood, work experience, personality, and management style”, The Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 241-5.
29. Davies, J. and Easterby-Smith, M. (1984), “Learning and developing from managerial work experience”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 21 No. 2, pp. 169-83.
30. Day, D. (2000), “Leadership development in the context of ongoing work”, Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 11 No. 4, pp. 581-613.
31. Devins, D. and Gold, J. (2002), “Social constructionism: a theoretical framework to underpin support for the development of managers in SMEs?”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 111-9.
32. Devins, D., Gold, J., Johnson, S. and Holden, R. (2006), “A conceptual model of management learning in micro businesses: implications for research and policy”, Education and Training, Vol. 47 Nos 8/9, pp. 540-51.
33. Dodd, S.D. (2002), “Metaphors and meaning: a grounded cultural model of US entrepreneurship”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 17 No. 5, pp. 519-35.
34. Drath, W.H. (1998), “Approaching the future of leadership development”, in McCauley, C., Moxley, R.S. and Van Velsor, E. (Eds), Handbook of Leadership Development, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
35. Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R. and Lowe, A. (2002), Management Research: An Introduction, Sage, London.
36. Eccles, S.A. (2000), “Women and addictive consumption in the UK”, unpublished PhD thesis, Lancaster University, Lancaster.
37. Eisenhardt, K.M. (1989), “Building theories from case study research”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 14 No. 4, pp. 532-50.
38. Emrich, C.G. (1999), “Context effects in leadership perception”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 25 No. 8, pp. 991-1006.
39. Florén, H. (2003), “Collaborative approaches to management learning in small firms”, Journal of Workplace Learning, Vol. 15 No. 5, pp. 203-16.
40. Florén, H. and Tell, J. (2004), “The emergent prerequisites of managerial learning in small firm networks”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 25 Nos 3/4, pp. 292-307.
41. Fox, S. (1997), “Situated learning theory versus traditional learning theory: why management education should not ignore management learning”, Systems Practice, Vol. 10 No. 6, pp. 727-47.
42. Fuller-Love, N. (2006), “Management development in smaller firms”, International Journal of Management Reviews, Vol. 8 No. 3, pp. 175-90.
43. Fulmer, R.M. and Wagner, S. (1999), “Leadership: lessons from the best”, Training and Development, Vol. 53 No. 3, pp. 28-32.
44. Gartner, W.B. (1988), “Who is an entrepreneur? Is the wrong question”, American Journal of Small Business, Vol. 13 No. 1, pp. 11-32.
45. Gartner, W.B. and Birley, S. (2002), “Introduction to the special issue on qualitative methods in entrepreneurship research”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 17 No. 5, pp. 387-95.
46. Gibb, A.A. (1997), “Small firms’ training and competitiveness: building on the small business as a learning organisation”, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 15 No. 3, pp. 13-29.
47. Greve, A. and Salaff, J.W. (2003), “Social networks and entrepreneurship”, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, Vol. 28 No. 1, pp. 1-22.
48. Gupta, V., Macmillan, I.C. and Surie, G. (2004), “Entrepreneurial leadership: developing and measuring a cross-cultural construct”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 241-60.
49. Hamilton, E. (2004), “Socially situated entrepreneurial learning in family business”, Proceedings of the 27th ISBE National Small Firms Policy and Research Conference, Newcastle, November.
50. Harrison, R.T. and Leitch, C.M. (1994), “Entrepreneurship and leadership: the implications for education and development”, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 111-25.
51. Hill, L.A. (2003), Becoming a Manager: How New Managers Master the Challenges of Leadership, Harvard Business School Press, Harvard, MA.
52. Hjorth, D., Jones, C. and Gartner, W.B. (2008), “Introduction for recreating/recontextualising entrepreneurship”, Scandinavian Journal of Management, Vol. 24 No. 2, pp. 81-4.
53. Hoang, H. and Antonic, B. (2003), “Network-based research in entrepreneurship: a critical view”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 18 No. 2, pp. 165-87.
54. Holman, D., Pavlica, K. and Thorpe, R. (1997), “Rethinking Kolb's theory of experiential learning in management education”, Management Learning, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 135-48.
55. Hycner, R.H. (1985), “Some guidelines for the phenomenological analysis of interview data”, Human Studies, Vol. 8 No. 3, pp. 279-303.
56. Ibarra, H. (1999), “Provisional selves: experimenting with image and identity in professional adaptation”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 44 No. 4, pp. 764-92.
57. Jack, S. (2005), “The role, use and activation of strong and weak network ties: a qualitative analysis”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 42 No. 6, pp. 1233-59.
58. Jack, S., Drakopoulou Dodd, S. and Anderson, A.R. (2008), “Change and the development of entrepreneurial networks over time: a processual perspective”, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Vol. 20 No. 2, pp. 125-59.
59. Jack, S.L. and Anderson, A.R. (2002), “The effects of embeddedness on the entrepreneurial process”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 17 No. 5, pp. 467-87.
60. Jackson, B. and Parry, K. (2001), The Hero Manager: Learning from New Zealand's Top Chief Executives, Penguin Books, Auckland.
61. James, K. and Burgoyne, J. (2001), Leadership Development: Best Practice Guide for Organizations, CEML, London.
62. Jensen, S.M. and Luthans, F. (2006), “Entrepreneurs as authentic leaders: impact on employees’ attitudes”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 27 No. 8, pp. 646-66.
63. Johannisson, B. (2000), “Networking and entrepreneurial growth”, in Sexton, D.L. and Lanström, H. (Eds), The Blackwell Handbook of Entrepreneurship, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford.
64. Jones, O. (2005), “Manufacturing regeneration through corporate entrepreneurship: middle managers and organizational evolution”, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 25 No. 5, pp. 491-511.
65. Kempster, S.J. (2006), “Leadership learning through lived experience: a process of apprenticeship?”, Journal of Management and Organization, Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 4-22.
66. Kempster, S.J. (2007), “Echoes from the past: an exploration of the impact of ‘notable people’ on leadership learning”, Proceedings of the Academy of Management Annual Meeting: Best Papers 67, Philadelphia, August.
67. Kirkwood, J. (2007), “Igniting the entrepreneurial spirit: is the role parents play gendered?”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, Vol. 13 No. 1, pp. 39-59.
68. Kisfalvi, V. (2002), “The entrepreneur's character, life issues, and strategy making: a field study”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 17 No. 5, pp. 489-518.
69. Lave, J. and Wenger, E. (1991), Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
70. Lee, R. and Jones, O. (2008), “Networks, communication and learning during business start-up: the creation of cognitive social capital”, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 26 No. 5, pp. 559-94.
71. Lowe, K.B. and Gardner, W. (2000), “Ten years of the leadership quarterly: contributions and challenges for the future”, Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 11 No. 4, pp. 459-514.
72. Luthans, F. and Avolio, B. (2003), “Authentic leadership: a positive development approach”, in Cameron, K.S., Dutton, J.E. and Quinn, R.E. (Eds), Positive Organizational Scholarship, Berrett-Koehler, San Francisco, CA.
73. Macpherson, A. and Holt, R. (2007), “Knowledge, learning and small firm growth: a systematic review of the evidence”, Research Policy, Vol. 36 No. 2, pp. 172-92.
74. Macpherson, A., Jones, O. and Kofinas, A. (2008), “Making sense of mediated learning in small firms”, Proceedings of the 3rd Organizational Knowledge, Learning and Capabilities Conference, Copenhagen, April.
75. McCall, M.W. (1998), High Flyers: Developing the Next Generation of Leaders, Harvard Business School, Boston, MA.
76. McCall, M.W., Lombardo, M.M. and Morrison, A. (1988), The Lessons of Experience, Lexington, Lexington, MA.
77. McCauley, C.D. (1986), “Development experiences in managerial work: a literature review”, Technical Report 26, Center for Creative Leadership, Greensboro, NC.
78. McCauley, C., Moxley, R.S. and Van Velsor, E. (1998), Handbook of Leadership Development, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
79. Mäkinen, H. (2002), “Intra-firm and inter-firm learning in the context of start-up companies”, International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Vol. 3 No. 1, pp. 35-43.
80. Mason, J. (2002), Qualitative Researching, Sage, London.
81. Morrison, A. (2003), “SME management and leadership development: market reorientation”, The Journal of Management Development, Vol. 22 No. 9, pp. 796-808.
82. Mumford, M.D., Marks, M.A., Shane Connelly, M., Zaccaro, S.J. and Reiter-Palmon, R. (2000), “Development of leadership skills: experience and timing”, The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 11 No. 1, pp. 87-114.
83. Nicholson, N. (1998), “Personality and entrepreneurial leadership: a study of the heads of the UK's most successful independent companies”, European Management Journal, Vol. 16 No. 5, pp. 529-39.
84. Patton, M.Q. (1990), Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods, Sage, London.
85. Parry, K.W. (1998), “Grounded theory and social process: a new direction for leadership research”, Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 85-105.
86. Perren, L. (2000), Comparing Entrepreneurship and Leadership: A Textual Analysis, CEML, London.
87. Perren, L. and Burgoyne, J. (2002), Management and Leadership Abilities: An Analysis of Texts, Testimony and Practice, CEML, London.
88. Perren, L. and Grant, P. (2001), Management and Leadership in UK SMEs: Witness Testimonies from the World of Entrepreneurs and SME Managers, CEML, London.
89. Phelps, R., Adams, R. and Bessant, J. (2007), “Life cycles of growing organizations: a review with implications for knowledge and learning”, International Journal of Management Reviews, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 1-30.
90. Pittaway, L., Robertson, M., Munir, K., Denyer, D. and Neely, A. (2004), “Networking and innovation: a systematic review of the evidence”, International Journal of Management Reviews, Vol. 6 Nos 3/4, pp. 137-68.
91. Rae, D. (2000), “Understanding entrepreneurial learning: a question of how?”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, Vol. 6 No. 3, pp. 145-59.
92. Robinson, S. (2007), “Relational learning: towards a model of owner-manager development”, Proceeedings of the HRD Conference, London, April.
93. Robinson, S. (2006), “Learning to lead: developing SME leadership support for business development”, Proceedings of the 27th ISBE National Small Firms Policy and Research Conference, Cardiff, November.
94. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2000), Research Methods for Business Students, 2nd ed., Pearson Education, Harlow.
95. Scherer, R.F., Adams, J.S., Carley, S.S. and Wiebe, F.A. (1989), “Role model performance effects on development and entrepreneurial career performance”, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, Vol. 13 No. 3, pp. 53-71.
96. Senior, V., Smith, J.A., Michie, S. and Marteau, T.M. (2002), “Making sense of risk: an interpretative phenomenological analysis of vulnerability to heart disease”, Journal of Health Psychology, Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 157-68.
97. Shaw, E. (2006), “Small firm networking: an insight into contents and motivating factors”, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 24 No. 1, pp. 5-29.
98. Shaw, E. and Conway, S. (2000), “Networking and the small firm”, in Carter, S. and Jones-Evans, D. (Eds), Enterprise and Small Business, Financial Times/Prentice Hall, Harlow.
99. Smith, J.A. (2004), “Reflecting on the development of interpretative phenomenological analysis and its contribution to qualitative research in psychology”, Qualitative Research in Psychology, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 39-54.
100. Smith, J.A. and Osborn, M. (2008), “Interpretative phenomenological analysis”, in Smith, J.A. (Ed.), Qualitative Psychology: A Practical Guide to Research Methods, 2nd ed., Sage, London.
101. Smith, J.A. and Eatough, V. (2006), “Interpretative phenomenological analysis”, in Breakwell, G.M., Hammond, S., Fife-Schan, C. and Smith, J.A. (Eds), Research Methods in Psychology, Sage, London.
102. Smith, J.A., Jarman, M. and Osborn, M. (1999), “Doing interpretative phenomenological analysis”, in Chamberlain, K. (Ed.), Qualitative Health Psychology: Theories and Methods, Sage, London.
103. Smith, L. and Robinson, S. (2007), “Leading enterprise and development: report on the design and delivery of a programme to engage and motivate small businesses in leadership and management development”, Institute for Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Development, Lancaster University Management School, Lancaster.
104. Smith, L. and Peters, S. (2006), “Leading by design: the case of LEAD”, Proceedings of the British Academy of Management Conference, Belfast, September.
105. Steyaert, C. (1997), “A qualitative methodology for process studies in entrepreneurship: creating local knowledge through stories”, International Studies in Management and Organization, Vol. 27 No. 3, pp. 13-33.
106. Sullivan, R. (2000), “Entrepreneurial learning and mentoring”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, Vol. 6 No. 3, pp. 160-75.
107. Swiercz, P.M. and Lydon, S.R. (2002), “Entrepreneurial leadership in high-tech firms: a field study”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 23 No. 7, pp. 380-9.
108. Taylor, D.W. and Thorpe, R. (2004), “Entrepreneurial learning: a process of co-participation”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 11 No. 2, pp. 203-11.
109. Tell, J. (2000), “Learning networks: a metaphor for inter-organizational development in SMEs”, Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies, Vol. 1 No. 3, pp. 303-17.
110. Timmons, J.A. (2007), New Venture Creation: Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century, 7th ed., McGraw-Hill, Boston, MA.
111. Uhl-Bien, M. (2006), “Relational learning theory: exploring the social processes of leadership and organizing”, The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 17 No. 6, pp. 654-76.
112. Vecchio, R.P. (2003), “Entrepreneurship and leadership: common trends and common threads”, Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 13 No. 2, pp. 303-27.
113. Vesper, K.H. (1990), New Venture Strategies, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
114. Wenger, E. (1998), Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
115. Yanow, D. (2004), “Translating local knowledge at organizational peripheries”, British Journal of Management, Vol. 15 No. S1, pp. S9-S25.
116. Yukl, G. (1998), Leadership in Organizations, 4th ed., Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
117. Brocki, J.M. and Wearden, A.J. (2006), “A critical evaluation of the use of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) in health psychology”, Psychology and Health, Vol. 21 No. 1, pp. 87-108.
118. Bryman, A.S. (1996), “The importance of context: qualitative research and the study of leadership”, Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 7 No. 3, pp. 353-70.
119. Ezzy, D. (1998), “Theorizing narrative identity: symbolic interactionism and hermeneutics”, The Sociological Quarterly, Vol. 39 No. 2, pp. 239-52.
120. Glaser, B.G. and Strauss, A. (1967), The Discovery of Grounded Theory, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London.
121. Kuhnert, K.W. and Russell, C.J. (1990), “Using constructive developmental theory and biodata to bridge the gap between personnel selection and leadership”, Journal of Management, Vol. 16 No. 3, pp. 595-607.
122. Scherer, R.F., Brodzinski, J.D. and Wiebe, F.A. (1990), “Entrepreneur career selection and gender: a socialisation approach”, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 37-44.
123. Snell, R. (1992), “Experiential learning at work: why can't it be painless?”, Personnel Review, Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 12-26.
124. Stead, V. (2005), “Mentoring: a model for leadership development?”, International Journal of Training and Development, Vol. 9 No. 3, pp. 170-84.