Urinary cannabinoid levels during nabiximols (Sativex®)-medicated inpatient cannabis withdrawal

Forensic Toxicology

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 33-44

  Kevin, Richard C ^a   Allsop, David J ^a   Lintzeris, Nicholas ^a,b   Dunlop, Adrian J ^c,d   Booth, Jessica ^a   McGregor, Iain S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b Langton Centre   (Australia)

^c Drug Alcohol Clinical Services   (Australia)

^d UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cannabidiol; Cannabinoid; Nabiximols; Sativex; Urine; Withdrawal

Indexed keywords

11 HYDROXYDRONABINOL; CANNABINOID; CANNABIS; DRONABINOL; NABIXIMOLS; PLACEBO; RECOMBINANT BETA GLUCURONIDASE; TETRAHYDROCANNABINOLIC ACID;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BLOOD ANALYSIS; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG URINE LEVEL; FEMALE; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HUMAN; HYDROLYSIS; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); URINALYSIS; VALIDATION STUDY; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME;

EID: 84983006848     PISSN: 18608965     EISSN: 18608973     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11419-016-0330-0     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Panlilio LV, Goldberg SR, Justinova Z (2015) Cannabinoid abuse and addiction: clinical and preclinical findings. Clin Pharmacol Ther 97:616–627
2. Degenhardt L, Ferrari AJ, Calabria B, Hall WD, Norman RE, McGrath J, Flaxman AD, Engell RE, Freedman GD, Whiteford HA, Vos T (2013) The global epidemiology and contribution of cannabis use and dependence to the global burden of disease: results from the GBD 2010 study. PLoS One 8:e76635. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076635
3. Budney AJ, Hughes JR (2006) The cannabis withdrawal syndrome. Curr Opin Psychiatry 19:233–238
4. Allsop DJ, Norberg MM, Copeland J, Fu S, Budney AJ (2011) The cannabis withdrawal scale development: patterns and predictors of cannabis withdrawal and distress. Drug Alcohol Depend 119:123–129
5. Levin KH, Copersino ML, Heishman SJ, Liu F, Kelly DL, Boggs DL, Gorelick DA (2010) Cannabis withdrawal symptoms in non-treatment-seeking adult cannabis smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend 111:120–127
6. Budney AJ, Vandrey RG, Hughes JR, Thostenson JD, Bursac Z (2008) Comparison of cannabis and tobacco withdrawal: severity and contribution to relapse. J Subst Abuse Treat 35:362–368
7. Allsop DJ, Copeland J, Norberg MM, Fu S, Molnar S, Lewis J, Budney AJ (2012) Quantifying the clinical significance of cannabis withdrawal. PLoS One 7:e44864. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044864
8. Haney M, Ward AS, Comer SD, Hart CL, Foltin RW, Fischman MW (2001) Bupropion SR worsens mood during marijuana withdrawal in humans. Psychopharmacology 155:171–179
9. Marshall K, Gowing L, Ali R, Le Foll B (2014) Pharmacotherapies for cannabis dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12:CD008940. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008940.pub2
10. Balter RE, Cooper ZD, Haney M (2014) Novel pharmacologic approaches to treating cannabis use disorder. Curr Addict Rep 1:137–143
11. Allsop DJ, Lintzeris N, Copeland J, Dunlop A, McGregor IS (2015) Cannabinoid replacement therapy (CRT): nabiximols (Sativex) as a novel treatment for cannabis withdrawal. Clin Pharmacol Ther 97:571–574
12. Budney AJ, Vandrey RG, Hughes JR, Moore BA, Bahrenburg B (2007) Oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol suppresses cannabis withdrawal symptoms. Drug Alcohol Depend 86:22–29
13. Haney M, Cooper ZD, Bedi G, Vosburg SK, Comer SD, Foltin RW (2013) Nabilone decreases marijuana withdrawal and a laboratory measure of marijuana relapse. Neuropsychopharmacology 38:1557–1565
14. Pertwee R (2007) Cannabinoids and multiple sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 36:45–59
15. Fusar-Poli P, Crippa JA, Bhattacharyya S, Borgwardt SJ, Allen P, Martin-Santos R, Seal M, Surguladze SA, O’Carrol C, Atakan Z, Zuardi AW, McGuire PK (2009) Distinct effects of {delta}9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on neural activation during emotional processing. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66:95–105
16. Morgan CJ, Schafer G, Freeman TP, Curran HV (2010) Impact of cannabidiol on the acute memory and psychotomimetic effects of smoked cannabis: naturalistic study. Br J Psychiatry 197:285–290
17. Zuardi AW, Crippa JA, Hallak JE, Bhattacharyya S, Atakan Z, Martin-Santos R, McGuire PK, Guimaraes FS (2012) A critical review of the antipsychotic effects of cannabidiol: 30 years of a translational investigation. Curr Pharm Des 18:5131–5140
18. 1 receptor. Br J Pharmacol 172:4790–4805
19. Leweke FM, Piomelli D, Pahlisch F, Muhl D, Gerth CW, Hoyer C, Klosterkötter J, Hellmich M, Koethe D (2012) Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatr 2:e94. doi:10.1038/tp.2012.15
20. O’Sullivan SE, Kendall DA (2010) Cannabinoid activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: potential for modulation of inflammatory disease. Immunobiology 215:611–616
21. Iannotti FA, Hill CL, Leo A, Alhusaini A, Soubrane C, Mazzarella E, Russo E, Whalley BJ, Di Marzo V, Stephens GJ (2014) Nonpsychotropic plant cannabinoids, cannabidivarin (CBDV) and cannabidiol (CBD), activate and desensitize transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels in vitro: potential for the treatment of neuronal hyperexcitability. ACS Chem Neurosci 5:1131–1141
22. Hassan S, Eldeeb K, Millns PJ, Bennett AJ, Alexander SPH, Kendall DA (2014) Cannabidiol enhances microglial phagocytosis via transient receptor potential (TRP) channel activation. Br J Pharmacol 171:2426–2439
23. Stout SM, Cimino NM (2014) Exogenous cannabinoids as substrates, inhibitors, and inducers of human drug metabolizing enzymes: a systematic review. Drug Metab Rev 46:86–95
24. Watanabe K, Yamaori S, Funahashi T, Kimura T, Yamamoto I (2007) Cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of tetrahydrocannabinols and cannabinol by human hepatic microsomes. Life Sci 80:1415–1419
25. 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-11-oic acid glucuronide: a tetrahydrocannabinol metabolite. J Pharm Pharmacol 32:445–448
26. Mazur A, Lichti CF, Prather PL, Zielinska AK, Bratton SM, Gallus-Zawada A, Finel M, Miller GP, Radominska-Pandya A, Moran JH (2009) Characterization of human hepatic and extrahepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes involved in the metabolism of classic cannabinoids. Drug Metab Dispos 37:1496–1504
27. Harvey DJ, Mechoulam R (1990) Metabolites of cannabidiol identified in human urine. Xenobiotica 20:303–320
28. Bergamaschi MM, Barnes A, Queiroz RH, Hurd YL, Huestis MA (2013) Impact of enzymatic and alkaline hydrolysis on CBD concentration in urine. Anal Bioanal Chem 405:4679–4689
29. Allsop DJ, Copeland J, Lintzeris N, Dunlop AJ, Montebello M, Sadler C, Rivas GR, Holland RM, Muhleisen P, Norberg MM, Booth J, McGregor IS (2014) Nabiximols as an agonist replacement therapy during cannabis withdrawal: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 71:281–291
30. Bell ML, Fairclough DL (2014) Practical and statistical issues in missing data for longitudinal patient-reported outcomes. Stat Methods Med Res 23:440–459
31. Hedges LV (1981) Distribution theory for Glass’s estimator of effect size and related estimators. J Educ Behav Stat 6:107–128
32. Peters FT, Drummer OH, Musshoff F (2007) Validation of new methods. Forensic Sci Int 165:216–224
33. Swift W, Wong A, Li KM, Arnold JC, McGregor IS (2013) Analysis of cannabis seizures in NSW, Australia: cannabis potency and cannabinoid profile. PLoS One 8:e70052. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070052
34. Desrosiers NA, Himes SK, Scheidweiler KB, Concheiro-Guisan M, Gorelick DA, Huestis MA (2014) Phase I and II cannabinoid disposition in blood and plasma of occasional and frequent smokers following controlled smoked cannabis. Clin Chem 60:631–643
35. Grauwiler SB, Scholer A, Drewe J (2007) Development of a LC/MS/MS method for the analysis of cannabinoids in human EDTA-plasma and urine after small doses of Cannabis sativa extracts. J Chromatogr B 850:515–522
36. Bergamaschi MM, Karschner EL, Goodwin RS, Scheidweiler KB, Hirvonen J, Queiroz RH, Huestis MA (2013) Impact of prolonged cannabinoid excretion in chronic daily cannabis smokers’ blood on per se drugged driving laws. Clin Chem 59:519–526
37. Lemberger L, Tamarkin NR, Axelrod J, Kopin IJ (1971) Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol: metabolism and disposition in long-term marihuana smokers. Science 173:72–74
38. McGilveray IJ (2005) Pharmacokinetics of cannabinoids. Pain Res Manag 10(Suppl A):15A–22A
39. Wong A, Keats K, Rooney K, Hicks C, Allsop DJ, Arnold JC, McGregor IS (2014) Fasting and exercise increase plasma cannabinoid levels in THC pre-treated rats: an examination of behavioural consequences. Psychopharmacology 231:3987–3996
40. 1-tetrahydrocannabinol in human fat biopsies from marihuana users by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 3:35–38
41. Rosenberg EC, Tsien RW, Whalley BJ, Devinsky O (2015) Cannabinoids and epilepsy. Neurotherapeutics 12:747–768
42. Blessing EM, Steenkamp MM, Manzanares J, Marmar CR (2015) Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for anxiety disorders. Neurotherapeutics 12:825–836
43. Scheidweiler KB, Desrosiers NA, Huestis MA (2012) Simultaneous quantification of free and glucuronidated cannabinoids in human urine by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 413:1839–1847
44. Huestis MA, Cone EJ (1998) Urinary excretion half-life of 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in humans. Ther Drug Monit 20:570–576
45. Friedman D, Devinsky O (2015) Cannabinoids in the treatment of epilepsy. N Engl J Med 373:1048–1058
46. Trigo JM, Lagzdins D, Rehm J, Selby P, Gamaleddin I, Fischer B, Barnes AJ, Huestis MA, Le Foll B (2016) Effects of fixed or self-titrated dosages of Sativex on cannabis withdrawal and cravings. Drug Alcohol Depend 161:298–306
47. Lee D, Karschner EL, Milman G, Barnes AJ, Goodwin RS, Huestis MA (2013) Can oral fluid cannabinoid testing monitor medication compliance and/or cannabis smoking during oral THC and oromucosal Sativex administration? Drug Alcohol Depend 130:68–76
48. Bruci Z, Papoutsis I, Athanaselis S, Nikolaou P, Pazari E, Spiliopoulou C, Vyshka G (2012) First systematic evaluation of the potency of Cannabis sativa plants grown in Albania. Forensic Sci Int 222:40–46
49. Burgdorf JR, Kilmer B, Pacula RL (2011) Heterogeneity in the composition of marijuana seized in California. Drug Alcohol Depend 117:59–61
50. Tsumura Y, Aoki R, Tokieda Y, Akutsu M, Kawase Y, Kataoka T, Takagi T, Mizuno T, Fukada M, Fujii H, Kurahashi K (2012) A survey of the potency of Japanese illicit cannabis in fiscal year 2010. Forensic Sci Int 221:77–83
51. ®), as add-on therapy, in subjects with refractory spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 18:1122–1131