Singapore as a long-term case study for tropical urban ecosystem services

Urban Ecosystems

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 277-291

  Friess, D A ^a  

^a NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

Author keywords

Carbon; City biodiversity index; Cultural ecosystem services; Garden city; Urban heat island

Indexed keywords

EID: 84983407752     PISSN: 10838155     EISSN: 15731642     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11252-016-0592-7     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. AGC (2016) Parks and trees act (chapter 216). Attorney-General’s Chambers, Government of Singapore. Singapore
2. AVA (2014) AVA Vision, Issue 1 2014. Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore, Government of Singapore. Singapore
3. AVA (2015) Working together as one: annual report 2014/15. Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore, Government of Singapore. Singapore
4. Bolund P, Hunhammar S (1999) Ecosystem services in urban areas. Ecol Econ 29:293–301
5. Brauman KA, Daily GC, Duarte TK, Mooney HA (2007) The nature and value of ecosystem services: an overview highlighting hydrologic services. Ann R Environ Res 32:67–98
6. Brook BW, Sodhi NS, Ng PKL (2003) Catostrophic extinctions follow deforestation in Singapore. Nature 424:430–423
7. Caprotti F (2014) Critical research on eco-cities? A walk through the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City, China. Cities 36:10–17
8. CBD (2012) User’s manual for the City Biodiversity Index. Convention on Biological Diversity. Montreal
9. Chang I-CC, Leitner H, Sheppard E (2016) A Green Leap forward? Eco-state restructuring and the Tianjin-Binhai Eco-City model. Reg Stud. doi:10.1080/00343404.2015.1108519
10. Chou R, Lee HB (1997) Commercial marine fish farming in Singapore. Aquac Res 28:767–776
11. Chow WTL, Roth M (2006) Temporal dynamics of the urban heat island of Singapore. Int J Climatol 26:2243–2260
12. Chow WTL, Cheong BD, Ho BH (2016a) A multimethod approach towards assessing urban flood patterns and its associated vulnerabilities in Singapore. Adv Meteorol 2016:7159132
13. Chow WTL, Akbar SN, Heng SL, Roth M (2016b) Assessment of measured and perceived microclimates within a tropical urban forest. Urban For Urban Green 16:62–75
14. Corlett RT (1992) The ecological transformation of Singapore, 1819-1990. J Biogeogr 19:411–420
15. Corlett RT (1995) Rain forest in the city. National Parks Board, Government of Singapore. Singapore
16. Costanza R, d’Arge R, de Groot R, Farber S, Grasso M, Hannon B, Limburg K, Naeem S, O’Neill RV, Paruelo J, Raskin RG, Sutton P, van den Belt M (1997) The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387:253–260
17. Daily GC, Polasky S, Goldstein J, Kareiva PM, Mooney HA, Pejchar L, Ricketts TH, Salzman J, Shallenberger R (2009) Ecosystem services in decision making: time to deliver. Front Ecol Environ 7:21–28
18. De Koninck R, Drolet J, Gird M (2008) Singapore: an atlas of perpetual territorial transformation. NUS Press, Singapore
19. Dobbs C, Nitschke CR, Kendal D (2014) Global drivers and tradeoffs of three urban vegetation ecosystem services. PLoS ONE 9, e113000
20. Dobby EHG (1940) Singapore: town and country. Geogr Rev 30:84–109
21. Donato DC, Kauffman JB, Murdiyarso D, Kurnianto S, Stidham M, Kanninen M (2011) Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics. Nat Geosci 4:293–297
22. Estoque RC, Murayama Y (2013) Landscape pattern and ecosystem service value changes: implications for environmental sustainability planning for the rapidly urbanizing summer capital of the Philippines. Landsc Urban Plan 116:60–72
23. Estoque RC, Murayama Y (2014) Measuring sustainability based upon various perspectives: a case study of a hill station in Southeast Asia. Ambio 43:943–956
24. Estoque RC, Murayama Y (2015) Intensity and spatial pattern of urban land changes in the megacities of Southeast Asia. Land Use Pol 48:213–222
25. FAO (1976) National plan for development of aquaculture in Singapore. In: Aquaculture Planning in Asia. Aquaculture Development and Coordinating Programme, Food and Agricultural Organization, Bangkok
26. Fisher B, Turner RK, Morling P (2009) Defining and classifying ecosystem services for decision making. Ecol Econ 68:643–653
27. Friess DA, Phelps J, Leong RC, Lee WK, Wee AKS, Sivasothi N, Oh RRY, Webb EL (2012) Mandai mangrove, Singapore: lessons for the conservation of Southeast Asia’s mangroves. Raffles Bull Zool S25:55–65
28. Friess DA, Richards DR, Phang VXH (2016) Mangrove forests store high densities of carbon across the tropical urban landscape of Singapore. Urb Ecosyst
29. Gibson-Hill CA (1950) The fishing boats operated from Singapore Island. J Malayan Branch Royal Asiatic Soc 23:148–170
30. Gómez-Baggethun E, de Groot R, Lomas PL, Montes C (2010) The history of ecosystem services in economic theory and practice: from early notions to markets and payment schemes. Ecol Econ 69:1209–1218
31. Gómez-Baggethun E, Gren A, Barton SN, Langemeyer J, McPhearson T, O’Farrell P, Andersson E, Hamstead Z, Kremer P (2013) Urban ecosystem services. In: Elqvist T et al (eds) Urbanization, biodiversity and ecosystem services: challenges and opportunities. Springer, Amsterdam, pp 175–251
32. Grimm NB, Faeth SH, Golubiewski NE, Redman CL, Wu J, Bai X, Briggs JM (2008) Global change and the ecology of cities. Science 319:756–760
33. Haase D et al (2014) A quantitative review of urban ecosystem service assessments: concepts, models and implementation. Ambio 43:413–433
34. Hassan R (1969) Population change and urbanization in Singapore. Civilisations 19:169–188
35. Henderson J (2013) Urban parks and green spaces in Singapore. Manag Leis 18:213–225
36. Hill RD (1980) Singapore – an Asian City State. GeoJournal 4:5–12
37. Hilton MJ, Manning SS (1995) Conversion of coastal habitats in Singapore: indications of unsustainable development. Environ Conserv 22:307–322
38. st century. Built Environ 27:112–128
39. IPCC (2014) Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Working Group 3. Geneva
40. Jim CY (2013) Sustainable urban greening strategies for compact cities in developing and developed economies. Urban Ecosyst 16:741–761
41. Khan H (1988) Role of agriculture in a City-State Economy: the case of Singapore. ASEAN Econ Bull 5:178–182
42. Kohsaka et al (2013) Indicators for management of urban biodiversity and ecosystem services: City Biodiversity Index. In Elqvist T et al (eds) Urbanization, biodiversity and ecosystem services: challenges and opportunities. Springer, Amsterdam. pp. 699–718
43. Kong L, Yeoh BS (1996) Social constructions of nature in urban Singapore. Southeast Asian Stud 34:402–423
44. Kuan KJ (1988) Environmental improvement in Singapore. Ambio 17:233–237
45. Lai S, Loke LH, Hilton MJ, Bouma TJ, Todd PA (2015) The effects of urbanization on coastal habitats and the potential for ecological engineering: a Singapore case study. Ocean Coast Manag 103:78–85
46. Lele S, Springate-Baginski O, Lakerveld R, Deb D, Dash P (2013) Ecosystem services: origins, contributions, pitfalls and alternatives. Conserv Soc 11:343–358
47. Li Y, Zhu X, Sun X, Wang F (2010) Landscape effects of environmental impact on bay-area wetlands under rapid urban expansion and development policy: a case study of Lianyungang, China. Landsc Urban Plan 94:218–227
48. Lim J-J (1976) Singapore: surmounting assessables, encountering intangibles. Southeast Asian Affairs 1:319–338
49. Lundholm JT, Richardson PJ (2010) Habitat analogues for reconciliation ecology in urban and industrial environments. J Appl Ecol 47:966–975
50. McKinney ML (2002) Urbanization, biodiversity and conservation. Bioscience 52:883–890
51. MEA (2005) Ecosystems and wellbeing. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Washington DC
52. Meng M, Zhang J, Wong WY (2015) Intergrated foresight urban planning in Singapore. Urban Des Plan 169:1–13
53. MEWR (2002) The Singapore green plan 2012. Ministry of Environment and Water Resources, Government of Singapore. Singapore
54. MEWR (2015) Sustainable Singapore Blueprint 2015. Ministry of Environment and Water Resources, Government of Singapore. Singapore
55. MND (2013) Land use plan to support Singapore’s future population. Ministry of National Development, Government of Singapore. Singapore
56. MND 2014. Ministry of National Development. www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/data/budget_2014/download/45%20MND%202014.pdf. Accessed 16 Apr 2016
57. NCCS (2012) Climate change and Singapore: challenges, opportunities, partnerships. National Climate Change Secretariat, Government of Singapore. Singapore
58. NEA (2014) Singapore’s third national communication and biennial update report under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. National Environment Agency, Government of Singapore. Singapore
59. NEA (2016) El Niño and La Niña. National Environment Agency, Government of Singapore. www.nea.gov.sg/training-knowledge/weather-climate/el-nino-la-nina. Accessed 16 Apr 2016
60. Ngo KM, Turner BL, Muller-Landau HC, Davies SJ, Larjavaara M, Hassan NF, Lum S (2013) Carbon stocks in primary and secondary tropical forests in Singapore. For Ecol Manag 296:81–89
61. Nguyen VT, Gin KY-H, Reinhard M, Lio C (2012) Occurrence, fate, and fluxes of perfluorochemicals (PFCs) in an urban catchment: Marina Reservoir, Singapore. Water Sci Technol 66:2439–2446
62. Nichol JE (1993) Monitoring Singapore’s microclimate. Geogr Info Syst 4:51–55
63. Nieuwolt S (1966) The urban microclimate of Singapore. J Trop Geogr 22:30–37
64. Nowak DJ, Crane DE (2002) Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA. Environ Pollut 116:381–389
65. NPTD (2013) A sustainable population for a dynamic Singapore. Population white paper. National Population and Talent Division, Ministry of National Development, Government of Singapore. Singapore
66. O’Dempsey T (2014) Singapore’s changing landscape since c. 1800. In: Barnard T (ed) Nature contained: environmental histories of Singapore. NUS Press, Singapore
67. Ooi GL (1992) Public policy and park development in Singapore. Land Use Policy 9:64–75
68. Peng CY, Zhang J (2012) Addressing urban water resource scarcity in China from water resource planning experiences of Singapore. Adv Mater Res 433-440:1213-1218
69. Phang VXH, Chou LM, Friess DA (2015) Ecosystem carbon stocks across a tropical intertidal habitat mosaic of mangrove forest, seagrass meadow, mudflat and sandbar. Earth Surf Process Landf 40:1387–1400
70. Power A (2010) Ecosystem services and agriculture: tradeoffs and synergies. Philos Trans R Soc B 365:2959–2971
71. PUB (2014) Managing stormwater for our future. Public Utilities Board, Government of Singapore. Singapore
72. PUB (2015) Our water, our future. Public Utilities Board, Government of Singapore. Singapore
73. Richards DR, Friess DA (2015) A rapid indicator of cultural ecosystem service usage at a fine spatial scale: content analysis of social media photographs. Ecol Indic 53:187–195
74. Roth M, Chow WTL (2012) A historical review and assessment of urban heat island research in Singapore. Singap J Trop Geogr 33:381–397
75. Saw LE, Lim FK, Carrasco LR (2015) The relationship between natural park usage and happiness does not hold in a tropical city-state. PLoS ONE 10, e0133781
76. Seto KC, Güneralp B, Hutyra LR (2012) Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:16083–16088
77. Straits Times (2013) Government to track Singapore’s carbon emissions. The Straits Times. www.straitstimes.com/singapore/government-to-track-singapores-carbon-emissions. Accessed 16 Apr 2016
78. Straits Times (2016) March 2016 driest and second warmest on record; hot weather to continue. The Straits Times. www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/march-2016-driest-and-second-warmest-on-record-hot-weather-to-continue. Accessed 16 Apr 2016
79. Swanwick C, Dunnet N, Woolley H (2003) Nature, role and value of green space in towns and cities: an overview. Built Environ 29:94–106
80. Taha H (1997) Urban climates and heat islands: albedo, evapotranspiration, and anthropogenic heat. Energy Build 25:99–103
81. Tan PY, Ismail MR (2015) The effects of urban forms on photosynthetically active radiation and urban greenery in a compact city. Urban Ecosyst 18:937–961
82. Tan PY, Yeo B, Yip WX, Lua HS (2009) Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in Singapore. Centre for Urban Greenery and Ecology, National Parks Board, Government of Singapore. Singapore
83. Tan CL, Wong NH, Jusuf SK (2013a) Outdoor mean radiant temperature estimation in the tropical urban environment. Build Environ 64:118–129
84. Tan PY, Wang J, Sia A (2013b) Perspectives on five decades of the urban greening of Singapore. Cities 32:24–32
85. Tan PY, Feng Y, Hwang YH (2016) Deforestation in a tropical compact city (Part A). Sm and Sustain Built Environ 5:47–72
86. Taylor L, Taylor C, Davis A (2013) The impact of urbanisation on avian species: the inextricable link between people and birds. Urban Ecosyst 16:481–498
87. Tenerelli P, Demšar U, Luque S (2016) Crowdsourcing indicators for cultural ecosystem services: a geographically weighted approach for mountain landscapes. Ecol Indic 64:237–248
88. Thiagarajah J, Wong SKM, Richards DR, Friess DA (2015) Historical and contemporary cultural ecosystem service values in the rapidly urbanizing city state of Singapore. Ambio 44:666–677
89. Tortajada C (2006) Water management in Singapore. Int J Water Res Dev 22:227–240
90. Turner RK, Daily GC (2008) The ecosystem services framework and natural capital conservation. Environ Res Econ 39:25–35
91. Uchiyama Y, Hayashi K, Kohsaka R (2015) Typology of cities based on City Biodiversity Index: exploring biodiversity potentials and possible collaborations among Japanese cities. Sustainability 7:14371–14384
92. UN DESA (2015) World urbanization prospects. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, New York
93. URA (2001) Concept Plan 2001. Urban Redevelopment Authority, Government of Singapore. Singapore
94. URA (2014) Master Plan 2014. Urban Redevelopment Authority, Government of Singapore. Singapore
95. URA (2015) Parks and waterbodies plan. Urban Redevelopment Authority, Government of Singapore. Singapore
96. Velasco E, Roth M (2012) Review of Singapore’s air quality and greenhouse gas emissions: current situation and opportunities. J Air Water Manag Assoc 62:625–641
97. 2 flux from a tropical urban neighbourhood. Atmos Chem Phys 13:10185–10202
98. Wang J, Da L, Song K, Li B-L (2008) Temporal variations of surface water quality in urban, suburban and rural areas during rapid urbanization in Shanghai, China. Environ Pollut 152:287–393
99. Webb R (1998) Urban forestry in Singapore. Arboricultural J 22:271–286
100. Wheatley JJ (1885) Further notes on the rainfall of Singapore. J Straits Branch Royal Asiatic Soc 15:61–67
101. Wong TH, Brown RR (2009) The water sensitive city: principles for practice. Water Sci Technol 60(3):673–682
102. Wong NH, Jusof SK (2010) Study on the microclimate condition along a green pedestrian canyon in Singapore. Archit Sci Rev 53:196–212
103. Wong NH, Cheong KWD, Yan H, Soh J, Ong CL, Sia A (2002) The effects of rooftop garden on energy consumption of a commercial building in Singapore. Energy Build 35:353–364
104. Wong NH, Chen Y, Ong CL, Sia A (2003) Investigation of thermal benefits of rooftop garden in the tropical environment. Build Environ 38:261–270
105. World Bank (2009) Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City: a case study of an emerging Eco-City in China. Technical Assistance Report 59012, the World Bank, Washington DC
106. WRI (2015) Aqueduct projected water stress country rankings. World Resources Institute. www.wri.org/sites/default/files/aqueduct-water-stress-country-rankings-technical-note.pdf. Accessed 14 Apr 2016
107. Yaakub SM, Lim RL, Lim WL, Todd PA (2013) The diversity and distribution of seagrass in Singapore. Nat Singapore 6:105–111
108. Yaakub SM, McKenzie LJ, Erftemeijer PL, Bouma T, Todd PA (2014) Courage under fire: seagrass persistence adjacent to a highly urbanised city-state. Mar Pollut Bull 83:417–424
109. Yee AT, Ang WF, Teo S, Liew SC, Tan HT (2010) The present extent of mangrove forests in Singapore. Nat Singapore 3:139–145
110. Yee AT, Corlett RT, Liew SC, Tan HT (2011) The vegetation of Singapore – an updated map. Gardens Bull Singapore 63:205–212
111. Yuen B (1996) Creating the garden city: the Singapore experience. Urban Stud 33:955–970
112. Yuen B, Kong L, Briffett C (1999) Nature and the Singapore resident. GeoJournal 49:323–331
113. Zhao W, Zhu X, Sun X, Shu Y, Li Y (2015) Water quality changes in response to urban expansion: spatially varying relations and determinants. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:16977–17011
114. Ziegler AD, Terry JP, Oliver GJH, Friess DA, Chuah CJ, Chow WTL, Wasson RJ (2014) Increasing Singapore’s resilience to drought. Hydrol Process 28:4543–4548
115. Ziter C (2016) The biodiversity-ecosystem service relationship in urban areas: a quantitative review. Oikos. doi:10.1111/oik.02883