Ecosystem services: Origins, contributions, pitfalls, and alternatives

Conservation and Society

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 343-358

  Lele, Sharachchandra ^a   Springate Baginski, Oliver ^b   Lakerveld, Roan ^c   Deb, Debal ^d   Dash, Prasad ^e  

^a ASHOKA TRUST FOR RESEARCH IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT   (India)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

^c WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^d Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies   (India)

^e NONE

Author keywords

biodiversity; dis services; economic valuation; ecosystem services; political ecology; trade offs

Indexed keywords

EID: 84877887653     PISSN: 09724923     EISSN: 09753133     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4103/0972-4923.125752     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Agarwal, A. 1985. Politics of Environment-II. In: The State of India s Environment 1984-85: The second citizens report (eds. Agarwal, A. and S. Narain). Pp. 362-380. New Delhi: Centre for Science and Environment. Anonymous. 2009. Natural value. Nature 457(7231): 764
2. Balmford, A., A. Bruner, P. Cooper, R. Costanza, S. Farber, R.E. Gree n, M. Jenkins, et al. 2002. Economic reasons for conserving wild nature. Science 297(5583): 950
3. Balvanera, P., G.C. Daily, P.R. Ehrlich, T.H. Ricketts, S.-A. Bailey, S. Kark, C . Kremen, et al. 2001. Conserving biodiversity and ecosystem services. Science 291(5511): 2047
4. Bardwell, L.V. 1991. Problem-framing: A perspective on environmental problem-solving. Environmental Management 15(5): 603-612
5. Barkmann, J., K. Glenk, A. Keil, C. Leemhuis, N. Dietrich, G. Gerold, and R. Marggraf. 2008. Confronting unfamiliarity with ecosystem functions: The case for an ecosystem service approach to environmental valuation with stated preference methods. Ecological Economics 65(1): 48-62
6. Bayas, J.C.L., C. Marohn, G. Dercon, S. Dewi, H.P. Pieph o, L. Joshi, M. van Noordwijk, et al. 2011. Influence of coastal vegetation on the 2004 tsunami wave impact in west Aceh. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108(46): 18612-18617
7. Bianchi, F.J.J.A., C.J.H. Booij, and T. Tscharntke. 2006. Sustainable pest regulation in agricultural landscapes: A review on landscape composition, biodiversity and natural pest control. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Scie nces 273(1595): 1715-1727
8. Bist, S. 2002. An overview of elephant conservation in India. Indian forester 128(2): 121-136
9. Bockstael, N.E., A.M. Freeman, R.J. Kopp, P.R. Portney, and V.K. Smith. 2000. On measuring economic values for nature. Environmental Science & Technology 34(8): 1384-1389
10. Boyd, J. and S. Banzhaf. 2007. What are ecosystem services The need for standardized environmental accounting units. Ecological Economics 63(2-3): 616-626
11. Brechin, S.R., P.R. Wilshusen, C.L. Fortwangler, and P.C. West. 2002. Beyond the square wheel: Toward a more comprehensive understanding of biodiversity conservation as social and political process. Society & Natural Resources 15(1): 41-64
12. Bromley, D.W. 1990. The ideology of efficiency: Searchin g for a theory of policy analysis. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 19(1): 86-107
13. Brown, K. 1994. Approaches to valuing plant medicines: The economics of culture or the culture of economics Biodiversity and Conservation 3(8): 734-750
14. Cardinale, B.J., J.E. Duffy, A. Gonzalez, D.U. Hooper, C. Perrings, P. Venail, A. Narwani, et al. 2012. Impoverishing our planet: Biodiversi ty loss and its impact on humanity. Nature 486 (7401): 59-67
15. Chan, K.M.A., M.R. Shaw, D.R. Cameron, E.C. Underwood, and G.C. Daily. 2006. Conservation planning for ecosystem services. PLoS Biology 4(11): 2138-2152
16. Chippaux, J. 1998. Snake-bites: Appraisal of the global situation. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 76(5): 515
17. Chomitz, K.M. and K. Ku mari. 1998. The domestic benefits of tropical forests: A critical review. The World Bank Research Observer 13(1): 13-35
18. Cleveland, C.J., M. Betke, P. Federico, J.D. Frank, T.G. Hallam, J. Horn, J.D. López Jr, et al. 2006. Economic value of the pest control service provided by Brazilian free-tailed bats in south-central Te xas. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 4(5): 238-243
19. Costanza, R., R. dArge, R.S. de Groot, S. Farber, M. Grasso, B. Hannon, K. Limburg, et al. 1997. The value of the worlds ecosystem services and na tural capital. Nature 387(6630): 253-260
20. Daily, G.C. 1997a. Introduction: what are ecosystem services In Natures services: Societal dependence on natural ecosystems (ed. Daily, G.C.). Pp. 1-10. Washington, DC: Island Press
21. Daily, G.C. (ed.) 1997b. Nature s services: Societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Washington, DC: Island Press
22. Daily, G.C. 2001. Developing a scientific basis for managing Earth s life support systems. Conservation Ecology 3(2): 4. http://www.consecol.org/vol3/ iss2/art14/. Accessed on December 20, 2010
23. Daily, G.C., S. Polasky, J. Goldstein, P.M. Kareiva, H.A. Mooney, L. Pejchar, T.H. Ricketts, et al. 2009. Ecosystem services in decision making: Time to deliver. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7(1): 21-28
24. Daily, G.C., T. Soderqvist, S. Aniyar, K. Arrow, P. Dasgupta, P.R. Ehrlich, C. Folke, et al. 2000. The value of nature and the nature of value. Science 289(5478): 395-396
25. Das, S. 2009. Can mangroves minimize property loss during big storms An analysis of house damage due to the super cyclone in Orissa. Kathmandu: South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics (SANDEE
26. Daw, T., K. Brown, S. Rosendo, and R. Pomeroy. 2011. Applying the ecosystem services concept to poverty alleviation: The need to disaggregate human well-being. Environmental Conservation 38(4): 370-379
27. de Groot, R.S. 1987. Environmental functions as a unifying concept for ecology and economics. The Environmentalist 7(2): 105-109
28. De Marco, P. and F. Coelho. 2004. Services performed by the ecosystem: Forest remnants influence agricultural cultures pollination and production. Biodiversity and Conservation 13(7): 1245-1255
29. Díaz, S., J. Fargione, F.S. Chapin, III, and D. Tilman. 2006. Biodiversity loss threatens human well-being. PLoS Biology 4(8): E277. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040277. Accessed on December 8, 2012
30. Dietz, T., A. Fitzgerald, and R. Shwom. 2005. Environmental values. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30: 335-372
31. Dunn, R.R. 2010. Global mapping of ecosystem disservices: The unspoken reality that nature sometimes kills us. Biotropica 42(5): 555-557
32. Ehrlich, P. and H. Mooney. 1983. Extinction, substitution, and ecosystem services. Bioscience 33(4): 248-254
33. Farrow, S. 1998. Environmental equity and sustainability: Rejecting the Kaldor-Hicks criteria. Ecological Economics 27(2): 183-188
34. Feagin, R.A., N. Mukherjee, K. Shanker, A.H. Baird J. Cinner, A.M. Kerr, N. Koedam, et al. 2010. Shelter from the storm Use and misuse of coastal vegetation bioshields for managing natural disasters. Conservation Letters 3(1): 1-11
35. Fisher, B., R.K. Turner, and P. Morling. 2009. Defining and classifying ecosystem services for decision making. Ecological Economics 68(3): 643-653
36. Forsyth, T. 2003. Critical political ecology: The politics of environmental science. London: Routledge
37. Gadgil, M. 1998. Why conserve living diversity The Hindu (Bangalore Edition). March 29, 1998
38. Ghazoul, J. 2005. Buzziness as usual Questioning the global pollination crisis. Trends In Ecology & Evolution 20(7): 367-373
39. Ghilarov, A.M. 2000. Ecosystem functioning and intrinsic value of biodiversity. Oikos 90(2): 408-412
40. Gómez-Baggethun, E., R.S. de Groot, P.L. Lomas, and C. Montes. 2010. The history of ecosystem services in economic theory and practice: From early notions to markets and payment schemes. Ecological Economics 69(6): 1209-1218
41. Gray, M. 2011. Other nature: Geodiversity and geosystem services. Environmental Conservation 38(3): 271-274
42. Guha, R. 1985. Scientific forestry and social change in Uttarakhand. Economic and Political Weekly 20(45- 47): 1939-1951
43. Harrison, A. 1989. Introducing natural capital into the SNA. In Environmental accounting for sustainable development (eds. Ahmad, Y.J., S. El Sarafy, and E. Lutz). Pp. 19-25. Washington, DC: World Bank
44. Hayward, T. 1998. Political theory and ecological values. New York, NY: St. Martins Press
45. Heck, K., G. Hays, and R. Orth. 2003. Critical evaluation of the nursery role hypothesis for seagrass meadows. Marine Ecology Progress Series 253: 123-136
46. Hooper, D.U., F.S. Chapin, III, J.J. Ewel, A. Hector, P. Inchausti, S. Lavorel, et al. 2005. Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: A consensus of current knowledge. Ecological Monographs 75(1): 3-35
47. Johnston, R.J. and M. Russell. 2011. An operational structure for clarity in ecosystem service values. Ecological Economics 70(12): 2243-2249
48. Joy, K.J., A. Shah, S. Paranjape, S. Badiger, and S. Lélé. 2006. Reorienting the watershed development programme in India. Pune: Forum for Watershed Research and Policy Dialogue (SOPPECOM-GIDRCISED
49. Kareiva, P., H. Tallis, T.H. Ricketts, G.C. Daily, and S. Polasky. 2011. Natural capital: Theory and practice of mapping ecosystem services. Oxford: Oxford University Press
50. Kasturiratne, A., A.R. Wick remasinghe, N. De Silva, N.K. Gunawardena, A. Pathmeswaran, R. Premaratna, L. Savioli, et al. 2008. The global burden of snakebite: A literature analysis and modelling based on regional estimates of envenoming and deaths. Public Library of Science Medicine 5(11): 1591-1604
51. Kerr, J.M. and R. Swarup. 1997. Natural resource policy and problems in India. In: Natural resource economics-theory and application in India (eds. Kerr, J.M., D.K. Marothia, K. Singh, C. Ramasamy, and W.R. Bentley). Pp. 3-33. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH
52. Khan, M.A.R. 1987. The problem tiger of Bangladesh. In Tigers of the world: The biology, biopolitics, management, and conservation of an endangered species (eds. Tilson, R.L. and U.S. Seal). Pp. 92-96. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications
53. Kirchner, J.W. 2002. The Gaia hypothesis: Fact, theory, and wishful thinking. Climatic Change 52(4): 391-408
54. Klein, A.M., I. Steffan-Dewenter, and T. Tscharntke. 2003. Fruit set of highland coffee increases with the diversity of pollinating bees. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences 270(1518): 955
55. Kosoy, N. and E. Corbera. 2010. Payments for ecosystem services as commodity fetishism. Ecological Economics 69(6): 1228-1236
56. Kremen, C., G.C. Daily, A.-M. Klein, and D. Scofield. 2008. Inadequate assessment of the ecosystem service rationale for conservation: Reply to Ghazoul. Conservation Biology 22(3): 795-798
57. Lackey, R.T. 2001. Values, policy, and ecosystem health. Bioscience 51(6): 437
58. Lélé, S. 1994. Sustainable use of biomass resources: A note on definitions, criteria, and practical applications . Energy for Sustainable Development 1(4): 42-46
59. Lélé, S. 2008. Interdisciplinarity as a three-way conversation: Barriers and possibilities. In The contested commons: Conversations between economists and anthropologists (eds. Bardhan, P. and I. Ray). Pp. 187-207. London: Blackwell
60. Lele, S. 2009. Watershed services of tropical forests: From hydrology to economic valuation to integrated analysis. Current Opinions in Environmental Sustainability 1(2): 148-155
61. Lélé, S. and R.B. Norgaard. 1996. Sustainability and the scientist s burden. Conservation Biology 10(2): 354-365
62. Lélé, S., I. Patil, S. Badiger, A. Menon, and R. Kumar. 2008. The economic impact of forest hydrological services on local communities: A case study from the Western Ghats of India. Kathmandu: South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics
63. Lele, S., I. Patil, S. Badiger, A. Menon, and R. Kumar. 2011. Forests, hydrological services, and agricultural income: A case study from Mysore district of the Western Ghats of India. In Environmental valuation in South Asia (eds. Haque, A.K.E., M.N. Murty, and P. Shyamsundar). Pp. 141-169. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
64. Lele, S. and V. Srinivasan. 2013. Disaggregated economic impact analysis incorporating ecological and social trade-offs and techno-institutional context: A case from the Western Ghats of India. Ecological Economics 91: 98-112
65. Losey, J. and M. Vaughan. 2006. The economic value of ecological services provided by insects. Bioscience 56(4): 311-323
66. MA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment). 2005. Ecosystems and human well-being. Washington, DC: Island Press
67. Maass, J., P. Balvanera, A. Castillo, G. Daily, H. Mooney, P. Ehrlich, M. Quesada, et al. 2005. Ecosystem services of tropical dry forests: Insights from long-term ecological and social research on the Pacific Coast of Mexico. Ecology and Society 10(1): 17
68. Mace, G.M. and I. Bateman. 2011. Conceptual framework and methodology. In: UK National Ecosystem Assessment: Understanding natures value to society (eds. Watson, R. and S. Albon). London: UK National Ecosystem Assessment (NEA
69. Mace, G.M., K. Norris, and A.H. Fitter. 2012. Biodiversity and ecosystem services: A multilayered relationship. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 27(1): 19-26
70. Macfadyen, S., R. Gibson, A. Polaszek, R.J. Morris, P.G. Craze , R. Planqué, W.O.C. Symondson, et al. 2009. Do differences in food web structure between organic and conventional farms affect the ecosystem service of pest control Ecology Letters 12(3): 229-238
71. Manson, F., N. Loneragan, G. Skilleter, and S. Phinn. 2005. An evaluation of the evidence for linkages between mangroves and fisheries: A synthesis of the literature and identification of research directions. In Oceanography and marine biology: An annual review (eds. Gibson, R.N., R.J.A. Atkinson, and J.D.M. Gordon) 43: 483-513. Oxford: Taylor & Francis
72. Marris, E. 2009. Putting a price on nature. Nature 462(7271): 270-271
73. Martínez, M.L., O. Pérez-Maqueo, G. Vázquez, G. Castillo-Campos, J. García-Franco, K. Mehltreter, M. Equihua, et al. 2009. Effects of land use change on biodiversity and ecosystem services in tropical montane cloud forests of Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management 258(9): 1856-1863
74. McAfee, K. and E. Shapiro. 2010. Payments for ecosystem services in Mexico: Nature, neoliberalism, social movements, and the state. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 100(3): 579-599
75. McClanahan, T., J. Maina, and L. Pet-Soede. 2002. Effects of the 1998 coral mortality event on Kenyan coral reefs and fisheries. Ambio 31(7/8) 543-550.
76. McClanahan, T., J. Maina, and L. Pet-Soede. 2002. Effects of the 1998 coral mortality event on Kenyan coral reefs and fisheries. Ambio 31(7/8): 543-550
77. McClanahan, T., J. Maina, and L. Pet-Soede. 2002. Effects of the 1998 coral mortality event on Kenyan coral reefs and fisheries. Ambio 31(7/8): 543-550
78. Meenatchisundaram, S. and A. Michael. 2009. Snake bite and therapeutic measures: Indian scenario. Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2: 69-73
79. Memmott, J., N.M. Waser, and M.V. Price. 2004. Tolerance of pollination networks to species extinctions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences 271(1557): 2605
80. Menon, A., P. Singh, E. Shah, S. Lélé, S. Paranjape, and K.J. Joy. 2007. Community-based natural resource management: Issues and cases in South Asia. New Delhi: Sage
81. Mertz, O., H.M. Ravnborg, G.L. Lovei, I. Nielsen, and C.C. Kon ijnendijk. 2007. Ecosystem services and biodiversity in developing countries. Biodiversity and Conservation 16(10): 2729-2737
82. Mishra, C. 1997. Livestock depredation by large carnivores in the Indian trans-Himalaya: Conflict perceptions and conservation prospects. Environmental Conservation 24(4): 338-343
83. Naidoo, R., A. Balmford, R. Costanza, B. Fisher, R.E. Green, B. Lehner, T.R. Malcolm et al. 2008. Global mapping of ecosystem services and conservation priorities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(28): 9495-9500
84. Nelson, E., G. Mendoza, J. Regetz, S. Polasky H. Tallis, D.R. Cameron, K.M. Chan, et al. 2009. Modeling multiple ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation, commodity production, and tradeoffs at landscape scales. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 7(1): 4-11
85. Norgaard, R.B. 2010. Ecosystem services: From eye-opening metaphor to complexity blinder. Ecological Economics 69(6): 1219-1227
86. OFarrell, P., J. Donaldson, and M. Hoffman. 2007. The influence of ecosystem goods and services on livestock management practices on the Bokkeveld plateau, South Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 122(3): 312-324
87. Olschewski, R., T. Tscharntke, P. Benítez, S. Schwarze, and A. Klein. 2006. Economic evaluation of pollination services comparing coffee landscapes in Ecuador and Indonesia. Ecology and Society 11(1): 7
88. Otieno, M., B.A. Woodcock, A. Wilby, I.N. Vogiatzakis, A.L. Mauchline, M.W. Gikungu, and S.G. Potts. 2011. Local management and landscape drivers of pollination and biological control services in a Kenyan agroecosystem. Biological Conservation 144(10): 2424-2431
89. Pesche, D., P. Méral, M. Hrabanski, and M. Bonnin. 2012. Ecosystem services and payments for environmental services: Two sides of the same coin In: Governing the provision of ecosystem services (eds
90. Muradian, R. and L. Rival). Pp. 67-86. Dordrecht: Springer.
91. Petak, W.J. 1980. Environmental planning and management: The need for an integrative perspective. Environmental Management 4(4): 287-295
92. Randall, A. 1987. Total economic value as a basis for policy. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 116(3): 325-335
93. Randall, A. 1991. Total and nonuse values. In Measuring the demand for environmental quality (eds. Braden, J.B. and C.D. Kolstad). Pp. 132-152. Amsterdam: Elsivier/North-Holland
94. Raudsepp-Hearne, C., G.D. Peterson, and E.M. Bennett. 2010. Ecosystem service bundles for analyzing tradeoffs in diverse landscapes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(11): 5242-5247
95. Redford, K.H. and W.M. Adams. 2009. Payment for ecosystem services and the challenge of saving nature. Conservation Biology 23(4): 785-787
96. Reyers, B., S. Polasky, H. Tallis, H.A. Mooney, and A. Larigauderie. 2012. Finding common ground for biodiversity and ecosystem services. BioScience 62(5): 503-507
97. Ricketts, T.H. 2004. Tropical forest fragments enhance pollinator activity in nearby coffee crops. Conservation Biology 18(5): 1262-1271
98. Ricketts, T.H., G.C. Daily, P.R. Ehrlich, and C.D. Michener. 2004. Economic value of tropical forest to coffee production. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101(34): 12579-12582
99. Ricketts, T.H., J. Regetz, I. Steffan-Dewenter, S.A. Cunningham, C. Kremen, A. Bogdanski, B. Gemm ill-Herren, et al. 2008. Landscape effects on crop pollination services: Are there general patterns Ecology Letters 11(5): 499-515
100. Robbins, P., J. Hintz, and S.A. Moore. 2010. Environment and society: A critical introduction. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell
101. Rodríguez, J.P., T.D. Beard Jr, E.M. Bennett, G.S. Cumming, S. Cork, J. Agard, A.P. Dobson, et al . 2006. Trade-offs across space, time, and ecosystem services. Ecology and Society 11(1): 28
102. Sabatier, P.A. 2007. Theories of the policy process. Boulder, CO: Westview Press
103. Sáez, C.A. and J.C. Requena. 2007. Reconciling sustainability and discounting in cost-benefit analysis: A methodological proposal. Ecological Economics 60(4): 712-725
104. Sagoff, M. 1998. Aggregation and deliberation in valuing environmental goods: A look beyond contingent pricing. Ecological Economics 24(2 -3): 213-230
105. Sanyal, P. 1987. Managing the man eaters in the Sundarbans Tiger Reserve of India-A case study. In Tigers of the world: The biology, biopolitics, management and conservation of an endangered species (eds. Tilson, R.L. and U.S. Seal). Pp. 427-434. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications
106. Searle, J.R. 1995. The construction of social reality. New York, NY: Free Press
107. Sekhar, N.U. 1998. Crop and livestock depredation caused by wi ld animals in protected areas: The case of Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, India. Environmental Conservation 25(2): 160-171
108. Sharma, S.K., F. Chappiux, N. Arjha, P.A. Bovier, L. Loutan, and S. Koi rala. 2004. Impact of snake bites and determinants of fatal outcomes in southeastern Nepal. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 71(2): 234-238
109. Singh, S. 2002. Balancing the approaches o f environmental conservation by considering ecosystem services as well as biodiversity. Current Science 82(11): 1331-1335
110. Skroch, M. and L. López-Hoffman. 2010. Saving nature under the big tent of ecosystem services: A response to Adams and Redford. Conservation Biology 24(1): 325-327
111. Steffan-Dewenter, I., M. Kessler, J. Barkmann, M.M. Bos, D. Buchori, S. Erasmi, H. Faust, et al. 200 7. Tradeoffs between income, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning during tropical rainforest conversion and agroforestry intensification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(12): 4973-4978
112. Sukhdev, P. 2008. The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity: An interim report. Brussels: European Community
113. Sukumar, R. 1989. The Asian elephant: Ecology and management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
114. Sukumar, R. 1991. The management of large mammals in relation to male strategies and conflict with people. Biological Conservation 55(1): 93-102
115. Sutton, P.C. and R. Costanza. 2002. Global estimates of market and nonmarket values derived from nighttime satellite imagery, land cover, and ecosystem service valuation. Ecological Economics 41(3): 509-527
116. Swallow, B.M., J.K. Sang, M. Nyabenge, D.K. Bundotich, A.K. Duraiappah, and T.B. Yatich. 2009. Tradeoffs, synergies and traps among ecosystem services in the Lake Victoria basin of East Africa. Environmental Science & Policy 12(4): 504-519
117. Swinton, S.M. and F. Lupi. 2005. Abiotic ecosystem services to agriculture. In: Workshop on valuation of ecosystems in agriculture. October 26-28, 2005. Augusta, MI
118. Taylor, B.P. 1992. Our limits transgressed: Environmental political thought in America. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas
119. Turner, R.K. and G. Daily. 2008. The ecosystem se rvices framework and natural capital conservation. Environmental and Resource Economics 39(1): 25-35
120. Turner, R.K., J. Paavola, P. Cooper, S. Farber, V. Jessamy, and S. Georgiou. 2003. Valuing nature: Lessons learned and future research directions. Ecological Economics 46(3): 493-510
121. Turner, R.K. and M. Postle. 1994. Valuing the water environment: An economic perspective. CSERGE Workin g Paper WM 94-08. University of East Anglia and University College London: Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment (CSERGE
122. van Beukering, P.J.H., H.S.J. Cesar, and M.A. Janssen. 2003. Econom ic valuation of the Leuser National Park on Sumatra, Indonesia. Ecological Economics 44(1): 43-62
123. Vatn, A. 2005. Institutions and the Environment. London: Edward Elgar. Vayda, A.P. and B.B. Walters. 1999. Against political ecology. Human Ecology 27(1): 167-179
124. Vedeld, P.O. 1994. The environment and interdisciplinarity: Ecological and neoclassical economical approaches to the use of natural resources. Ecologi cal Economics 10(1): 1-13
125. Wegner, G. and U. Pascual. 2011. Cost-benefit analysis in the context of ecosystem services for human well-being: A multidisciplinary critique. Global Environmental Change 21(2): 492-504
126. Westman, W.E. 1977. How much are natures services worth Science 197(4307): 960-964
127. Wilkinson, C., L. Olof, H. Cesar, G. Hodgson, R. Jason, and A.E. Strong. 1999. Ecological and socioeconomic impacts of 1998 coral mortality in the Indian Ocean: An ENSO impact and a warning of future change Ambio 28(2): 188-196
128. Willott, E. 2004. Restoring nature, without mosquitoes Restoration Ecology 12(2): 147-153
129. Wilson, C.M. and W.H. Matthews (eds.). 1970. Mans impact on the global environment: Report of the study of critical environmental problems (SCEP). Cam bridge, MA: MIT Press
130. Zhang, W., T.H. Ricketts, C. Kremen, K. Carney, and S.M. Swinton. 2007. Ecosystem services and dis-services to agriculture. Ecological Economics 64(2): 253-260
131. Zhao, B., U. Kreuter, B. Li, Z. Ma, J. Chen, and N. Nakagoshi. 2004. An ecosystem service value assessment of land-use change on Chongming Island, China. Land Use Policy 21(2): 139-148