Multi-model evaluation of short-lived pollutant distributions over east Asia during summer 2008

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 16, Issue 17, 2016, Pages 10765-10792

  Quennehen, B ^a,m   Raut, J C ^a   Law, K S ^a   Daskalakis, N ^b,c,n   Ancellet, G ^a   Clerbaux, C ^a   Kim, S W ^d   Lund, M T ^e   Myhre, G ^e   Olivie D J L ^f   Safieddine, S ^a   Skeie, R B ^e   Thomas, J L ^a   Tsyro, S ^f   Bazureau, A ^a   Bellouin, N ^g   Hu, M ^h   Kanakidou, M ^b   Klimont, Z ⁱ   Kupiainen, K ⁱ   Myriokefalitakis, S ^b,c   Quaas, J ^j   Rumbold, S T ^g,k   Schulz, M ^f   Cherian, R ^j   Shimizu, A ^l   Wang, J ^h   Yoon, S C ^d   Zhu, T ^h   more..

^a SERVICE D AÉRONOMIE DU CNRS   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CRETE   (Greece)

^c INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCES   (Greece)

^d Seoul National University   (South Korea)

^e CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH OSLO CICERO   (Norway)

^f NORWEGIAN METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Norway)

^g UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

^h PEKING UNIVERSITY   (China)

ⁱ INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS   (Austria)

^j UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG   (Germany)

^k MET OFFICE   (United Kingdom)

^l NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES   (Japan)

^m UNIV GRENOBLE ALPES   (France)

ⁿ Massachusetts Institute of Technology   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; AIR QUALITY; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); EMISSION; MODELING; OZONE; POLLUTANT TRANSPORT; SUMMER;

BEIJING [CHINA]; CHINA; INDIA; JAPAN; NORTH CHINA PLAIN; SOUTH KOREA;

EID: 84984920622     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-10765-2016     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Ackerman, A. S., Toon, O. B., Stevens, D. E., Heymsfield, A. J., Ramanathan, V., and Welton, E. J.: Reduction of Tropical Cloudiness by Soot, Science, 288, 1042-1047, doi:10.1126/science.288.5468.1042, 2000.
2. Albrecht, B. A.: Aerosols, Cloud Microphysics, and Fractional Cloudiness, Science, 245, 1227-1230, doi:10.1126/science.245.4923.1227, 1989.
3. Ancellet, G., Pelon, J., Blanchard, Y., Quennehen, B., Bazureau, A., Law, K. S., and Schwarzenboeck, A.: Transport of aerosol to the Arctic: analysis of CALIOP and French aircraft data during the spring 2008 POLARCAT campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8235-8254, doi:10.5194/acp-14-8235-2014, 2014.
4. Anenberg, S. C., Schwartz, J., Shindell, D., Amann, M., Faluvegi, G., Klimont, Z., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Pozzoli, L., Van Dingenen, R., Vignati, E., Emberson, L., Muller, N. Z., West, J. J., Williams, M., Demkine, V., Hicks, W. K., Kuylenstierna, J., Raes, F., and Ramanathan, V.: Global Air Quality and Health Co-benefits of Mitigating Near-Term Climate Change through Methane and Black Carbon Emission Controls, Environ Health Persp., 120, 831-839, doi:10.1289/ehp.1104301, 2012.
5. Bentsen, M., Bethke, I., Debernard, J. B., Iversen, T., Kirkevåg, A., Seland, O., Drange, H., Roelandt, C., Seierstad, I. A., Hoose, C., and Kristjánsson, J. E.: The Norwegian Earth System Model, NorESM1-M-Part 1: Description and basic evaluation of the physical climate, Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 687-720, doi:10.5194/gmd-6-687-2013, 2013.
6. Boersma, K. F., Eskes, H. J., and Brinksma, E. J.: Error analysis for tropospheric NO2 retrieval from space, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D04311, doi:10.1029/2003JD003962, 2004.
7. Bond, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P. M., Berntsen, T., DeAngelo, B. J., Flanner, M. G., Ghan, S., Kärcher, B., Koch, D., Kinne, S., Kondo, Y., Quinn, P. K., Sarofim, M. C., Schultz, M. G., Schulz, M., Venkataraman, C., Zhang, H., Zhang, S., Bellouin, N., Guttikunda, S. K., Hopke, P. K., Jacobson, M. Z., Kaiser, J. W., Klimont, Z., Lohmann, U., Schwarz, J. P., Shindell, D., Storelvmo, T., Warren, S. G., and Zender, C. S.: Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 5380-5552, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50171, 2013.
8. Boucher, O., Randall, D., Artaxo, P., Bretherton, C., Feingold, G., Forster, P., Kerminen, V.-M., Kondo, Y., Liao, H., Lohmann, U., Rasch, P., Satheesh, S., Sherwood, S., Stevens, B., and Zhang, X.: Clouds and Aerosols, book section 7, 571-658, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415324.016, 2013.
9. Boynard, A., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.-F., Hurtmans, D., Turquety, S., George, M., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Keim, C., and Meyer-Arnek, J.: Measurements of total and tropospheric ozone from IASI: comparison with correlative satellite, ground-based and ozonesonde observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6255-6271, doi:10.5194/acp-9-6255-2009, 2009.
10. Boynard, A., Clerbaux, C., Clarisse, L., Safieddine, S., Pommier, M., Van Damme, M., Bauduin, S., Oudot, C., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Hurtmans, D., and Coheur, P.-F.: First simultaneous space measurements of atmospheric pollutants in the boundary layer from IASI: A case study in the North China Plain, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 645-651, doi:10.1002/2013GL058333, 2014.
11. Buhaug, O., Corbett, J., Endresen, O., Eyring, V., Faber, J., Hanayama, S., Lee, D.S.and Lee, D., Lindstad, H., Markowska, A., Mjelde, A., Nelissen, D., Nilsen, J., Palsson, C., Winebrake, J., Wu, W., and Yoshida, K.: Second IMO GHG study 2009, Tech. rep., International Maritime Organization (IMO) London, UK, 2009.
12. Cao, J., Lee, S., Ho, K., Zou, S., Fung, K., Li, Y., Watson, J. G., and Chow, J. C.: Spatial and seasonal variations of atmospheric organic carbon and elemental carbon in pearl river delta region, China, Atmos. Environ., 38, 4447-4456, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.05.016, 2004.
13. Cattrall, C., Reagan, J., Thome, K., and Dubovik, O.: Variability of aerosol and spectral lidar and backscatter and extinction ratios of key aerosol types derived from selected Aerosol Robotic Network locations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D10S11, doi:10.1029/2004JD005124, 2005.
14. Chan, C. K. and Yao, X.: Air pollution in mega cities in China, Atmos. Environ., 42, 1-42, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.003, 2008.
15. Chen, J., Zhao, C. S., Ma, N., Liu, P. F., Göbel, T., Hallbauer, E., Deng, Z. Z., Ran, L., Xu, W. Y., Liang, Z., Liu, H. J., Yan, P., Zhou, X. J., and Wiedensohler, A.: A parameterization of low visibilities for hazy days in the North China Plain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 4935-4950, doi:10.5194/acp-12-4935-2012, 2012.
16. Chiang, C.-W., Das, S. K., and Nee, J.-B.: An iterative calculation to derive extinction-to-backscatter ratio based on lidar measurements, J. Quant. Spectrosc.d Ra., 109, 1187-1195, doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2007.10.011, 2008.
17. Chou, C. C.-K., Tsai, C.-Y., Chang, C.-C., Lin, P.-H., Liu, S. C., and Zhu, T.: Photochemical production of ozone in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 9825-9837, doi:10.5194/acp-11-9825-2011, 2011.
18. Clerbaux, C., Boynard, A., Clarisse, L., George, M., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Herbin, H., Hurtmans, D., Pommier, M., Razavi, A., Turquety, S., Wespes, C., and Coheur, P.-F.: Monitoring of atmospheric composition using the thermal infrared IASI/MetOp sounder, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6041-6054, doi:10.5194/acp-9-6041-2009, 2009.
19. Daskalakis, N., Myriokefalitakis, S., and Kanakidou, M.: Sensitivity of tropospheric loads and lifetimes of short lived pollutants to fire emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 3543-3563, doi:10.5194/acp-15-3543-2015, 2015.
20. Eckhardt, S., Quennehen, B., Olivié, D. J. L., Berntsen, T. K., Cherian, R., Christensen, J. H., Collins, W., Crepinsek, S., Daskalakis, N., Flanner, M., Herber, A., Heyes, C., Hodnebrog, O., Huang, L., Kanakidou, M., Klimont, Z., Langner, J., Law, K. S., Lund, M. T., Mahmood, R., Massling, A., Myriokefalitakis, S., Nielsen, I. E., Nøjgaard, J. K., Quaas, J., Quinn, P. K., Raut, J.-C., Rumbold, S. T., Schulz, M., Sharma, S., Skeie, R. B., Skov, H., Uttal, T., von Salzen, K., and Stohl, A.: Current model capabilities for simulating black carbon and sulfate concentrations in the Arctic atmosphere: a multi-model evaluation using a comprehensive measurement data set, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 9413-9433, doi:10.5194/acp-15-9413-2015, 2015.
21. Emmons, L. K., Walters, S., Hess, P. G., Lamarque, J.-F., Pfister, G. G., Fillmore, D., Granier, C., Guenther, A., Kinnison, D., Laepple, T., Orlando, J., Tie, X., Tyndall, G., Wiedinmyer, C., Baughcum, S. L., and Kloster, S.: Description and evaluation of the Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4), Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 43-67, doi:10.5194/gmd-3-43-2010, 2010.
22. Flowers, B. A., Dubey, M. K., Mazzoleni, C., Stone, E. A., Schauer, J. J., Kim, S.-W., and Yoon, S. C.: Optical-chemicalmicrophysical relationships and closure studies for mixed carbonaceous aerosols observed at Jeju Island; 3-laser photoacoustic spectrometer, particle sizing, and filter analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10387-10398, doi:10.5194/acp-10-10387-2010, 2010.
23. Gadhavi, H. S., Renuka, K., Ravi Kiran, V., Jayaraman, A., Stohl, A., Klimont, Z., and Beig, G.: Evaluation of black carbon emission inventories using a Lagrangian dispersion model-A case study over southern India, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 1447-1461, doi:10.5194/acp-15-1447-2015, 2015.
24. Gao, Y., Liu, X., Zhao, C., and Zhang, M.: Emission controls versus meteorological conditions in determining aerosol concentrations in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12437-12451, doi:10.5194/acp-11-12437-2011, 2011.
25. George, M., Clerbaux, C., Bouarar, I., Coheur, P.-F., Deeter, M. N., Edwards, D. P., Francis, G., Gille, J. C., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Hurtmans, D., Inness, A., Mao, D., and Worden, H. M.: An examination of the long-term CO records from MOPITT and IASI: comparison of retrieval methodology, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 8, 4313-4328, doi:10.5194/amt-8-4313-2015, 2015.
26. Grell, G. A., Peckham, S. E., Schmitz, R., McKeen, S. A., Frost, G., Skamarock, W. C., and Eder, B.: Fully coupled "online" chemistry within the WRF model, Atmos. Environ., 39, 6957-6975, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.027, 2005.
27. Guenther, A., Hewitt, C. N., Erickson, D., Fall, R., Geron, C., Graedel, T., Harley, P., Klinger, L., Lerdau, M., Mckay, W. A., Pierce, T., Scholes, B., Steinbrecher, R., Tallamraju, R., Taylor, J., and Zimmerman, P.: A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 100, 8873-8892, doi:10.1029/94JD02950, 1995.
28. Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181-3210, doi:10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006, 2006.
29. Haywood, J. M. and Shine, K. P.: The effect of anthropogenic sulfate and soot aerosol on the clear sky planetary radiation budget, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 603-606, doi:10.1029/95GL00075, 1995.
30. He, Y. J., Uno, I., Wang, Z. F., Pochanart, P., Li, J., and Akimoto, H.: Significant impact of the East Asia monsoon on ozone seasonal behavior in the boundary layer of Eastern China and the west Pacific region, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 7543-7555, doi:10.5194/acp-8-7543-2008, 2008.
31. Hewitt, H. T., Copsey, D., Culverwell, I. D., Harris, C. M., Hill, R. S. R., Keen, A. B., McLaren, A. J., and Hunke, E. C.: Design and implementation of the infrastructure of HadGEM3: the nextgeneration Met Office climate modelling system, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 223-253, doi:10.5194/gmd-4-223-2011, 2011.
32. Huang, X.-F., He, L.-Y., Hu, M., and Zhang, Y.-H.: Annual variation of particulate organic compounds in PM2:5 in the urban atmosphere of Beijing, Atmos. Environ., 40, 2449-2458, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.12.039, 2006.
33. Huang, X.-F., He, L.-Y., Hu, M., Canagaratna, M. R., Sun, Y., Zhang, Q., Zhu, T., Xue, L., Zeng, L.-W., Liu, X.-G., Zhang, Y.-H., Jayne, J. T., Ng, N. L., and Worsnop, D. R.: Highly time-resolved chemical characterization of atmospheric submicron particles during 2008 Beijing Olympic Games using an Aerodyne High-Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8933-8945, doi:10.5194/acp-10-8933-2010, 2010.
34. Huang, X.-X., Wang, T.-J., Jiang, F., Liao, J.-B., Cai, Y.-F., Yin, C.-Q., Zhu, J.-L., and Han, Y.: Studies on a Severe Dust Storm in East Asia and Its Impact on the Air Quality of Nanjing, China, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 13, 179-193, doi:10.4209/aaqr.2012.05.0108, 2013.
35. Hubanks, P. A., King, M. D., Latnick, S. P., and Pincus, R.: MODIS Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document No. ATBD-MOD-30 for Level-3 Global Gridded Atmosphere Products (08-D3, 08-E3, 08-M3), Tech. rep., Wyle Information Systems LLC, Lanham MD, 2008.
36. Hurtmans, D., Coheur, P.-F., Wespes, L., Clarisse, L., Scharf, O., Clerbaux, C., Hadji-Lazaro, J., George, M., and Turquety, S.: FORLI radiative transfer and retrieval code for IASI, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Ra., 113, 1391-1408, 2012.
37. Iversen, T., Bentsen, M., Bethke, I., Debernard, J. B., Kirkevåg, A., Seland, O., Drange, H., Kristjansson, J. E., Medhaug, I., Sand, M., and Seierstad, I. A.: The Norwegian Earth System Model, NorESM1-M-Part 2: Climate response and scenario projections, Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 389-415, doi:10.5194/gmd-6-389-2013, 2013.
38. Jackson, S. C.: Parallel Pursuit of Near-Term and Long-Term Climate Mitigation, Science, 326, 526-527, doi:10.1126/science.1177042, 2009.
39. Janssen, N., Gerlofs-Nijland, M., Lanki, T., Salonen, R., Cassee, F., Hoek, G., Fischer, P., van Bree Brunekreef, B., and Krzyzanowski, M.: Health effects of black carbon, Joint World Health Organization (WHO), Convention Task Force on Health Aspects of Air Pollutants under UNECE's Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Convention (LRTAP), Tech. rep., World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark, available at: http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/documents/2012/air/Health-Effects-of-Black-Carbon-report.pdf (last access: 18 July 2016), 2012.
40. Kanakidou, M., Duce, R. A., Prospero, J. M., Baker, A. R., Benitez-Nelson, C., Dentener, F. J., Hunter, K. A., Liss, P. S., Mahowald, N., Okin, G. S., Sarin, M., Tsigaridis, K., Uematsu, M., Zamora, L. M., and Zhu, T.: Atmospheric fluxes of organic N and P to the global ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 26, GB3026, doi:10.1029/2011GB004277, 2012.
41. Kim, S.-W., Yoon, S.-C., Jefferson, A., Ogren, J. A., Dutton, E. G., Won, J.-G., Ghim, Y. S., Lee, B.-I., and Han, J.-S.: Aerosol optical, chemical and physical properties at gosan, korea during asian dust and pollution episodes in 2001, Atmos. Environ., 39, 39-50, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.09.056, 2005.
42. Kim, S.-W., Yoon, S.-C., Kim, J., and Kim, S.-Y.: Seasonal and monthly variations of columnar aerosol optical properties over east Asia determined from multi-year MODIS, LIDAR, and AERONET Sun/sky radiometer measurements, Atmos. Environ., 41, 1634-1651, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.10.044, 2007.
43. Kinne, S., Schulz, M., Textor, C., Guibert, S., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S. E., Berntsen, T., Berglen, T. F., Boucher, O., Chin, M., Collins, W., Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Easter, R., Feichter, J., Fillmore, D., Ghan, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Grini, A., Hendricks, J., Herzog, M., Horowitz, L., Isaksen, I., Iversen, T., Kirkevåg, A., Kloster, S., Koch, D., Kristjansson, J. E., Krol, M., Lauer, A., Lamarque, J. F., Lesins, G., Liu, X., Lohmann, U., Montanaro, V., Myhre, G., Penner, J., Pitari, G., Reddy, S., Seland, O., Stier, P., Takemura, T., and Tie, X.: An AeroCom initial assessment-optical properties in aerosol component modules of global models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1815-1834, doi:10.5194/acp-6-1815-2006, 2006.
44. Kirkevåg, A., Iversen, T., Seland, O., Hoose, C., Kristjánsson, J. E., Struthers, H., Ekman, A. M. L., Ghan, S., Griesfeller, J., Nilsson, E. D., and Schulz, M.: Aerosol-climate interactions in the Norwegian Earth System Model-NorESM1-M, Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 207-244, doi:10.5194/gmd-6-207-2013, 2013.
45. Klimont, Z., Smith, S. J., and Cofala, J.: The last decade of global anthropogenic sulfur dioxide: 2000-2011 emissions, Environ. Res. Lett., 8, 014003, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014003, 2013.
46. Klimont, Z., Hoglund, L., Heyes, C., Rafaj, P., Schoepp,W., Cofala, J., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Purohit, P., Kupiainen, K., Winiwarter, W., Amann, M., Zhao, B., Wang, S., and Bertok, I., and Sander, R.: Global scenarios of pollutants and methane: 1990-2050, in preparation, 2016.
47. Koffi, B., Schulz, M., Bréon, F.-M., Griesfeller, J., Winker, D., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Berntsen, T., Chin, M., Collins, W. D., Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Easter, R., Ghan, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S., Horowitz, L. W., Iversen, T., Kirkevåg, A., Koch, D., Krol, M., Myhre, G., Stier, P., and Takemura, T.: Application of the CALIOP layer product to evaluate the vertical distribution of aerosols estimated by global models: Aero-Com phase I results, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 117, D10201, doi:10.1029/2011JD016858, 2012.
48. Lam, N. L., Chen, Y., Weyant, C., Venkataraman, C., Sadavarte, P., Johnson, M. A., Smith, K. R., Brem, B. T., Arineitwe, J., Ellis, J. E., and Bond, T. C.: Household Light Makes Global Heat: High Black Carbon Emissions From Kerosene Wick Lamps, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 13531-13538, doi:10.1021/es302697h, 2012.
49. Lawrence, M. G. and Lelieveld, J.: Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia: a review, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11017-11096, doi:10.5194/acp-10-11017-2010, 2010.
50. Lee, D. S., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P. M., Newton, P. J., Wit, R. C., Lim, L. L., Owen, B., and Sausen, R.: Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century, Atmos. Environ., 43, 3520-3537, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.024, 2009.
51. Li, J., Wang, Z., Akimoto, H., Gao, C., Pochanart, P., and Wang, X.: Modeling study of ozone seasonal cycle in lower troposphere over east Asia, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D22S25, doi:10.1029/2006JD008209, 2007.
52. Li, J., Wang, Z., Huang, H., Hu, M., Meng, F., Sun, Y., Wang, X., Wang, Y., and Wang, Q.: Assessing the effects of transboundary aerosol transport between various city clusters on regional haze episodes in spring over East China, Tellus B, 65, 20052, doi:10.3402/tellusb.v65i0.20052, 2013.
53. Lin, M., Holloway, T., Oki, T., Streets, D. G., and Richter, A.: Multiscale model analysis of boundary layer ozone over East Asia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 3277-3301, doi:10.5194/acp-9-3277-2009, 2009.
54. Liu, F., Zhang, Q., Tong, D., Zheng, B., Li, M., Huo, H., and He, K. B.: High-resolution inventory of technologies, activities, and emissions of coal-fired power plants in China from 1990 to 2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13299-13317, doi:10.5194/acp-15-13299-2015, 2015.
55. Liu, Z., Vaughan, M., Winker, D., Kittaka, C., Getzewich, B., Kuehn, R., Omar, A., Powell, K., Trepte, C., and Hostetler, C.: The CALIPSO Lidar Cloud and Aerosol Discrimination: Version 2 Algorithm and Initial Assessment of Performance, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 26, 1198-1213, doi:10.1175/2009JTECHA1229.1, 2009.
56. Ma, J., Chen, Y., Wang, W., Yan, P., Liu, H., Yang, S., Hu, Z., and Lelieveld, J.: Strong air pollution causes widespread hazeclouds over China, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D18204, doi:10.1029/2009JD013065, 2010.
57. Ma, J., Xu, X., Zhao, C., and Yan, P.: A review of atmospheric chemistry research in China: Photochemical smog, haze pollution, and gas-Aerosol interactions, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1006-1026, doi:10.1007/s00376-012-1188-7, 2012.
58. Mann, G. W., Carslaw, K. S., Spracklen, D. V., Ridley, D. A., Manktelow, P. T., Chipperfield, M. P., Pickering, S. J., and Johnson, C. E.: Description and evaluation of GLOMAP-mode: a modal global aerosol microphysics model for the UKCA composition-climate model, Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 519-551, doi:10.5194/gmd-3-519-2010, 2010.
59. McCormick, R. A. and Ludwig, J. H.: Climate Modification by Atmospheric Aerosols, Science, 156, 1358-1359, doi:10.1126/science.156.3780.1358, 1967.
60. Monks, S. A., Arnold, S. R., Emmons, L. K., Law, K. S., Turquety, S., Duncan, B. N., Flemming, J., Huijnen, V., Tilmes, S., Langner, J., Mao, J., Long, Y., Thomas, J. L., Steenrod, S. D., Raut, J. C., Wilson, C., Chipperfield, M. P., Diskin, G. S., Weinheimer, A., Schlager, H., and Ancellet, G.: Multi-model study of chemical and physical controls on transport of anthropogenic and biomass burning pollution to the Arctic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 3575-3603, doi:10.5194/acp-15-3575-2015, 2015.
61. Munro, R., Perez Albiñana, A., Callies, J., Corpaccioli, E., Eisinger, M., Lefebvre, A., and Hahne, A.: Expectations for GOME-2 on the METOP Satellites, in: ERS-Envisat Symposium "Looking Down to Earth in the New Millennium", European Space Agency (Special Publication) ESA SP, Gothenburg, p. 221-227, 2000.
62. Myhre, G., Berglen, T. F., Johnsrud, M., Hoyle, C. R., Berntsen, T. K., Christopher, S. A., Fahey, D. W., Isaksen, I. S. A., Jones, T. A., Kahn, R. A., Loeb, N., Quinn, P., Remer, L., Schwarz, J. P., and Yttri, K. E.: Modelled radiative forcing of the direct aerosol effect with multi-observation evaluation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1365-1392, doi:10.5194/acp-9-1365-2009, 2009.
63. Myhre, G., Samset, B. H., Schulz, M., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Berntsen, T. K., Bian, H., Bellouin, N., Chin, M., Diehl, T., Easter, R. C., Feichter, J., Ghan, S. J., Hauglustaine, D., Iversen, T., Kinne, S., Kirkevåg, A., Lamarque, J.-F., Lin, G., Liu, X., Lund, M. T., Luo, G., Ma, X., van Noije, T., Penner, J. E., Rasch, P. J., Ruiz, A., Seland, O., Skeie, R. B., Stier, P., Takemura, T., Tsigaridis, K., Wang, P., Wang, Z., Xu, L., Yu, H., Yu, F., Yoon, J.-H., Zhang, K., Zhang, H., and Zhou, C.: Radiative forcing of the direct aerosol effect from AeroCom Phase II simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 1853-1877, doi:10.5194/acp-13-1853-2013, 2013a.
64. Myhre, G., Shindell, D., Bréon, F.-M., Collins, W., Fuglestvedt, J., Huang, J., Koch, D., Lamarque, J.-F., Lee, D., Mendoza, B., Nakajima, T., Robock, A., Stephens, G., Takemura, T., and Zhang, H.: Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing, book section 8, 659-740, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415324.018, 2013b.
65. Myriokefalitakis, S., Tsigaridis, K., Mihalopoulos, N., Sciare, J., Nenes, A., Kawamura, K., Segers, A., and Kanakidou, M.: Incloud oxalate formation in the global troposphere: a 3-D modeling study, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5761-5782, doi:10.5194/acp-11-5761-2011, 2011.
66. Naja, M. and Akimoto, H.: Contribution of regional pollution and long-range transport to the Asia-Pacific region: Analysis of longterm ozonesonde data over Japan, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D21306, doi:10.1029/2004JD004687, 2004.
67. Nawahda, A., Yamashita, K., Ohara, T., Kurokawa, J., and Yamaji, K.: Evaluation of Premature Mortality Caused by Exposure to PM2:5 and Ozone in East Asia: 2000, 2005, 2020, Water AirSoil Poll., 223, 3445-3459, doi:10.1007/s11270-012-1123-7, 2012.
68. Omar, A., Liu, Z., Vaughan, M., Thornhill, K., Kittaka, C., Ismail, S., Hu, Y., Chen, G., Powell, K., Winker, D., Trepte, C., Winstead, E., and Anderson, B.: Extinction-to-backscatter ratios of Saharan dust layers derived from in situ measurements and CALIPSO overflights during NAMMA, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D24217, doi:10.1029/2010JD014223, 2010.
69. Penner, J. E., Prather, M. J., Isaksen, I. S. A., Fuglestvedt, J. S., Klimont, Z., and Stevenson, D. S.: Short-lived uncertainty?, Nat. Geosci., 3, 587-588, doi:10.1038/ngeo932, 2010.
70. Pruppacher, H. R. and Klett, J. D.: Microphysics of clouds and precipitation, Atmospheric and oceanographic sciences library, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 2nd Edn., 1997.
71. Ramanathan, V. and Carmichael, G.: Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon, Nat. Geosci., 1, 221-227, doi:10.1038/ngeo156, 2008.
72. Richter, A., Burrows, J. P., Nusz, H., Granier, C., and Niemeier, U.: Increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China observed from space, Nature, 437, 129-132, doi:10.1038/nature04092, 2005.
73. Rogelj, J., Schaeffer, M., Meinshausen, M., Shindell, D. T., Hare, W., Klimont, Z., Velders, G. J. M., Amann, M., and Schellnhuber, H. J.: Disentangling the effects of CO2 and short-lived climate forcer mitigation, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 111, 16325-16330, doi:10.1073/pnas.1415631111, 2014.
74. Safieddine, S., Clerbaux, C., George, M., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Hurtmans, D., Coheur, P.-F., Wespes, C., Loyola, D., Valks, P., and Hao, N.: Tropospheric ozone and nitrogen dioxide measurements in urban and rural regions as seen by IASI and GOME-2, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 10555-10566, doi:10.1002/jgrd.50669, 2013.
75. Safieddine, S., Boynard, A., Hao, N., Huang, F., Wang, L., Ji, D., Barret, B., Ghude, S. D., Coheur, P.-F., Hurtmans, D., and Clerbaux, C.: Tropospheric Ozone Variability during the East Asian Summer Monsoon as Observed by Satellite (IASI), Aircraft (MOZAIC) and Ground Stations, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 15, 31925-31950, doi:10.5194/acpd-15-31925-2015, 2015.
76. Saide, P. E., Spak, S. N., Carmichael, G. R., Mena-Carrasco, M. A., Yang, Q., Howell, S., Leon, D. C., Snider, J. R., Bandy, A. R., Collett, J. L., Benedict, K. B., de Szoeke, S. P., Hawkins, L. N., Allen, G., Crawford, I., Crosier, J., and Springston, S. R.: Evaluating WRF-Chem aerosol indirect effects in Southeast Pacific marine stratocumulus during VOCALS-REx, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3045-3064, doi:10.5194/acp-12-3045-2012, 2012.
77. Samset, B. H. and Myhre, G.: Climate response to externally mixed black carbon as a function of altitude, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 2913-2927, doi:10.1002/2014JD022849, 2015.
78. Samset, B. H., Myhre, G., Herber, A., Kondo, Y., Li, S.-M., Moteki, N., Koike, M., Oshima, N., Schwarz, J. P., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S. E., Bellouin, N., Berntsen, T. K., Bian, H., Chin, M., Diehl, T., Easter, R. C., Ghan, S. J., Iversen, T., Kirkevåg, A., Lamarque, J.-F., Lin, G., Liu, X., Penner, J. E., Schulz, M., Seland, O., Skeie, R. B., Stier, P., Takemura, T., Tsigaridis, K., and Zhang, K.: Modelled black carbon radiative forcing and atmospheric lifetime in AeroCom Phase II constrained by aircraft observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12465-12477, doi:10.5194/acp-14-12465-2014, 2014.
79. Shao, M., Tang, X., Zhang, Y., and Li,W.: City clusters in China: air and surface water pollution, Front. Ecol. Environ., 4, 353-361, doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2006)004[0353:CCICAA]2.0.CO;2, 2006.
80. Shimizu, A., Sugimoto, N., Matsui, I., Arao, K., Uno, I., Murayama, T., Kagawa, N., Aoki, K., Uchiyama, A., and Yamazaki, A.: Continuous observations of Asian dust and other aerosols by polarization lidars in China and Japan during ACE-Asia, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D19S17, doi:10.1029/2002JD003253, 2004.
81. Shindell, D., Kuylenstierna, J. C. I., Vignati, E., van Dingenen, R., Amann, M., Klimont, Z., Anenberg, S. C., Muller, N., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Raes, F., Schwartz, J., Faluvegi, G., Pozzoli, L., Kupiainen, K., Höglund-Isaksson, L., Emberson, L., Streets, D., Ramanathan, V., Hicks, K., Oanh, N. T. K., Milly, G., Williams, M., Demkine, V., and Fowler, D.: Simultaneously Mitigating Near-Term Climate Change and Improving Human Health and Food Security, Science, 335, 183-189, doi:10.1126/science.1210026, 2012.
82. Shindell, D. T., Faluvegi, G., Stevenson, D. S., Krol, M. C., Emmons, L. K., Lamarque, J.-F., Pétron, G., Dentener, F. J., Ellingsen, K., Schultz, M. G., Wild, O., Amann, M., Atherton, C. S., Bergmann, D. J., Bey, I., Butler, T., Cofala, J., Collins, W. J., Derwent, R. G., Doherty, R. M., Drevet, J., Eskes, H. J., Fiore, A. M., Gauss, M., Hauglustaine, D. A., Horowitz, L. W., Isaksen, I. S. A., Lawrence, M. G., Montanaro, V., Müller, J.-F., Pitari, G., Prather, M. J., Pyle, J. A., Rast, S., Rodriguez, J. M., Sanderson, M. G., Savage, N. H., Strahan, S. E., Sudo, K., Szopa, S., Unger, N., van Noije, T. P. C., and Zeng, G.: Multimodel simulations of carbon monoxide: Comparison with observations and projected near-future changes, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D19306, doi:10.1029/2006JD007100, 2006.
83. Shoemaker, J. K., Schrag, D. P., Molina, M. J., and Ramanathan, V.: What Role for Short-Lived Climate Pollutants in Mitigation Policy?, Science, 342, 1323-1324, doi:10.1126/science.1240162, 2013.
84. Simpson, D., Benedictow, A., Berge, H., Bergström, R., Emberson, L. D., Fagerli, H., Flechard, C. R., Hayman, G. D., Gauss, M., Jonson, J. E., Jenkin, M. E., Nyíri, A., Richter, C., Semeena, V. S., Tsyro, S., Tuovinen, J.-P., Valdebenito, Á., and Wind, P.: The EMEP MSC-W chemical transport model-technical description, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 7825-7865, doi:10.5194/acp-12-7825-2012, 2012.
85. Sindelarova, K., Granier, C., Bouarar, I., Guenther, A., Tilmes, S., Stavrakou, T., Müller, J.-F., Kuhn, U., Stefani, P., and Knorr, W.: Global data set of biogenic VOC emissions calculated by the MEGAN model over the last 30 years, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9317-9341, doi:10.5194/acp-14-9317-2014, 2014.
86. Skeie, R. B., Berntsen, T. K., Myhre, G., Tanaka, K., Kvalevåg, M. M., and Hoyle, C. R.: Anthropogenic radiative forcing time series from pre-industrial times until 2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 11827-11857, doi:10.5194/acp-11-11827-2011, 2011.
87. Smith, S. J. and Mizrahi, A.: Near-term climate mitigation by short-lived forcers, P. Natl. Acad. Sci., 110, 14202-14206, doi:10.1073/pnas.1308470110, 2013.
88. Stein, O., Schultz, M. G., Bouarar, I., Clark, H., Huijnen, V., Gaudel, A., George, M., and Clerbaux, C.: On the wintertime low bias of Northern Hemisphere carbon monoxide found in global model simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 9295-9316, doi:10.5194/acp-14-9295-2014, 2014.
89. Stevens, B., Giorgetta, M., Esch, M., Mauritsen, T., Crueger, T., Rast, S., Salzmann, M., Schmidt, H., Bader, J., Block, K., Brokopf, R., Fast, I., Kinne, S., Kornblueh, L., Lohmann, U., Pincus, R., Reichler, T., and Roeckner, E.: Atmospheric component of the MPI-M Earth System Model: ECHAM6, Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 5, 146-172, doi:10.1002/jame.20015, 2013.
90. Stevenson, D. S., Dentener, F. J., Schultz, M. G., Ellingsen, K., van Noije, T. P. C., Wild, O., Zeng, G., Amann, M., Atherton, C. S., Bell, N., Bergmann, D. J., Bey, I., Butler, T., Cofala, J., Collins, W. J., Derwent, R. G., Doherty, R. M., Drevet, J., Eskes, H. J., Fiore, A. M., Gauss, M., Hauglustaine, D. A., Horowitz, L. W., Isaksen, I. S. A., Krol, M. C., Lamarque, J.-F., Lawrence, M. G., Montanaro, V., Müller, J.-F., Pitari, G., Prather, M. J., Pyle, J. A., Rast, S., Rodriguez, J. M., Sanderson, M. G., Savage, N. H., Shindell, D. T., Strahan, S. E., Sudo, K., and Szopa, S.: Multimodel ensemble simulations of present-day and near-future tropospheric ozone, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D08301, doi:10.1029/2005JD006338, 2006.
91. Stevenson, D. S., Young, P. J., Naik, V., Lamarque, J.-F., Shindell, D. T., Voulgarakis, A., Skeie, R. B., Dalsoren, S. B., Myhre, G., Berntsen, T. K., Folberth, G. A., Rumbold, S. T., Collins, W. J., MacKenzie, I. A., Doherty, R. M., Zeng, G., van Noije, T. P. C., Strunk, A., Bergmann, D., Cameron-Smith, P., Plummer, D. A., Strode, S. A., Horowitz, L., Lee, Y. H., Szopa, S., Sudo, K., Nagashima, T., Josse, B., Cionni, I., Righi, M., Eyring, V., Conley, A., Bowman, K. W., Wild, O., and Archibald, A.: Tropospheric ozone changes, radiative forcing and attribution to emissions in the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3063-3085, doi:10.5194/acp-13-3063-2013, 2013.
92. Stohl, A., Aamaas, B., Amann, M., Baker, L. H., Bellouin, N., Berntsen, T. K., Boucher, O., Cherian, R., Collins, W., Daskalakis, N., Dusinska, M., Eckhardt, S., Fuglestvedt, J. S., Harju, M., Heyes, C., Hodnebrog, O., Hao, J., Im, U., Kanakidou, M., Klimont, Z., Kupiainen, K., Law, K. S., Lund, M. T., Maas, R., MacIntosh, C. R., Myhre, G., Myriokefalitakis, S., Olivié, D., Quaas, J., Quennehen, B., Raut, J.-C., Rumbold, S. T., Samset, B. H., Schulz, M., Seland, O., Shine, K. P., Skeie, R. B., Wang, S., Yttri, K. E., and Zhu, T.: Evaluating the climate and air quality impacts of short-lived pollutants, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10529-10566, doi:10.5194/acp-15-10529-2015, 2015.
93. Streets, D. G., Bond, T. C., Carmichael, G. R., Fernandes, S. D., Fu, Q., He, D., Klimont, Z., Nelson, S. M., Tsai, N. Y., Wang, M. Q.,Woo, J.-H., and Yarber, K. F.: An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emissions in Asia in the year 2000, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 8809, doi:10.1029/2002JD003093, 2003.
94. Sugimoto, N., Matsui, I., Shimizu, A., Nishizawa, T., Hara, Y., Xie, C., Uno, I., Yumimoto, K., Wang, Z., and Yoon, S.-C.: Lidar network observations of tropospheric aerosols, in: Proc. SPIE, Vol. 7153, 71530A-71530A-13, doi:10.1117/12.806540, 2008.
95. Sun, Y., Zhuang, G., Wang, Y., Han, L., Guo, J., Dan, M., Zhang, W., Wang, Z., and Hao, Z.: The air-borne particulate pollution in Beijing: concentration, composition, distribution and sources, Atmos. Environ., 38, 5991-6004, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.07.009, 2004.
96. Tie, X., Geng, F., Guenther, A., Cao, J., Greenberg, J., Zhang, R., Apel, E., Li, G., Weinheimer, A., Chen, J., and Cai, C.: Megacity impacts on regional ozone formation: observations and WRFChem modeling for the MIRAGE-Shanghai field campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5655-5669, doi:10.5194/acp-13-5655-2013, 2013.
97. Tsigaridis, K., Daskalakis, N., Kanakidou, M., Adams, P. J., Artaxo, P., Bahadur, R., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S. E., Bellouin, N., Benedetti, A., Bergman, T., Berntsen, T. K., Beukes, J. P., Bian, H., Carslaw, K. S., Chin, M., Curci, G., Diehl, T., Easter, R. C., Ghan, S. J., Gong, S. L., Hodzic, A., Hoyle, C. R., Iversen, T., Jathar, S., Jimenez, J. L., Kaiser, J. W., Kirkevåg, A., Koch, D., Kokkola, H., Lee, Y. H., Lin, G., Liu, X., Luo, G., Ma, X., Mann, G. W., Mihalopoulos, N., Morcrette, J.-J., Müller, J.-F., Myhre, G., Myriokefalitakis, S., Ng, N. L., O'Donnell, D., Penner, J. E., Pozzoli, L., Pringle, K. J., Russell, L. M., Schulz, M., Sciare, J., Seland, O., Shindell, D. T., Sillman, S., Skeie, R. B., Spracklen, D., Stavrakou, T., Steenrod, S. D., Takemura, T., Tiitta, P., Tilmes, S., Tost, H., van Noije, T., van Zyl, P. G., von Salzen, K., Yu, F., Wang, Z., Wang, Z., Zaveri, R. A., Zhang, H., Zhang, K., Zhang, Q., and Zhang, X.: The AeroCom evaluation and intercomparison of organic aerosol in global models, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 10845-10895, doi:10.5194/acp-14-10845-2014, 2014.
98. Twomey, S.: The Influence of Pollution on the Shortwave Albedo of Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1149-1152, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1977)0342.0.CO;2, 1977.
99. van derWerf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Mu, M., Kasibhatla, P. S., Morton, D. C., DeFries, R. S., Jin, Y., and van Leeuwen, T. T.: Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997-2009), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11707-11735, doi:10.5194/acp-10-11707-2010, 2010.
100. Wang, B., Shao, M., Lu, S. H., Yuan, B., Zhao, Y.,Wang, M., Zhang, S. Q., and Wu, D.: Variation of ambient non-methane hydrocarbons in Beijing city in summer 2008, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5911-5923, doi:10.5194/acp-10-5911-2010, 2010.
101. Wang, R., Tao, S., Shen, H., Huang, Y., Chen, H., Balkanski, Y., Boucher, O., Ciais, P., Shen, G., Li,W., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Lin, N., Su, S., Li, B., Liu, J., and Liu, W.: Trend in Global Black Carbon Emissions from 1960 to 2007, Environ. Sci. Techno., 48, 6780-6787, doi:10.1021/es5021422, 2014.
102. Wang, S., Fang, L., Gu, X., Yu, T., and Gao, J.: Comparison of aerosol optical properties from Beijing and Kanpur, Atmos. Environ., 45, 7406-7414, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.055, 2011a.
103. Wang, T. and Xie, S.: Assessment of traffic-related air pollution in the urban streets before and during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games traffic control period, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5682-5690, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.07.034, 2009.
104. Wang, X., Carmichael, G., Chen, D., Tang, Y., and Wang, T.: Impacts of different emission sources on air quality during March 2001 in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, Atmos. Environ., 39, 5227-5241, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.035, 2005.
105. Wang, Y., Hao, J., McElroy, M. B., Munger, J. W., Ma, H., Chen, D., and Nielsen, C. P.: Ozone air quality during the 2008 Beijing Olympics: effectiveness of emission restrictions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5237-5251, doi:10.5194/acp-9-5237-2009, 2009.
106. Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Hao, J., and Luo, M.: Seasonal and spatial variability of surface ozone over China: contributions from background and domestic pollution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3511-3525, doi:10.5194/acp-11-3511-2011, 2011.
107. Winker, D. M., Hunt, W. H., and McGill, M. J.: Initial performance assessment of CALIOP, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L19803, doi:10.1029/2007GL030135, 2007.
108. Winker, D. M., Vaughan, M. A., Omar, A., Hu, Y., Powell, K. A., Liu, Z., Hunt, W. H., and Young, S. A.: Overview of the CALIPSO Mission and CALIOP Data Processing Algorithms, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 26, 2310-2323, doi:10.1175/2009JTECHA1281.1, 2009.
109. Worden, H. M., Cheng, Y., Pfister, G., Carmichael, G. R., Zhang, Q., Streets, D. G., Deeter, M., Edwards, D. P., Gille, J. C., and Worden, J. R.: Satellite-based estimates of reduced CO and CO2 emissions due to traffic restrictions during the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L14802, doi:10.1029/2012GL052395, 2012.
110. Xie, C., Nishizawa, T., Sugimoto, N., Matsui, I., and Wang, Z.: Characteristics of aerosol optical properties in pollution and Asian dust episodes over Beijing, China, Appl. Optics, 47, 4945-4951, doi:10.1364/AO.47.004945, 2008.
111. Yang, F., He, K., Ye, B., Chen, X., Cha, L., Cadle, S. H., Chan, T., and Mulawa, P. A.: One-year record of organic and elemental carbon in fine particles in downtown Beijing and Shanghai, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1449-1457, doi:10.5194/acp-5-1449-2005, 2005.
112. Yang, F., Tan, J., Zhao, Q., Du, Z., He, K., Ma, Y., Duan, F., Chen, G., and Zhao, Q.: Characteristics of PM2:5 speciation in representative megacities and across China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5207-5219, doi:10.5194/acp-11-5207-2011, 2011.
113. Young, S. A. and Vaughan, M. A.: The Retrieval of Profiles of Particulate Extinction from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) Data: Algorithm Description, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 26, 1105-1119, doi:10.1175/2008JTECHA1221.1, 2009.
114. Zhang, K., O'Donnell, D., Kazil, J., Stier, P., Kinne, S., Lohmann, U., Ferrachat, S., Croft, B., Quaas, J., Wan, H., Rast, S., and Feichter, J.: The global aerosol-climate model ECHAM-HAM, version 2: sensitivity to improvements in process representations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8911-8949, doi:10.5194/acp-12-8911-2012, 2012.
115. Zhang, W., Zhu, T., Yang, W., Bai, Z., Sun, Y. L., Xu, Y., Yin, B., and Zhao, X.: Airborne measurements of gas and particle pollutants during CAREBeijing-2008, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 301-316, doi:10.5194/acp-14-301-2014, 2014.
116. Zhao, P., Zhang, X., Xu, X., and Zhao, X.: Long-term visibility trends and characteristics in the region of Beijing, tianjin, and hebei, China, Atmos. Res., 101, 711-718, doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.04.019, 2011.
117. Zhou, Y., Wu, Y., Yang, L., Fu, L., He, K., Wang, S., Hao, J., Chen, J., and Li, C.: The impact of transportation control measures on emission reductions during the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China, Atmos. Environ., 44, 285-293, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.10.040, 2010.