Incretin response in Asian type 2 diabetes: Are Indians different?

Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 30-38

  Singh, Awadhesh Kumar ^a,b  

^a GD Hospital and Diabetes Institute   (India)

^b Sun Valley Diabetes Hospital   (India)

Author keywords

Adiponectin; DPP 4 activity; GLP 1 level in Asians; incretin response; insulin resistance; insulin secretory defect

Indexed keywords

EID: 84981169838     PISSN: 22308210     EISSN: 22309500     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.146861     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. Available from: http://www.idf.org/sites/default/files/EN-6E-Atlas- Full-0.pdf [Last accessed on 2014 Jul 7].
2. Yoon KH, Lee JH, Kim JW, Cho JH, Choi YH, Ko SH, et al. Epidemic obesity and type 2 diabetes in Asia. Lancet 2006;368:1681-8.
3. Chan JC, Malik V, Jia W, Kadowaki T, Yajnik CS, Yoon KH, et al. Diabetes in Asia: Epidemiology, risk factors, and pathophysiology. JAMA 2009;301:2129-40.
4. Ramachandran A, Ma RC, Snehalatha C. Diabetes in Asia. Lancet 2010;375:408-18.
5. Chturvedi N, Stevens LK, Fuller JH, Lee ET, Lu M. The WHO Multinational Study Group, Risk factors, ethnic differences and mortality associated with lower extremity gangrene and amputation in diabetes. The WHO multinational study of vascular disease in diabetes. Diabetologia 2001;44:S65-71.
6. Lee ET, Keen H, Bennett PH, Fuller JH, Lu M. The WHO Multinational Study Group, WHO Multinational Study Group: Follow-up of the WHO Multinational study of vascular disease in diabetes: General description and morbidity. Diabetologia 2001;44:S3-13.
7. The DECODE-DECODA Study Group. Age, body mass index and type 2 diabetes: Associations modified by ethnicity. Diabetologia 2003;46:1063-70.
8. Seino Y. Relevance of incretins in the treatment of Asian patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008;79:S4.
9. Takeuchi M, Okamoto K, Takagi T, Ishii H. Ethnic difference in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in inter-East Asian populations: A systematic review and metaanalysis focusing on fasting serum insulin. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008;81:370-6.
10. Fukushima M, Suzuki H, Seino Y. Insulin secretion capacity in the development from normal glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2004;66S: S37-43.
11. Sleddering MA, Bakker LE, Janssen LG, Meinders AE, Jazet IM. Higher insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels in healthy, young South Asians as compared to Caucasians during an oral glucose tolerance test. Metabolism 2014;63:226-32.
12. Yajnik CS. The insulin resistance epidemic in India: Fetal origins, later lifestyle, or both? Nutr Rev 2001;59:1-9.
13. Raji A, Seely EW, Arky RA, Simonson DC. Body fat distribution and insulin resistance in healthy Asian Indians and Caucasians. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:5366-71.
14. Retnakaran R, Hanley AJ, Connelly PW, Sermer M, Zinman B. Ethnicity modifies the effect of obesity on insulin resistance in pregnancy: A comparison of Asian, South Asian, and Caucasian women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:93-7.
15. Raji A, Gerhard-Herman MD, Warren M, Silverman SG, Raptopoulos V, Mantzoros CS, et al. Insulin resistance and vascular dysfunction in nondiabetic Asian Indians. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:3965-72.
16. Chandalia M, Abate N, Garg A, Stray-Gundersen J, Grundy SM. Relationship between generalized and upper body obesity to insulin resistance in Asian Indian men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:2329-35.
17. Liew CF, Seah ES, Yeo KP, Lee KO, Wise SD. Lean, nondiabetic Asian Indians have decreased insulin sensitivity and insulin clearance, and raised leptin compared to Caucasians and Chinese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003;27:784-9.
18. Banerji MA, Faridi N, Atluri R, Chaiken RL, Lebovitz HE. Body composition, visceral fat, leptin, and insulin resistance in Asian Indian men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:137-44.
19. Cockram CS. Diabetes mellitus: Perspective from the Asia-Pacific region. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2000;50:S3-7.
20. Kodama K, Tojjar D, Yamada S, Toda K, Patel CJ, Butte AJ. Ethnic differences in the relationship between insulin sensitivity and insulin response: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2013;36:1789-96.
21. Toft-Nielsen MB, Damholt MB, Madsbad S, Hilsted LM, Hughes TE, Michelsen BK, et al. Determinants of the impaired secretion of glucagon-like peptide? 1 in type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:3717-23.
22. Vilsbøll T, Krarup T, Deacon CF, Madsbad S, Holst JJ. Reduced postprandial concentrations of intact biologically active glucagon-like peptide 1 in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes 2001;50:609-13.
23. Vollmer K, Holst JJ, Baller B, Ellrichmann M, Nauck MA, Schmidt WE, et al. Predictors of incretin concentrations in subjects with normal, impaired, and diabetic glucose tolerance. Diabetes 2008;57:678-87.
24. Lugari R, Dei CA, Ugolotti D, Finardi L, Barilli AL, Ognibene C, et al. Evidence for early impairment of glucagon-like peptide 1-induced insulin secretion in human type 2 (Non Insulin-Dependent) Diabetes. Horm Metab Res 2002;34:150-4.
25. Rask E, Olsson T, Soderberg S, Holst JJ, Tura A, Pacini G, et al. Insulin secretion and incretin hormones after oral glucose in non-obese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Metabolism 2004;53:624-31.
26. Laakso M, Zilinskaite J, Hansen T, Boesgaard TW, Vanttinen M, Stancakova A, et al. Insulin sensitivity, insulin release and glucagon like peptide-1 levels in persons with impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance in the EUGENE2 study. Diabetologia 2008;1:502-11.
27. Muscelli E, Mari A, Casolaro A, Camastra S, Seghieri G, Gastaldelli A, et al. Separate impact of obesity and glucose tolerance on the incretin effect in normal subjects and type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes 2008;57:1340-8.
28. Fang Z, Tang X, Cao H, Lu Q, Li N, Liu Y, et al. Impaired secretion of total glucagon-like peptide-1 in people with impaired fasting glucose combined impaired glucose tolerance. Int J Med Sci 2012;9:574-81.
29. Lee S, Yabe D, Nohtomi K, Takada M, Morita R, Seino Y, et al. Intact glucagon-like peptide-1 levels are not decreased in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocr J 2010;7:119-26.
30. Kozawa J, Okita K, Imagawa A, Iwahashi H, Holst JJ, Yamagata K, et al. Similar incretin secretion in obese and non-obese Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010;393:410-3.
31. Nauck AM, Vardarli I, Deacon CF, Holst JJ, Meier JJ. Secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in type 2 diabetes: What is up, what is down? Diabetologia 2011;54:10-8.
32. Calanna S, Christensen M, Holst JJ, Laferrere B, Gluud LL, Vilsboll T, et al. Secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Systematic review and meta-analyses of clinical studies. Diabetologia 2013;56:965-72.
33. Velasquez-Mieyer PA, Umpierrez GE, Lustig RH, Cashion AK, Cowan PA, Christensen M, et al. Race affects insulin and GLP-1 secretion and response to a long-acting somatostatin analogue in obese adults. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004;28:330-3.
34. Yabe D, Kuroe A, Lee S, Watanabe K, Hyo T, Hishizawa M, et al. Little enhancement of meal-induced glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion in Japanese: Comparison of type 2 diabetes patients and healthy controls. J Diabetes Investig 2010;1:56-9.
35. Carr RD, Larsen MO, Winzell MS, Jelic K, Lindgren O, Deacon CF, et al. Incretin and islet hormonal responses to fat and protein ingestion in healthy men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008;295:E779-84.
36. Juntunen KS, Niskanen LK, Liukkonen KH, Poutanen KS, Holst JJ, Mykkanen HM. Postprandial glucose, insulin, and incretin responses to grain products in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75:254-62.
37. Thomsen C, Rasmussen O, Lousen T, Holst JJ, Fenselau S, Schrezenmeir J, et al. Differential effects of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids on postprandial lipemia and incretin responses in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:1135-43.
38. Tolhurst G, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Nutritional regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion. J Physiol 2009;587:27-32.
39. Sleddering MA, Bakker LE, Janssen LG, Meinders AE, Jazet IM. Higher insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels in healthy, young South Asians as compared to Caucasians during an oral glucose tolerance test. Metabolism 2014;63:226-32.
40. Vilsboll T, Krarup T, Sonne J, Madsbad S, Volund A, Juul AG, et al. Incretin secretion in relation to meal size and body weight in healthy subjects and people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:2706-13.
41. Meier JJ, Nauck MA, Kranz D, Holst JJ, Deacon CF, Gaeckler D, et al. Secretion, degradation, and elimination of glucagon-like peptide 1 and gastric inhibitory polypeptide in patients with chronic renal insufficiency and healthy control subjects. Diabetes 2004;53:654-62.
42. Deacon CF, Nauck MA, Meier J, Hucking K, Holst JJ. Degradation of endogenous and exogenous gastric inhibitory polypeptide in healthy and in type 2 diabetic subjects as revealed using a new assay for the intact peptide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:3575-81.
43. Deacon CF, Holst JJ. Immunoassays for the incretin hormones GIP and GLP-1. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;23:425-32.
44. Toft-Nielsen M, Damholt M, Hilsted J, Hughes TE, Krarup T, Madsbad S, et al. GLP-1 secretion is decreased in NIDDM patients compared to matched control subjects with normal glucose tolerance. Diabetologia 1999;A40:143.
45. Meneilly GS, Demuth HU, Mcintosh CH, Pederson RA. Effect of ageing and diabetes on glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and dipeptidyl peptidase IV responses to oral glucose. Diabet Med 2000;17:346-50.
46. Korosi J, Mcintosh CH, Pederson RA, Demuth HU, Habener JF, Gingerich R, et al. Effect of aging and diabetes on the enteroinsular axis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001;56:M575-9.
47. Mannucci E, Pala L, Ciani S, Bardini G, Pezzatini A, Sposato I, et al. Hyperglycaemia increases dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity in diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2005;48:1168-72.
48. Ryskjaer J, Deacon CF, Carr RD, Krarup T, Madsbad S, Holst JJ, et al. Plasma dipeptidyl peptidase-IV activity in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus correlates positively with HbAlc levels, but is not acutely affected by food intake. Eur J Endocrinol 2006;155:485-93.
49. McKillop AM, Duffy NA, Lindsay JR, O'Harte FP, Bell PM, Flatt PR. Decreased dipeptidyl peptidase-IV activity and glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide degradation in type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008;79:79-85.
50. Han SJ, Kim HJ, Choi SE, Kang Y, Lee KW, Kim DJ. Incretin secretion and serum DPP-IV activity in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010;89:e49-52.
51. Firneisz G, Varga T, Lengyel G, Fehr J, Ghyczy D, Wichmann B, et al. Serum dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity in insulin resistant patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A novel liver disease biomarker. PLoS One 2010;5:e12226.
52. Pala L, Ciani S, Dicembrini I, Bardini G, Cresci B, Pezzatini A, et al. Relationship between GLP-1 levels and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity in different glucose tolerance conditions. Diabet Med 2010;27:691-5.
53. Lee S, Yabe D, Nohtomi K, Takada M, Morita R, Seino Y, et al. Intact glucagon-like peptide-1 levels are not decreased in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocr J 2010;7:119-26.
54. Fadini GP, Albiero M, Menegazzo L, de Kreutzenberg SV, Avogaro A. The increased dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity is not counteracted by optimized glucose control in type 2 diabetes, but is lower in metformin-treated patients. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012;14:518-22.
55. Ahluwalia R, Knop FK, Vilsbøll T, Ranganath I, Meier JJ, Vora J. 2013, 173-LB, ADA, Chicago
56. Goldstein BJ, Scalia R. Adiponectin: A novel adipokine linking adipocytes and vascular function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:2563-8.
57. Cnop C, Havel PJ, Utzschneider K, Carr D, Sinha M, Boyko E, et al. Relationship of Adiponectin to body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity and plasma lipoproteins: Evidence for independent roles of age and sex. Diabetologia 2003;46:459-69
58. Daimon M, Oizumi T, Saitoh T, Kameda W, Hirata A, Yamaguchi H, et al. Decreased serum levels of adiponectin are a risk factor for the progression to type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population: The Funagata study. Diabetes Care 2003;26:2015-20.
59. Valsamakis G, Chetty R, McTernan PG, Al-Daghri NM, Barnett AH, Kumar S. Fasting serum adiponectin concentration is reduced in Indo-Asian subjects and is related to HDL cholesterol. Diabetes Obes Metab 2003;5:131-5.
60. Raji A, Gerhard-Herman MD, Warren M, Silverman SG, Raptopoulos V, Mantzoros CS, et al. Insulin resistance and vascular dysfunction in non diabetic Asian Indians. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:3965-972.
61. Abate N, Chandalia M, Snell P, Grundy SM. Adipose tissue metabolites and insulin resistance in nondiabetic Asian Indian men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:2750-5.
62. Retnakaran R, Hanley AJ, Raif N, Connelly PW, Sermer M, Zinman B. Hypoadiponectinemia in South Asian women during pregnancy: Evidence of ethnic variation in adiponectin concentration. Diabet Med 2004;21:388-92.
63. Ferris WF, Naran NH, Crowther NJ, Rheeder P, Van der Merwe L, Chetty N. The relationship between insulin sensitivityand serum adiponectin levels in three population groups. Horm Metab Res 2005;37:695-701.
64. Smith JD, Al-Amri M, Sniderman AD, Cianflone K. Leptin and adiponectin in relation to body fat percentage, waist to hip ratio and the apoB/apoA1 ratio in Asian Indian and Caucasian men and women. Nutr Metab 2006;3:18.
65. Snehalatha C, Mukesh B, Simon M, Vishwanathan V, Haffner SM, Ramachandran. Plasma adiponectin is an independent predictor of type 2 diabetes in Asian Indians. Diabetes Care 2003;26:3226-9.
66. Mohan V, Deepa R, Pradeepa R, Vimaleswaran KS, Mohan A, Velmurugan K, et al. Association of low Adiponectin levels with the metabolic syndrome: The Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES-4). Metabolism 2005;54:476-81.
67. Maeda N, Takahashi M, Funahashi T, Kihara S, Nishizawa H, Kishida K, et al. PPAR gamma ligands increase expression and plasma concentrations of adiponectin, an adipose-derived protein. Diabetes 2001;50:2094-9.
68. Iwaki M, Matsuda M, Maeda N, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Makishima M, et al. Induction of adiponectin, a fat-derived antidiabetic and antiatherogenic factor, by nuclear receptors. Diabetes 2003;52:1655-63.
69. Nakatsuji H, Kishida K, Funahashi T, Shimomura I; Senri Study II Group. Three-month treatment with pioglitazone reduces circulating levels of thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances, a marker of reactive oxidative stress, without change in body mass index, in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2010;212:243-5.
70. Kim Chung le T, Hosaka T, Yoshida M, Harada N, Sakaue H, Sakai T, et al. Exendin-4, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, directly induces adiponectin expression through protein kinase A pathway and prevents inflammatory adipokine expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009;390:613-8.
71. Li L, Yang G, Li Q, Tan X, Liu H, Tang Y, et al. Exenatide prevents fat-induced insulin resistance and raises adiponectin expression and plasma levels. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008;10:921-30.
72. Miyagawa K, Kondo T, Goto R, Matsuyama R, Ono K, Kitano S, et al. Effects of combination therapy with vildagliptin and valsartan in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013;12:160.
73. Sakr HF. Effect of sitagliptin on the working memory and reference memory in type 2 diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats: Possible role of adiponectin receptors 1. J Physiol Pharmacol 2013;64:613-23.
74. Diaz-Soto G, De Luis DA, Conde-Vicente R, Izaola-Jauregui O, Ramos C, Romero E. Beneficial effects of liraglutide on adipocytokines, insulin sensitivity parameters and cardiovascular risk biomarkers in patients with Type 2 diabetes: A prospective study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014;104:92-6.
75. Derosa G, Carbone A, Franzetti I, Querci F, Fogari E, Bianchi L, et al. Effects of a combination of sitagliptin plus metformin vs metformin monotherapy on glycemic control, cell function and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012;98:51-60.
76. Derosa G, Maffioli P, Salvadeo SA, Ferrari I, Ragonesi PD, Querci F, et al. Effects of sitagliptin or metformin added to pioglitazone monotherapy in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Metabolism 2010;59:887-95.
77. Hibuse T, Maeda N, Kishida K, Kimura T, Minami T, Takeshita E, et al. A pilot three-month sitagliptin treatment increases serum adiponectin level in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus? a randomized controlled trial START-J study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014;13:96.
78. Kubota Y, Miyamoto M, Takagi G, Ikeda T, Kirinoki-Ichikawa S, Tanaka K, et al. The dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin improves vascular endothelial function in type 2 diabetes. J Korean Med Sci 2012;27:1364-70.
79. Shestakova MV, Suhareva OI, Chernova TO, Shmushkovich IA, Aleksandrov AA, Ilin AV, et al. A combination of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor and metformin in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Effective control of glycemia, weight, and quantitative body composition. Ter Arkh 2013;85:49-55.
80. Louisa M, Takeuchi M, Takeuchi M, Nafrialdi, Setiabudy R. Incretin-based therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Asian patients: Analysis of clinical trials. Med J Indones 2010;19:205-12.
81. Mohan V, Yang W, Sone HY, Xu L, Noble L, Langdon RB et al. Safety and efficacy of sitagliptin in the treatment of patient with type 2 diabetes in China, India, and Korea. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009; 83:106-16.
82. Kesavadev J, Shankar A, Krishnan G, Jothydev S. Liraglutide therapy beyond glycemic control: An observational study in Indian patients with type 2 diabetes in real world setting. Int J Gen Med 2012;5:317-22.
83. Yang W, Chen L, Ji Q, Liu X, Ma J, Tandon N, et al. Liraglutide provides similar glycaemic control as glimepiride (both in combination with metformin) and reduces body weight and systolic blood pressure in Asian population with type 2 diabetes from China, South Korea and India: A 16-week, randomized, double-blind, active control trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011;13:81-8.
84. Park H, Park C, Kim Y, Rascati KL. Efficacy and safety of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes: Meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother 2012;46:1453-69.
85. Kim YG, Hahn S, Oh TJ, Kwak SH, Park KS, Cho YM. Differences in the glucose-lowering efficacy of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors between Asians and non-Asians: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2013;56:696-708.
86. Kim YG, Hahn S, Oh TJ, Park KS, Cho YM. Differences in the HbA1c-lowering efficacy of glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues between Asians and non-Asians: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014;16:900-9.
87. Aso Y, Ozeki N, Terasawa T, Naruse R, Hara K, Suetsugu M, et al. Serum level of soluble CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) predicts the response to sitagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes controlled inadequately by metformin and/or sulfonylurea. Transl Res 2012;159:25-31.
88. The efficacy of exenatide and liraglutide among South Asians in the Association of British Clinical Diabetologists nationwide audits. International Diabetes Federation, Melbourne, 2013. p. 1349.