Zika virus – emergence, evolution, pathology, diagnosis, and control: current global scenario and future perspectives – a comprehensive review

Veterinary Quarterly

Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 150-175

  Singh, Raj Kumar ^a   Dhama, Kuldeep ^a   Malik, Yashpal Singh ^a   Ramakrishnan, Muthannan Andavar ^b   Karthik, Kumaragurubaran ^a   Tiwari, Ruchi ^c   Saurabh, Sharad ^a   Sachan, Swati ^a   Joshi, Sunil Kumar ^d  

^a INDIAN VETERINARY RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (India)

^b ICAR Indian Veterinary Research Institute   (India)

^c Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go Anusandhan Sansthan   (India)

^d OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

flavivirus; global warming; review; Zika virus; zoonosis

Indexed keywords

RNA DIRECTED RNA POLYMERASE; VIRUS PROTEIN;

AEDES; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; EVOLUTION; FLAVIVIRUS; FLAVIVIRUS INFECTION; GENE SEQUENCE; GENEALOGY; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; GLYCOSYLATION; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOBIOLOGY; INFECTION CONTROL; NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING; NONHUMAN; PHYLOGENY; REVIEW; SYMPTOM; VIRUS MORPHOLOGY; VIRUS PATHOGENESIS; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; ZIKA VIRUS; ZIKA VIRUS INFECTION; GENETICS; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ZIKA VIRUS; ZIKA VIRUS INFECTION;

EID: 84979983624     PISSN: 01652176     EISSN: 18755941     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2016.1188333     Document Type: Review

References (294)

1. E.O.Adekolu-John, A.H.Fagbami. 1983. Arthropod-borne virus antibodies in sera of residents of Kainji Lake Basin, Nigeria 1980. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 77:149–151.
2. S.S.Ahmad, T.N.Amin, A.Ustianowski. 2016. Zika virus:management of infection and risk. BMJ. 352:i1062. doi:10.1136/bmj.i1062
3. C.Akoua-Koffi, S.Diarrassouba, V.B.Benie, J.M.Ngbichi, T.Bozoua, A.Bosson, V.Akran, P.Carnevale, A.Ehouman. 2001. Investigation surrounding a fatal case of Yellow Fever in Côte d'Ivoire in 1999. Bull Société Pathol Exot. 94:227–230.
4. M.T.Alera, L.Hermann, I.A.Tac-An, C.Klungthong, W.Rutvisuttinunt, W.Manasatienkij, D.Villa, B.Thaisomboonsuk, J.M.Velasco, P.Chinnawirotpisan, 2015. Zika virus infection, Philippines, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis. 21:722–724.
5. L.Alphey. 2014. Genetic control of mosquitoes. Annu Rev Entomol. 59:205–224.
6. L.Alphey, M.Benedict, R.Bellini, G.G.Clark, D.A.Dame, M.W.Service, S.L.Dobson. 2010. Sterile-insect methods for control of mosquito-borne diseases:an analysis. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 10:295–311.
7. A.A.Al-Qahtani, N.Nazir, M.R.Al-Anazi, S.Rubino, M.N.Al-Ahdal. 2016. Zika virus:a new pandemic threat. J Infect Dev Ctries. 10:201–207.
8. H.R.C.Araújo, D.O.Carvalho, R.S.Ioshino, A.L.Costa-da-Silva, M.L.Capurro. 2015. Aedes aegypti control strategies in Brazil:incorporation of new technologies to overcome the persistence of dengue epidemics. Insects. 6:576–594.
9. N.Attar. 2016. ZIKA virus circulates in new regions. Nat Rev Microbiol. 14:62.
10. M.Aubry, J.Finke, A.Teissier, C.Roche, J.Broult, S.Paulous, P.Desprès, V.M.Cao-Lormeau, D.Musso. 2015. Seroprevalence of arboviruses among blood donors in French Polynesia, 2011-2013. Int J Infect Dis. 41:11–12.
11. S.S.Baba, A.H.Fagbami, C.K.Ojeh. 1999. Preliminary studies on the use of solid-phase immunosorbent techniques for the rapid detection of Wesselsbron virus (WSLV) IgM by haemagglutination-inhibition. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 22:71–79.
12. O.A.Babaniyi, P.Mwaba, D.Mulenga, M.Monze, P.Songolo, M.L.Mazaba-Liwewe, I.Mweene-Ndumba, F.Masaninga, E.Chizema, M.Eshetu-Shibeshi, 2015. Risk assessment for yellow fever in western and north-western provinces of Zambia. J Glob Infect Dis. 7:11–17.
13. M.N.Balm, C.K.Lee, H.K.Lee, L.Chiu, E.S.Koay, J.W.Tang. 2012. A diagnostic polymerase chain reaction assay for Zika virus. J Med Virol. 84:1501–1505.
14. C.Baronti, G.Piorkowski, R.N.Charrel, L.Boubis, I.Leparc-Goffart, X.de Lamballerie. 2014. Complete coding sequence of zika virus from a French Polynesia outbreak in 2013. Genome Announc. 2:e00500–e00514.
15. A.Barrera-Cruz, R.D.Díaz-Ramos, A.B.López-Morales, C.Grajales-Muñiz, A.Viniegra-Osorio, J.A.Zaldívar-Cervera, J.J.Arriaga-Dávila. 2016. Technical guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of Zika virus infection. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 54:211–224.
16. L.Barzon, M.Pacenti, A.Berto, A.Sinigaglia, E.Franchin, E.Lavezzo, P.Brugnaro, G.Palù. 2016. Isolation of infectious Zika virus from saliva and prolonged viral RNA shedding in a traveller returning from the Dominican Republic to Italy, January 2016. Euro Surveill. 21:1–5.
17. M.Basarab, C.Bowman, E.J.Aarons, I.Cropley. 2016. Zika virus. BMJ. 352:1–7.
18. T.M.Bell, E.J.Field, H.K.Narang. 1971. Zika virus infection of the central nervous system of mice. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch. 35:183–193.
19. R.Bergquist 2011. New tools for epidemiology:a space odyssey. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 106:892–900.
20. N.Berthet, E.Nakouné, B.Kamgang, B.Selekon, S.Descorps-Declère, A.Gessain, J.C.Manuguerra, M.Kazanji. 2014. Molecular characterization of three Zika flaviviruses obtained from sylvatic mosquitoes in the Central African Republic. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 14:862–865.
21. M.Besnard, S.Lastere, A.Teissier, V.Cao-Lormeau, D.Musso. 2014. Evidence of perinatal transmission of Zika virus, French Polynesia, December 2013 and February 2014. Euro Surveill. 19:1–4.
22. M.S.C.Blagrove, C.Arias-Goeta, A.B.Failloux, S.P.Sinkins. 2012. Wolbachia strain wMel induces cytoplasmic incompatibility and blocks dengue transmission in Aedes albopictus. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 109:255–260.
23. K.Blecher, A.Nasir, A.Friedman. 2011. The growing role of nanotechnology in combating infectious disease. Virulence, 2:395–401.
24. B.J.Blitvich, A.E.Firth. 2015. Insect-specific flaviviruses:a systematic review of their discovery, host range, mode of transmission, superinfection exclusion potential and genomic organization. Viruses. 7:1927–1959.
25. I.I.Bogoch, O.J.Brady, M.U.Kraemer, M.German, M.I.Creatore, M.A.Kulkarni, J.S.Brownstein, S.R.Mekaru, S.I.Hay, E.Groot, 2016. Anticipating the international spread of Zika virus from Brazil. Lancet. 387:335–336.
26. M.Bollati, K.Alvarez, R.Assenberg, C.Baronti, B.Canard, S.Cook, B.Coutard, E.Decroly, X.de Lamballerie, E.A.Gould. 2010. Structure and functionality in flavivirus NS-proteins:perspectives for drug design. Antiviral Res. 87:125–148.
27. R.A.Borchardt. 2016. Zika virus:a rapidly emerging infectious disease. JAAPA. 29:48–50.
28. R.Boyce, A.Lenhart, A.Kroeger, R.Velayudhan, B.Roberts, O.Horstick. 2013. Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) for the control of dengue vectors:systematic literature review. Trop Med Int Health. 18:564–577.
29. C.L.Brelsfoard, S.L.Dobson. 2009. Wolbachia-based strategies to control insect pests and disease vectors. Asia Pac J Mol Biol Biotechnol. 17:55–63.
30. C.Brown. 2015. Zika virus outbreaks in Asia and South America. CMAJ 188:1.
31. R.Buathong, L.Hermann, B.Thaisomboonsuk, W.Rutvisuttinunt, C.Klungthong, P.Chinnawirotpisan, W.Manasatienkij, A.Nisalak, S.Fernandez, I.K.Yoon, 2015. Detection of Zika virus infection in Thailand, 2012-2014. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 93:380–383.
32. R.M.Burke, P.Pandya, E.Nastouli, P.Gothard. 2016. Zika virus infection during pregnancy:what, where, and why? Br J Gen Pract. 66:122–123.
33. A.Burt. 2014. Heritable strategies for controlling insect vectors of disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 369:1–8.
34. G.A.Calvet, A.M.Filippis, M.C.Mendonça, P.C.Sequeira, A.M.Siqueira, V.G.Veloso, R.M.Nogueira, P.Brasil. 2016. First detection of autochthonous Zika virus transmission in a HIV-infected patient in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Clin Virol. 74:1–3.
35. G.Calvet, R.S.Aguiar, A.S.O.Melo, S.A.Sampaio, I.de Filippis, A.Fabri, E.S.M.Araujo, P.C.de Sequeira, M.C.L.de Mendonça, L.de Oliveira, 2016. Detection and sequencing of Zika virus from amniotic fluid of fetuses with microcephaly in Brazil:a case study. Lancet Infect Dis. Available from:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00095-5
36. G.S.Campos, A.C.Bandeira, S.I.Sardi. 2015. Zika virus outbreak, Bahia, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 21:1885–1886.
37. V.M.Cao-Lormeau, C.Roche, A.Teissier, E.Robin, A.L.Berry, H.P.Mallet, A.A.Sall, D.Musso. 2014. Zika virus, French Polynesia, South Pacific, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 20:1085–1086.
38. L.A.Carneiro, L.H.Travassos. 2016. Autophagy and viral diseases transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Microbes Infect. 18:169–171.
39. D.O.Carvalho, A.L.Costa-da-Silva, R.S.Lees, M.L.Capurro. 2014. Two step male release strategy using transgenic mosquito lines to control transmission of vector-borne diseases. Acta Trop. 132:1–8.
40. CDC. 2016. Media statement:CDC adds 4 destinations to interim travel guidance related to Zika virus. 1 February 2016 [Internet]. Atlanta:CDC.
41. M.Cetron. 2016. Revision to CDC's Zika travel notices:minimal likelihood for mosquito-borne Zika virus transmission at elevations above 2000 meters. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 65:267–268.
42. J.F.Chan, G.K.Choi, C.C.Yip, V.C.Cheng, K.Y.Yuen. 2016. Zika fever and congenital Zika syndrome:an unexpected emerging arboviral disease. J Infect. 72:507–524.
43. C.Chang, K.Ortiz, A.Ansari, M.E.Gershwin. 2016. The Zika outbreak of the 21st century. J Autoimmun. 68:1–13.
44. C.Chastel. 2012. When some Flaviviruses are throwing our certainties. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 105:251–255.
45. S.Chattopadhyay, P.Bagchi, D.Dutta, A.Mukherjee, N.Kobayashi, M.Chawlasarkar. 2010. Computational identification of posttranslational modification sites and functional families reveal possible moonlighting role of rotaviral proteins. Bioinformation. 4:448–451.
46. L.H.Chen, D.H.Hamer. 2016. Zika virus:rapid spread in the western hemisphere. Ann Intern Med. doi:10.7326/M16-0150
47. L.H.Chen, M.E.Wilson. 2010. Dengue and chikungunya infections in travelers. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 23:438–444.
48. L.Chong, W.Chen, Y.Luo, Z.Jiang. 2013. Simultaneous determination of 9-dehydro-17-hydro-andrographolide and sodium 9-dehydro-17-hydro-andrographolide-19-yl sulfate in rat plasma by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS after administration of xiyanping injection:application to a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr. 27:825–830.
49. V.Choumet, P.Desprès. 2015. Dengue and other flavivirus infections. Rev Sci Tech. 34:473–478.
50. L.Citrome. 2016. Zika and You. Int J Clin Pract. 70:181–182.
51. M.Clement, Q.Snell, P.Walker, D.Posada, K.Crandall. 2000. TCS:estimating gene genealogies. Mol Ecol. 9:1657–1659.
52. S.Cook, E.C.Holmes. 2006. A multigene analysis of the phylogenetic relationships among the flaviviruses (family:Flaviviridae) and the evolution of vector transmission. Arch Virol. 151:309–325.
53. C.A.Daep, J.L.Muñoz-Jordán, E.A.Eugenin. 2014. Flaviviruses, an expanding threat in public health:focus on dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis virus. J. Neurovirol. 20:539–560.
54. J.M.Darbro, P.H.Johnson, M.B.Thomas, S.A.Ritchie, B.H.Kay, P.A.Ryan. 2012. Effects of Beauveria bassiana on survival, blood-feeding success, and fecundity of Aedes aegypti in laboratory and semi-fi eld conditions. Am J Trop M. 86:656–664.
55. M.A.Darwish, H.Hoogstraal, T.J.Roberts, I.P.Ahmed, F.Omar. 1983. A sero-epidemiological survey for certain arboviruses (Togaviridae) in Pakistan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 77:442–445.
56. I.Delany, R.Rappuoli, E.De Gregorio. 2014. Vaccines for the 21st century. EMBO Mol Med. 6:708–720.
57. R.de M Campos, C.Cirne-Santos, G.L.Meira, L.L.Santos, M.D.de Meneses, J.Friedrich, S.Jansen, M.S.Ribeiro, I.C.da Cruz, J.Schmidt-Chanasit, D.F.Ferreira. 2016. Prolonged detection of Zika virus RNA in urine samples during the ongoing Zika virus epidemic in Brazil. J Clin Virol. 77:69–70.
58. Y.Deng, L.Zeng, W.Bao, P.Xu, G.Zhong. 2016. Experience of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine in first case of imported Zika virus disease in China. Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. 28:106–109.
59. B.de Paula Freitas, J.R.de Oliveira Dias, J.Prazeres, G.A.Sacramento, A.I.Ko, M.Maia, R.BelfortJr. 2016. Ocular findings in infants with microcephaly associated with presumed Zika virus congenital infection in Salvador, Brazil. JAMA Ophthalmol. 134:529–535.
60. J.G.Derraik, D.Slaney. 2015. Notes on Zika virus–an emerging pathogen now present in the South Pacific. Aust N Z J Public Health. 39:5–7.
61. K.Dhama, S.Chakraborty, S.Mahima, M.Y.Wani, A.K.Verma, R.Deb, R.Tiwari, S.Kapoor. 2013. Novel and emerging therapies safeguarding health of humans and their companion animals:a review. Pak J Biol Sci. 16:1–11.
62. K.Dhama, S.Chakraborty, R.Tiwari, A.K.Verma, M.Saminathan, Y.S.Malik, Z.Nikousefat, M.Javdani, R.U.Khan. 2014. A concept paper on novel technologies boosting production and safeguarding health of humans and animals. Res Opin Anim Vet Sci. 4:353–370.
63. K.Dhama, K.Karthik, S.Chakraborty, R.Tiwari, S.Kapoor, A.Kumar, P.Thomas. 2014. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA (LAMP)–a new diagnostic tool lights the world of diagnosis of animal and human pathogens:areview. Pak J Biol Sci. 17:151–166.
64. K.Dhama, M.Mahendran, P.K.Gupta, A.Rai. 2008. DNA vaccines and their applications in veterinary practice:current perspectives. Vet Res Commun. 32:341–356.
65. K.Dhama, Y.S.Malik, S.V.Malik, R.K.Singh. 2015. Ebola from emergence to epidemic:the virus and the disease, global preparedness and perspectives. J Infect Dev Ctries. 9:441–455.
66. K.Dhama, M.Saminathan, S.S.Jacob, M.Singh, K.Karthik, K.Amarpal, R.Tiwari, L.T.Sunkara, Y.S.Malik, R.K.Singh. 2015. Effect of immunomodulation and immunomodulatory agents on health with some bioactive principles, modes of action and potent biomedical applications. Int J Pharmacol. 11:253–290.
67. K.Dhama, R.Tiwari, S.Chakraborty, A.Kumar, M.Karikalan, R.Singh, R.B.Rai. 2013. Global warming and emerging infectious diseases of animals and humans:current scenario, challenges, solutions and future perspectives–a review. Int J Curr Res. 5:1942–1958.
68. K.Dhama, M.Y.Wani, R.Deb, K.Karthik, R.Tiwari, R.Barathidasan, A.Kumar, A.Mahima, A.K.Verma, S.D.Singh. 2013. Plant based oral vaccines for human and animal pathogens–a new era of prophylaxis:current and future perspectives. J Exp Biol Agri Sci. 1:1–12.
69. R.C.Dhiman, S.Pahwa, G.P.Dhillon, A.P.Dash. 2010. Climate change and threat of vector-borne diseases in India:are we prepared? Parasitol Res. 106:763–773.
70. C.T.Diagne, D.Diallo, O.Faye, Y.Ba, O.Faye, A.Gaye, I.Dia, O.Faye, S.C.Weaver, A.A.Sall, M.Diallo. 2015. Potential of selected Senegalese Aedes spp. mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae) to transmit Zika virus. BMC Infect Dis. 15:492–497.
71. C.N.Dias, D.Fernandes, C.Moraes,. 2014. Essential oils and their compounds as Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera:Culicidae) larvicides:review. Parasitol Res. 113:565–592.
72. G.W.Dick. 1952. Zika virus. II. Pathogenicity and physical properties. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 46:521–534.
73. G.W.Dick. 1953. Epidemiological notes on some viruses isolated in Uganda; Yellow fever, Rift Valley fever, Bwamba fever, West Nile, Mengo, Semliki forest, Bunyamwera, Ntaya, Uganda S and Zika viruses. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 47:13–48.
74. G.W.Dick, S.F.Kitchen, A.J.Haddow. 1952. Zika virus. I. Isolations and serological specificity. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 46:509–520.
75. O.B.Dick, J.L.San Martín, R.H.Montoya, J.del Diego, B.Zambrano, G.H.Dayan. 2012. Review:the history of dengue outbreaks in the Americas. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 87:584–593.
76. R.W.Driggers, C.Y.Ho, E.M.Korhonen, S.Kuivanen, A.J.Jääskeläinen, T.Smura, A.Rosenberg, D.A.Hill, R.L.DeBiasi, G.Vezina, 2016. Zika virus infection with prolonged maternal viremia and fetal brain abnormalities. N Engl J Med. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1601824
77. M.R.Duffy, T.H.Chen, W.T.Hancock, A.M.Powers, J.L.Kool, R.S.Lanciotti, M.Pretrick, M.Marfel, S.Holzbauer, C.Dubray, 2009. Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia. N Engl J Med. 360:2536–2543.
78. O.Dyer. 2015. Zika virus spreads across Americas as concerns mount over birth defects. BMJ. 351:1–2.
79. O.Dyer. 2016a. Zika vaccine could be in production by year's end, says maker. BMJ. 352:1.
80. O.Dyer. 2016b. Sixty seconds on Zika virus. BMJ. 352:1.
81. H.Elachola, E.Gozzer, J.Zhuo, Z.A.Memish. 2016. A crucial time for public health preparedness:Zika virus and the 2016 Olympics, Umrah, and Hajj. Lancet. 387:630–632.
82. A.Enfissi, J.Codrington, J.Roosblad, M.Kazanji, D.Rousset. 2016. Zika virus genome from the Americas. Lancet. 387:227–228.
83. European CDC. 2014. Rapid risk assessment:Zika virus infection outbreak, French Polynesia. 14 February 2014. Stockholm:ECDC.
84. Á.A.Faccini-Martínez, C.A.Botero-García, F.C.Benítez-Baracaldo, C.E.Pérez-Díaz. 2016. With regard about the case of Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika co-infection in a patient from Colombia. J Infect Public Health. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2016.01.001
85. A.Fagbami. 1977. Epidemiological investigations on arbovirus infections at Igbo-Ora, Nigeria. Trop Geogr Med. 29:187–191.
86. A.H.Fagbami. 1979 Zika virus infections in Nigeria:virological and seroepidemiological investigations in Oyo State. J Hyg (Lond). 83:213–219.
87. A.S.Fauci, D.M.Morens. 2016. Zika virus in the Americas–yet another Arbovirus threat. N Engl J Med. 374:601–604.
88. G.Favia, I.Ricci, M.Marzorati, I.Negri, A.Alma, L.Sacchi, C.Bandi, D.Daffonchio. 2008. Bacteria of the genus Asaia:a potential paratransgenic weapon against malaria. Adv Exp Med Biol. 627:49–59.
89. O.Faye, O.Faye, D.Diallo, M.Diallo, M.Weidmann, A.A.Sall. 2013. Quantitative real-time PCR detection of Zika virus and evaluation with field-caught mosquitoes. Virol J. 10:311–318.
90. O.Faye, O.Faye, A.Dupressoir, M.Weidmann, M.Ndiaye, A.Alpha Sall. 2008. One-step RT-PCR for detection of Zika virus. J Clin Virol. 43:96–101.
91. O.Faye, C.C.Freire, A.Iamarino, O.Faye, J.V.de Oliveira, M.Diallo, P.M.Zanotto, A.A.Sall. 2014. Molecular evolution of Zika virus during its emergence in the 20(th) century. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 8:1–10.
92. O.Finco, R.Rappuoli. 2014. Designing vaccines for the twenty-first century society. Front Immunol. 5:12–17.
93. K.E.Fleming-Dutra,. 2016. Update:interim guidelines for health care providers caring for infants and children with possible Zika virus infection—United States. Morb. Mort. Wkly Rep. 65:182–187.
94. E.B.Fokam, L.D.Levai, H.Guzman, P.A.Amelia, V.P.Titanji, R.B.Tesh, S.C.Weaver. 2010. Silent circulation of arboviruses in Cameroon. East Afr Med J. 87:262–268.
95. K.Fonseca, B.Meatherall, D.Zarra, M.Drebot, J.MacDonald, K.Pabbaraju, S.Wong, P.Webster, R.Lindsay, R.Tellier. 2014. First case of Zika virus infection in a returning Canadian traveler. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 91:1035–1038.
96. B.M.Fontes. 2016. Zika virus-related hypertensive iridocyclitis. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 79:63.
97. B.D.Foy, K.C.Kobylinski, J.L.Chilson Foy, B.J.Blitvich, A.Travassos da Rosa, A.D.Haddow, R.S.Lanciotti, R.B.Tesh. 2011. Probable non-vector-borne transmission of Zika virus, Colorado, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 17:880–882.
98. M.Franchini, C.Velati. 2015. Blood safety and zoonotic emerging pathogens:now it's the turn of Zika virus! Blood Transfus. 14:93–94.
99. C.Frank, M.Faber, K.Stark. 2016. Causal or not:applying the Bradford Hill aspects of evidence to the association between Zika virus and microcephaly. EMBO Mol Med. 8:305–307.
100. F.D.Frentiu, T.Zakir, T.Walker, J.Popovici, A.T.Pyke, A.van den Hurk, E.A.McGraw, S.L.O'Neill. 2014. Limited dengue virus replication in field-collected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with Wolbachia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 8:e2688.
101. D.Gatherer, A.Kohl. 2016. Zika virus:a previously slow pandemic spreads rapidly through the Americas. J Gen Virol. 97, 269–273.
102. P.Gautret, F.Simon. 2016. Dengue, chikungunya and Zika and mass gatherings:what happened in Brazil, 2014. Travel Med Infect Dis. 14:7–8.
103. A.Geser, B.E.Henderson, S.Christensen. 1970. A multipurpose serological survey in Kenya. 2. Results of arbovirus serological tests. Bull World Health Organ. 43:539–552.
104. A.Ghosh, N.Chowdhury, G.Chandra. 2012. Plant extracts as potential mosquito larvicides. Indian J Med Res. 135:581–598.
105. M.Goeijenbier, L.Slobbe, A.van der Eijk, M.de Mendonça Melo, M.P.G.Koopmans, C.B.E.M.Reusken. 2016. Zika virus and the current outbreak:an overview. Netherlands J Med. 74:104–109.
106. L.K.Goma. 1965. The flight activity of some East African mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae). I. Studies on a high steel tower in Zika forest, Uganda. Bull Entomol Res. 56:17–35.
107. A.C.Gourinat, O.O'Connor, E.Calvez, C.Goarant, M.Dupont-Rouzeyrol. 2015. Detection of Zika virus in urine. Emerg Infect Dis. 21:84–86.
108. G.Grard, M.Caron, I.M.Mombo, D.Nkoghe, S.Mboui Ondo, D.Jiolle, D.Fontenille, C.Paupy, E.M.Leroy. 2014. Zika virus in Gabon (Central Africa)–2007:a new threat from Aedes albopictus? PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 8:e2681.
109. A.Gulland. 2016a. WHO urges countries in dengue belt to look out for Zika. BMJ. 352:i595.
110. A.Gulland. 2016b. Zika virus is a global public health emergency, declares WHO. BMJ. 352:i657.
111. A.Gulland. 2016c. WHO's Chan warns over spread of Zika virus beyond Latin America. BMJ. 352:i1739. doi:10.1136/bmj.i1739.
112. A.J.Haddow, M.C.Williams, J.P.Woodall, D.I.Simpson, L.K.Goma. 1964. Twelve isolations of zika virus from aedes (stegomyia) africanus (theobald) taken in and above a Uganda forest. Bull World Health Organ. 31:57–69.
113. A.D.Haddow, A.J.Schuh, C.Y.Yasuda, M.R.Kasper, V.Heang, R.Huy, H.Guzman, R.B.Tesh, S.C.Weaver. 2012. Genetic characterization of Zika virus strains:geographic expansion of the Asian lineage. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 6:e1477.
114. R.Hamel, O.Dejarnac, S.Wichit, P.Ekchariyawat, A.Neyret, N.Luplertlop, M.Perera-Lecoin, P.Surasombatpattana, L.Talignani, F.Thomas, 2015. Biology of Zika virus infection in human skin cells. J Virol. 89:8880–8896.
115. W.M.Hammon, W.D.Schrack, G.E.Sather. 1958. Serological survey for a arthropod-borne virus infections in the Philippines. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 7:323–328.
116. K.Hanada, Y.Suzuki, T.Gojobori. 2004. A large variation in the rates of synonymous substitution for RNA viruses and its relationship to a diversity of viral infection and transmission modes. Mol Biol Evol. 21:1074–1080.
117. W.T.Hancock, M.Marfel, M.Bel. 2014. Zika virus, French Polynesia, South Pacific, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 20:1960.
118. S.L.Hanna, T.C.Pierson, M.D.Sanchez, A.A.Ahmed, M.M.Murtadha. 2005. N-linked glycosylation of West Nile virus envelope proteins influences particle assembly and infectivity. J Virol. 79:13262–13274.
119. A.F.Harris, A.R.McKemey, D.Nimmo, Z.Curtis, I.Black, S.A.Morgan, M.N.Oviedo, R.Lacroix, N.Naish, N.I.Morrison, 2012. Successful suppression of a field mosquito population by sustained release of engineered male mosquitoes. Nat Biotechnol. 30:828–830.
120. C.J.Haug, M.P.Kieny, B.Murgue. 2016. The Zika Challenge. N Engl J Med. 374:1801–1803.
121. E.B.Hayes. 2009. Zika virus outside Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 15:1347–1350.
122. V.Heang, C.Y.Yasuda, L.Sovann, A.D.Haddow, A.P.Travassos da Rosa, R.B.Tesh, M.R.Kasper. 2012. Zika virus infection, Cambodia, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 18:349–351.
123. B.E.Henderson, G.B.Kirya, L.E.Hewitt. 1970. Serological survey for arboviruses in Uganda, 1967-69. Bull World Health Organ. 42:797–805.
124. B.E.Henderson, D.Metselaar, K.Cahill, G.L.Timms, P.M.Tukei, M.C.Williams. 1968. Yellow fever immunity surveys in northern Uganda and Kenya and eastern Somalia, 1966-67. Bull World Health Organ. 38:229–237.
125. M.Hennessey, M.Fischer, J.E.Staples. 2016. Zika Virus spreads to new areas - region of the Americas, May 2015–January 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 65:55–58.
126. J.Heukelbach, C.H.Alencar, A.A.Kelvin, W.K.De Oliveira, L.Pamplona de Góes Cavalcanti. 2016. Zika virus outbreak in Brazil. J Infect Dev Ctries. 10:116–120.
127. D.L.Heymann, A.Hodgson, A.A.Sall, D.O.Freedman, J.E.Staples, F.Althabe, K.Baruah, G.Mahmud, N.Kandun, P.F.Vasconcelos, 2016. Zika virus and microcephaly:why is this situation a PHEIC? Lancet. 387:719–721.
128. S.Higgs. 2016. Zika virus:emergence and emergency. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 16:75–76.
129. Z.Hubálek, I.Rudolf, N.Nowotny. 2014. Arboviruses pathogenic for domestic and wild animals. Adv Virus Res. 89:201–275.
130. S.Ioos, H.P.Mallet, I.Leparc Goffart, V.Gauthier, T.Cardoso, M.Herida. 2014. Current Zika virus epidemiology and recent epidemics. Med Mal Infect. 44:302–307.
131. J.A.Jacob. 2016. Researchers focus on solving the Zika riddles. JAMA. 315:1097–1099.
132. K.K.Jain. 2007. Applications of nano biotechnology in clinical diagnostics. Clin Chem. 53:2002–2009.
133. C.Jan, G.Languillat, J.Renaudet, Y.Robin. 1978. A serological survey of arboviruses in Gabon. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 71:140–146.
134. E.C.Junquera, L.Mateos-Hernández, J.de la Fuente, J.M.de la Lastra. 2014. Recent advances in the development of anti-Infective prophylactic and/or therapeutic agents based on toll-like receptor (TLRs). Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 9:14–24.
135. R.Kant, S.Haq, H.C.Srivastava, V.P.Sharma. 2013. Review of the bioenvironmental methods for malaria control with special reference to the use of larvivorous fishes and composite fish culture in central Gujarat, India. J Vector Borne Dis. 50:1–12.
136. S.Kapoor, K.Dhama. 2014. Insight into influenza viruses of animals and humans. Cham:Springer International Publishing AG.
137. M.P.Karwowski, J.M.Nelson, J.E.Staples, M.Fischer, K.E.Fleming-Dutra, J.Villanueva, A.M.Powers, P.Mead, M.A.Honein, C.A.Moore, S.A.Rasmussen. 2016. Zika virus disease:A CDC update for pediatric health care providers. Pediatrics. pii:peds.2016-0621.
138. J.Kawadkar, M.K.Chauhan, M.Maharana. 2011. Nanobiotechnology:application of nanotechnology in diagnosis, drug discovery and drug development. Asian Pharmaceut Clin Res. 4:23–28.
139. E.A.Kelser. 2016. Meet dengue's cousin, Zika. Microbes Infect. 18:163–166.
140. A.A.Kelvin, D.Banner, L.Pamplona, C.Alencar, S.Rubino, J.Heukelbach. 2016. ZIKATracker:a mobile App for reporting cases of ZIKV worldwide. J Infect Dev Ctries. 10:113–115.
141. A.M.Kilbourn, W.B.Karesh, N.D.Wolfe, E.J.Bosi, R.A.Cook, M.Andau. 2003. Health evaluation of free-ranging and semi-captive orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) in Sabah, Malaysia. J Wildl Dis. 39:73–83.
142. M.Kim, J.Y.Park, Y.Shon, G.Kim, G.Shim, Y.Oh. 2014. Nanotechnology and vaccine development. Asian J Pharm Sci. 9:227–235.
143. M.K.Kindhauser, T.Allen, V.Frank, R.S.Santhana, C.Dye. 2016. Zika:the origin and spread of a mosquito-borne virus [Submitted]. Bull World Health Organ. E-pub:9 Feb 2016.
144. B.G.Kirya, N.O.Okia. 1977. A yellow fever epizootic in Zika Forest, Uganda, during 1972:Part 2:monkey serology. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 71:300–303.
145. M.W.Kline, G.E.Schutze. 2016. What pediatricians and other clinicians should know about Zika virus. JAMA Pediatr. 170:309–310.
146. B.Knust, P.E.Rollin. 2013. Twenty-year summary of surveillance for human Hantavirus infections, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 19:1934–1937.
147. E.M.Korhonen, E.Huhtamo, T.Smura, H.Kallio-Kokko, M.Raassina, O.Vapalahti. 2016. Zika virus infection in a traveller returning from the Maldives, June 2015. Euro Surveill. 21. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.2.30107
148. S.Kumar, M.Mishra, N.Wahab, R.Warikoo. 2014. Larvicidal, repellent, and irritant potential of the seed-derived essential oil of Apium graveolens against dengue vector, Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera:Culicidae). Front Public Health. 2:1–6.
149. G.Kuno, G.J.Chang. 2007. Full-length sequencing and genomic characterization of Bagaza, Kedougou, and Zika viruses. Arch Virol. 152:687–696.
150. G.Kuno, G.J.Chang, K.R.Tsuchiya, N.Karabatsos, C.B.Cropp. 1998. Phylogeny of the genus Flavivirus. J Virol. 72:73–83.
151. S.Kutsuna, Y.Kato, T.Takasaki, M.Moi, A.Kotaki, H.Uemura, T.Matono, Y.Fujiya, M.Mawatari, N.Takeshita, 2014. Two cases of Zika fever imported from French Polynesia to Japan, December 2013 to January 2014. Euro Surveill. 19:20683.
152. J.C.Kwong, J.D.Druce, K.Leder. 2013. Zika virus infection acquired during brief travel to Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 89:516–517.
153. R.S.Lanciotti, O.L.Kosoy, J.J.Laven, J.O.Velez, A.J.Lambert, A.J.Johnson, S.M.Stanfield, M.R.Duffy. 2008. Genetic and serologic properties of Zika virus associated with an epidemic, Yap State, Micronesia, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 14:1232–1239.
154. H.M.Lazear, M.S.Diamond. 2016. Zika virus:new clinical syndromes and its emergence in the Western Hemisphere. J Virol. 90:4864–4875.
155. H.M.Lazear, E.M.Stringer, A.M.de Silva. 2016. The emerging Zika virus epidemic in the Americas research priorities. JAMA. 315:1945–1946.
156. J.P.Ledermann, L.Guillaumot, L.Yug, S.C.Saweyog, M.Tided, P.Machieng, M.Pretrick, M.Marfel, A.Griggs, M.Bel, 2014. Aedes hensilli as a potential vector of Chikungunya and Zika viruses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 8:e3188.
157. E.Lee, S.K.Leang, A.Davidson, M.Lobigs. 2010. Both E protein glycans adversely affect dengue virus infectivity but are beneficial for virion release. J Virol. 84:5171–5180.
158. S.H.Lee, K.W.Nam, J.Y.Jeong, S.J.Yoo, Y.S.Koh, S.Lee, S.T.Heo, S.Y.Seong, K.H.Lee. 2013. The effects of climate change and globalization on mosquito vectors:evidence from Jeju Island, South Korea on the potential for Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) influxes and survival from Vietnam rather than Japan. PLoS One. 8:e68512.
159. G.H.Leung, R.W.Baird, J.Druce, N.M.Anstey. 2015. Zika virus infection in Australia following a monkey bite in Indonesia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 46:460–464.
160. M.I.Li, P.S.Wong, L.C.Ng, C.H.Tan. 2012. Oral susceptibility of Singapore Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus) to Zika virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 6:e1792.
161. X.F.Li, J.F.Han, P.Y.Shi, C.F.Qin. 2016. Zika virus:a new threat from mosquitoes. Sci China Life Sci. 59:440–442.
162. B.D.Lindenbach, C.M.Rice. 2003. Molecular biology of flaviviruses. Adv Virus Res. 59:23–61.
163. S.E.Loriere, E.C.Holmes. 2011. Why do RNA viruses recombine? Nat Rev Microbiol 9:617–626.
164. G.Lucchese, D.Kanduc. 2016. Zika virus and autoimmunity:from mycrocephaly to Guillain-Barré syndrome, and beyond. Autoimmun Rev. pii:S1568-9972(16)30077-5.
165. D.R.Lucey, L.O.Gostin. 2016. The emerging Zika pandemic:enhancing preparedness. JAMA. 315:865–866.
166. F.MacNamara. 1952. Annual Report, Virus Research Institute, Nigeria, 1951–1952.
167. F.N.Macnamara. 1954. Zika virus:a report on three cases of human infection during an epidemic of jaundice in Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 48:139–145.
168. R.A.MahimaRahal A, R.Deb, S.K.Latheef, H.A.Samad, R.Tiwari, A.K.Verma, A.Kumar, K.Dhama. 2012. Immunomodulatory and therapeutic potentials of herbal, traditional/indigenous and ethnoveterinary medicines. Pak J Biol Sci. 15:754–774.
169. Y.S.Malik, K.Sharma, L.M.Jeena, N.Kumar, S.Sircar, K.K.Rajak, K.Dhama. 2013. Toll-like receptors:the innate immune receptors with ingenious anti-viral paradigm. South Asian J Exp Biol. 3:207–213.
170. G.Marano, S.Pupella, S.Vaglio, G.M.Liumbruno, G.Grazzini. 2015. Zika virus and the never-ending story of emerging pathogens and transfusion medicine. Blood Transfus. 5:1–6.
171. N.J.Marchette, R.Garcia, A.Rudnick. 1969. Isolation of Zika virus from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Malaysia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 18:411–415.
172. C.B.Marcondes, M.F.Ximenes. 2016. Zika virus in Brazil and the danger of infestation by Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 49:4–10. doi:doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0220-2015
173. R.B.Martines, J.Bhatnagar, M.K.Keating, L.Silva-Flannery, A.Muehlenbachs, J.Gary, C.Goldsmith, G.Hale, J.Ritter, D.Rollin, 2016. Notes from the field:evidence of Zika virus infection in Brain and placental tissues from two congenitally infected newborns and two fetal losses - Brazil, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 65:159–160.
174. M.J.Martínez, A.M.Salim, J.C.Hurtado, P.E.Kilgore. 2015. Ebola virus infection:overview and update on prevention and treatment. Infect Dis Ther. 4:365–390.
175. D.F.Martinez-Pulgarin, W.F.Acevedo-Mendoza, J.Cardona-Ospina, A.J.Rodríguez-Morales, A.E.Paniz-Mondolfi. 2016. A bibliometric analysis of global Zika research. Travel Med Infect Dis. 14:55–57.
176. M.McCarthy. 2016a. First US case of Zika virus infection is identified in Texas. BMJ. 352:i212.
177. M.McCarthy. 2016b. Zika virus was transmitted by sexual contact in Texas, health officials report. BMJ. 352:i720.
178. M.McCarthy,. 2016c. US health officials investigate sexually transmitted Zika virus infections. BMJ 352:i1180.
179. M.McCarthy. 2016d. WHO sets out 56m Zika virus response plan. BMJ. 352:i1042.
180. M.McCarthy. 2016e. Zika virus outbreak prompts US to issue travel alert to pregnant women. BMJ. 352:i306.
181. M.McCarthy. 2016f. Severe eye damage in infants with microcephaly is presumed to be due to Zika virus. BMJ. 352:i855
182. A.W.McCrae, B.G.Kirya. 1982. Yellow fever and Zika virus epizootics and enzootics in Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 76:552–562.
183. J.M.Medlock, S.A.Leach. 2015. Effect of climate change on vector-borne disease risk in the UK. Lancet Infect Dis. 15:721–730.
184. J.Mlakar, M.Korva, N.Tul, M.Popović, M.Poljšak-Prijatelj, J.Mraz, M.Kolenc, K.Resman Rus, T.Vesnaver Vipotnik, V.Fabjan Vodušek, 2016. Zika virus associated with microcephaly. N Engl J Med. 352:i855.
185. T.P.Monath, R.B.Craven, D.J.Muth, C.J.Trautt, C.H.Calisher, S.A.Fitzgerald. 1980. Limitations of the complement-fixation test for distinguishing naturally acquired from vaccine-induced yellow fever infection in flavivirus-hyperendemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 29:624–634.
186. T.P.Monath, D.C.Wilson, J.Casals. 1973. The 1970 yellow fever epidemic in Okwoga district, Benue Plateau State, Nigeria. 3. Serological responses in persons with and without pre-existing heterologous group B immunity. Bull World Health Organ. 49:235–244.
187. J.A.Mondotte, P.-Y.Lozach, A.Amara, A.V.Gamarnik. 2007. Essential role of dengue virus envelope protein N glycosylation at asparagine-67 during viral propagation. J Virol. 81:7136–7148.
188. E.Monlun, H.Zeller, B.Le Guenno, M.Traoré-Lamizana, J.P.Hervy, F.Adam, L.Ferrara, D.Fontenille, R.Sylla, M.Mondo. 1993. Surveillance of the circulation of arbovirus of medical interest in the region of eastern Senegal. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 86:21–28.
189. D.L.Moore, O.R.Causey, D.E.Carey, S.Reddy, A.R.Cooke, F.M.Akinkugbe, T.S.David-West, G.E.Kemp. 1975. Arthropod-borne viral infections of man in Nigeria, 1964-1970. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 69:49–64.
190. G.Mor. 2016. Placental inflammatory response to Zika virus may affect fetal brain development. Am J Reprod Immunol. 75:421–422.
191. E.Moulin, K.Selby, P.Cherpillod, L.Kaiser, N.Boillat-Blanco. 2016. Simultaneous outbreaks of dengue, chikungunya and Zika virus infections:diagnosis challenge in a returning traveller with nonspecific febrile illness. New Microbes New Infect. 11:6–7. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2016.02.003
192. D.Musso, D.J.Gubler. 2016. Zika Virus. Clin Microbiol Rev 29:487–524.
193. D.Musso, T.Nhan. 2015. Emergence of Zika Virus. Clin Microbiol. 4:222.
194. D.Musso, T.Nhan, E.Robin, C.Roche, D.Bierlaire, K.Zisou, A.Shan Yan, V.M.Cao-Lormeau, J.Broult. 2014. Potential for Zika virus transmission through blood transfusion demonstrated during an outbreak in French Polynesia, November 2013 to February 2014. Euro Surveill. 19 pii::20761.
195. D.Musso, E.J.Nilles, V.M.Cao-Lormeau. 2014. Rapid spread of emerging Zika virus in the Pacific area. Clin Microbiol Infect. 20:O595–O596.
196. D.Musso, C.Roche, T.X.Nhan, E.Robin, A.Teissier, V.M.Cao-Lormeau. 2015. Detection of Zika virus in saliva. J Clin Virol. 68:53–55.
197. D.Musso, C.Roche, E.Robin, T.Nhan, A.Teissier, V.M.Cao-Lormeau. 2015. Potential sexual transmission of Zika virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 21:359–61.
198. V.Nereida. 2015. Zika virus:another emerging arbovirus in Venezuela? Invest Clin. 56:241–242.
199. H.Nishiura, R.Kinoshita, K.Mizumoto, Y.Yasuda, K.Nah. 2016. EquationTitle:transmission potential of Zika virus infection in the South Pacific. Int J Infect Dis. 45:95–97.
200. C.Nunes-Alves. 2016. Public health:Ebola update. Nat Rev Microbiol. 14:131.
201. A.O'Dowd. 2016. UK records four cases of Zika virus in past six weeks. BMJ. 352:i875. doi:10.1136/bmj.i875
202. E.Oehler, L.Watrin, P.Larre, I.Leparc-Goffart, S.Lastere, F.Valour, L.Baudouin, H.Mallet, D.Musso, F.Ghawche. 2014. Zika virus infection complicated by Guillain-Barre syndrome-case report, French Polynesia, December 2013. Euro Surveill. 19:20720.
203. A.S.Oliveira Melo, G.Malinger, R.Ximenes, P.O.Szejnfeld, S.Alves Sampaio, A.M.Bispo de Filippis. 2016. Zika virus intrauterine infection causes fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly:tip of the iceberg? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 47:6–7.
204. J.G.Olson, T.G.Ksiazek, D.J.Gubler, S.I.Lubis, G.Simanjuntak, V.H.Lee, S.Nalim, K.Juslis, R.See. 1983. A survey for arboviral antibodies in sera of humans and animals in Lombok, Republic of Indonesia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 77:131–137.
205. J.G.Olson, T.G.Ksiazek, T.G.Suhandiman, T.G.Triwibowo. 1981. Zika virus, a cause of fever in Central Java, Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 75:389–393.
206. K.C.Ong, K.T.Wong. 2015. Henipavirus Encephalitis:recent developments and advances. Brain Pathol. 25:605–613.
207. A.M.Oster, J.T.Brooks, J.E.Stryker, R.E.Kachur, P.Mead, N.T.Pesik, L.R.Petersen. 2016. Interim guidelines for prevention of sexual transmission of Zika virus — United States, 2016. MMWR. 65:120–121.
208. R.Palacios, G.A.Poland, J.Kalil. 2016. Another emerging arbovirus, another emerging vaccine:targeting Zika virus. Vaccine. 34:2291–2293.
209. S.S.Pany, N.N.Mohanty, L.N.Sarangi, J.K.Mohapatra, S.B.Shivachandra. 2015. Vaccination:a future perspective. Adv Anim Vet Sci 3:1–8.
210. P.E.Parham, J.Waldock, G.K.Christophides, E.Michael. 2015. Climate change and vector-borne diseases of humans. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 370. pii:20140377.
211. D.M.Pastula, D.E.Smith, J.D.Beckham, K.L.Tyler. 2016. Four emerging arboviral diseases in North America:Jamestown Canyon, Powassan, chikungunya, and Zika virusdiseases. J Neurovirol. doi:10.1007/s13365-016-0428-5
212. A.M.Patiño-Barbosa, I.Medina, A.F.Gil-Restrepo, A.J.Rodriguez-Morales. 2015. Zika:another sexually transmitted infection? Sex Transm Infect. 91:359.
213. A.Perkasa, F.Yudhaputri, S.Haryanto, R.F.Hayati, C.N.Ma'roef, U.Antonjaya, B.Yohan, K.S.A.Myint, J.P.Ledermann, R.Rosenberg. 2016. Isolation of Zika virus from febrile patient, Indonesia. Emerg Infect Dis. [Internet]. [cited 2016 Feb 21]; 22. Available from:http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/22/5/15-1915_article.html.
214. R.Pessôa, J.V.Patriota, M.Lourdes de SouzaMd, A.C.Felix, N.Mamede, S.S.Sanabani. 2016. Investigation into an outbreak of Dengue-like illness in Pernambuco, Brazil, revealed a cocirculation of Zika, Chikungunya, and Dengue virus Type 1. Medicine (Baltimore). 95:e3201. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000003201
215. E.Petersen, M.E.Wilson, S.Touch, B.McCloskey, P.Mwaba, M.Bates, O.Dar, F.Mattes, M.Kidd, G.Ippolito, 2016. Rapid spread of Zika virus in the Americas - implications for public health preparedness for mass gatherings at the 2016 Brazil Olympic Games. Int J Infect Dis. 44:11–15.
216. E.E.Petersen, J.E.Staples, D.Meaney-Delman, M.Fischer, S.R.Ellington, W.M.Callaghan, D.J.Jamieson. 2016. Interim guidelines for pregnant women during a Zika virus outbreak – United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 65:30–33.
217. L.R.Petersen, D.J.Jamieson, A.M.Powers, M.A.Honein. 2016. Zika virus. N Engl J Med. 374:1552–1563.
218. N.Petrovsky, J.C.Aguilar. (2004) Vaccine adjuvants:current state and future trends. Immunol cell boil. 82:488–496.
219. F.Picard-Jean, M.Tremblay-Ltourneau, E.Serra, C.Dimech, H.Schulz, M.Anselin, V.Dutilly, M.Bisaillo. 2013. RNA 5′-end maturation:a crucial step in the replication of viral genomes. In:V.Romanowski, editor. Current issues in Molecule Virology - Viral Genetics and Biotechnological Applications. [Internet]. [place unknown]:InTech; [cited 2016 Feb 23]. Available from:http://www.intechopen.com/books/current-issues-in-molecular-virology-viral-genetics-and-biotechnological-applications/rna-5-end-maturation-a-crucial-step-in-the-replication-of-viral-genomes.
220. D.Y.S.Pierre, E.C.Okechukwu, N.E.Nchiwan. 2014. Larvicidal and phytochemical properties of Callistemon rigidus R. Br. (Myrtaceae) leaf solvent extracts against three vector mosquitoes. J Vector Borne Dis. 51:216–223.
221. V.L.PintoJr., K.Luz, R.Parreira, P.Ferrinho. 2015. Zika virus:a review to clinicians. Acta Med Port. 28:760–765.
222. W.L.Pond. 1963. Arthropod-borne virus antibodies in sera from residents of South-East Asia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 57:364–371.
223. A.T.Pyke, M.T.Daly, J.N.Cameron, P.R.Moore, C.T.Taylor, G.R.Hewitson, J.L.Humphreys, R.Gair. 2014. Imported zika virus infection from the Cook Islands into Australia. PLoS Curr. 6. pii:ecurrents.outbreaks.4635a54dbffba2156fb2fd76dc49f65e.
224. N.Rafiei, K.Hajkowicz, A.Redmond, C.Taylor. 2016. First report of Zika virus infection in a returned traveller from the Solomon Islands. Med J Aust 204:186.
225. G.Ramkumar, S.Karthi,. 2015. Adulticidal and smoke toxicity of Cipadessa baccifera (Roth) plant extracts against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus. Parasitol Res. 114:167–173.
226. S.A.Rasmussen, D.M.Kissin, L.F.Yeung, K.MacFarlane, S.Y.Chu, R.M.Turcios-Ruiz, E.W.Mitchell, J.Williams, A.M.Fry, J.Hageman, 2011. Pandemic influenza and pregnancy working group. Preparing for influenza after 2009 H1N1:special considerations for pregnant women and newborns. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 204:S13–S20.
227. R.M.Ratcliff, G.Chang, T.Kok, T.P.Sloots. 2007. Molecular diagnosis of medical viruses. Curr Iss Molr Biol. 9:87–102.
228. D.Ray, A.Shah, M.Tilgner, Y.Guo, Y.Zhao, H.Dong, T.S.Deas, Y.Zhou, H.Li, P.-Y.Shi. 2006. West Nile virus 5’-cap structure is formed by sequential guanine N-7 and ribose 2’-O methylations by nonstructural protein 5. J Virol. 80:8362–8370.
229. S.G.Reed, M.T.Orr, C.B.Fox 2013. Key roles of adjuvants in modern vaccines. Nature Med. 19:1597–1608.
230. L.Reis-Castro. 2012. Genetically modified insects as a public health tool:discussing the different bio-objectification within genetic strategies. Croat Med J. 53:635–638.
231. J.Renaudet, C.Jan, J.Ridet, C.Adam, Y.Robin. 1978. A serological survey of arboviruses in the human population of Senegal. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 71:131–140.
232. C.M.Rice, E.M.Lenches, S.R.Eddy, S.J.Shin, R.L.Sheets, J.H.Strauss. 1985. Nucleotide sequence of yellow fever virus:implications for flavivirus gene expression and evolution. Science 229:726–733.
233. M.Roa. 2016. Zika virus outbreak:reproductive health and rights in Latin America. Lancet. 387:843.
234. Y.Robin, J.Mouchet. 1975. Serological and entomological study on yellow fever in Sierra Leone. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 68:249–258.
235. F.Rodhain, J.P.Gonzalez, E.Mercier, B.Helynck, B.Larouze, C.Hannoun. 1989. Arbovirus infections and viral haemorrhagic fevers in Uganda:a serological survey in Karamoja district. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 83:851–884.
236. A.J.Rodriguez-Morales. 2015. Zika:the new arbovirus threat for Latin America. J Infect Dev Ctries. 9:684–685.
237. A.J.Rodriguez-Morales. 2016. Zika and microcephaly in Latin America:An emerging threat for pregnant travelers? Travel Med Infect Dis. 14:5–6.
238. S.L.Rossi, R.B.Tesh, S.R.Azar, A.E.Muruato, K.A.Hanley, A.J.Auguste, R.M.Langsjoen, S.Paessler, N.Vasilakis, S.C.Weaver. 2016. Characterization of a novel murine model to study Zika virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0111
239. A.Roth, A.Mercier, C.Lepers, D.Hoy, S.Duituturaga, E.Benyon, L.Guillaumot, Y.Souares. 2014. Concurrent outbreaks of dengue, chikungunya and Zika virus infections – an unprecedented epidemic wave of mosquito-borne viruses in the Pacific 2012-2014. Euro Surveill. 19:pii:20929.
240. B.Rozé, F.Najioullah, J.L.Fergé, K.Apetse, Y.Brouste, R.Cesaire, C.Fagour, L.Fagour, P.Hochedez, S.Jeannin, 2016. Zika virus detection in urine from patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome on Martinique. Euro Surveill. 21. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.9.30154
241. E.J.Rubin, M.F.Greene, L.R.Baden. 2016. Zika virus and microcephaly. N Engl J Med. 374:984–985.
242. M.D.Ryan, S.Monaghan, M.Flint. 1998. Virus-encoded proteinases of the Flaviviridae. J Gen Virol. 79:947–959.
243. J.A.Sabogal-Roman, D.R.Murillo-García, M.C.Yepes-Echeverri, J.D.Restrepo-Mejia, S.Granados-Álvarez, A.E.Paniz-Mondolfi, W.E.Villamil-Gómez, D.C.Zapata-Cerpa, K.Barreto-Rodriguez, A.J.Rodríguez-Morales. 2015. Healthcare students and workers' knowledge about transmission, epidemiology and symptoms of Zika fever in four cities of Colombia. Travel Med Infect Dis. 14:52–54.
244. Y.Sadovsky, V.L.Clifton, M.Knöfler. 2016. Editorial:ZIKA virus and placenta. Placenta. 40:A1. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2016.03.008
245. J.F.Saluzzo, J.P.Gonzalez, J.P.Hervé, A.J.Georges. 1981. Serological survey for the prevalence of certain arboviruses in the human population of the south-east area of Central African Republic (author's transl). Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 74:490–499.
246. J.F.Saluzzo, B.Ivanoff, G.Languillat, A.J.Georges. 1982. Serological survey for arbovirus antibodies in the human and simian populations of the South-East of Gabon (author's transl). Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 75:262–266.
247. F.S.Salvador, D.M.Fujita. 2015. Entry routes for Zika virus in Brazil after 2014 world cup:new possibilities. Travel Med Infect Dis. 14:49–51.
248. M.Sarno, G.A.Sacramento, R.Khouri, M.S.do Rosário, F.Costa, G.Archanjo, L.A.Santos, N.NeryJr, N.Vasilakis, A.I.Ko, A.R.de Almeida. 2016. Zika virus infection and stillbirths:a case of hydrops fetalis, hydranencephaly and fetal demise. PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 10:e0004517.
249. L.Schuler-Faccini, E.M.Ribeiro, I.M.Feitosa, D.D.Horovitz, D.P.Cavalcanti, A.Pessoa, M.J.Doriqui, J.I.Neri, J.M.Neto, H.Y.Wanderley, 2016. Possible association between Zika virus infection and microcephaly - Brazil, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 65:59–62.
250. K.Shinohara, S.Kutsuna, T.Takasaki, M.L.Moi, M.Ikeda, A.Kotaki, K.Yamamoto, Y.Fujiya, M.Mawatari, N.Takeshita, 2016. Zika fever imported from Thailand to Japan, and diagnosed by PCR in the urines. J Travel Med. 23. pii:tav011.
251. S.A.Shiryaev, A.Y.Strongin. 2010. Structural and functional parameters of the flaviviral protease:a promising antiviral drug target. Future Virol. 5:593–606.
252. D.I.Simpson. 1964. Zika virus infection in man. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 58:335–338.
253. R.K.Singh, S.K.Badasara, K.Dhama, Y.P.S.Malik. 2015. Progress and prospects in vaccine research. In:Y.P.S.Malik, P.Sagar, K.Dhama, R.K.Singh, editors. Current trends and future research challenges in vaccines and adjuvants. Souvenir, National Workshop Organized at Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India during 19–20 November 2015; pp. 1–19.
254. D.Sirohi, Z.Chen, L.Sun, T.Klose, T.C.Pierson, M.G.Rossmann, R.J.Kuhn. 2016. The 3.8 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of Zika virus. Science. 352:467–470.
255. SMFM Publications Committee. 2016. SMFM statement:ultrasound screening for fetal microcephaly following Zika virus exposure. Am J Obstet Gynecol. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.02.043
256. J.M.Smit, B.Moesker, I.Rodenhuis-Zybert, J.Wilschut. 2011. Flavivirus cell entry and membrane fusion. Viruses. 3:160–171.
257. K.C.Smithburn. 1952. Neutralizing antibodies against certain recently isolated viruses in the sera of human beings residing in East Africa. J Immunol Baltim Md. 69:223–234.
258. K.C.Smithburn. 1954. Neutralizing antibodies against arthropod-borne viruses in the sera of long-time residents of Malaya and Borneo. Am J Hyg. 59:157–163.
259. K.C.Smithburn, J.A.Kerr, P.B.Gatne. 1954. Neutralizing antibodies against certain viruses in the sera of residents of India. J Immunol Baltim Md. 1950. 72:248–257.
260. K.C.Smithburn, R.M.Taylor, F.Rizk, A.Kader. 1954. Immunity to certain arthropod-borne viruses among indigenous residents of Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 3:9–18.
261. J.E.Staples, E.J.Dziuban, M.Fischer, J.D.Cragan, S.A.Rasmussen, M.J.Cannon, M.T.Frey, C.M.Renquist, R.S.Lanciotti, J.L.Muñoz, 2016. Interim guidelines for the evaluation and testing of infants with possible congenital Zika virus infection - United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 65:63–67.
262. D.J.Summers, R.W.Acosta, A.M.Acosta. 2015. Zika virus in an American recreational traveler. J Travel Med. 22:338–340.
263. K.Tamura, G.Stecher, D.Peterson, A.Filipski, S.Kumar. 2013. MEGA6:molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Mol Biol Evol. 12:2725–2729.
264. H.Tang, C.Hammock, S.C.Ogden, Z.Wen, X.Qian, Y.Li, B.Yao, J.Shin, F.Zhang, E.M.Lee, 2016. Zika virus infects human cortical neural progenitors and attenuates their growth. Cell Stem Cell. 18:587–590.
265. D.Tappe, S.Nachtigall, A.Kapaun, P.Schnitzler, S.Günther, J.Schmidt-Chanasit. 2015. Acute Zika virus infection after travel to Malaysian Borneo, September 2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 21:911–913.
266. D.Tappe, J.V.Pérez-Girón, L.Zammarchi, J.Rissland, D.F.Ferreira, T.Jaenisch, S.Gómez-Medina, S.Günther, A.Bartoloni, C.Muñoz-Fontela, J.Schmidt-Chanasit. 2016. Cytokine kinetics of Zika virus-infected patients from acute to reconvalescent phase. Med Microbiol Immunol. 205:269–273.
267. D.Tappe, J.Rissland, M.Gabriel, P.Emmerich, S.Gunther, G.Held, S.Smola, J.Schmidt-Chanasit. 2014. First case of laboratory-confirmed Zika virus infection imported into Europe, November 2013. Euro Surveill. 19:20685.
268. J.A.Tetro. 2016. Zika and microcephaly:causation, correlation, or coincidence? Microbes Infect. pii:S1286-4579(16)00008-3.
269. M.Teurlai, C.E.Menkès, V.Cavarero, N.Degallier, E.Descloux, J.P.Grangeon, L.Guillaumot, T.Libourel, P.S.Lucio, F.Mathieu-Daudé, M.Mangeas. 2015. Socio-economic and climate factors associated with Dengue fever spatial heterogeneity:a worked example in New Caledonia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 9:e0004211.
270. R.Tiwari, S.Chakraborty, K.Dhama, M.Y.Wani, A.Kumar, S.Kapoor. 2014. Wonder world of phages:potential biocontrol agents safeguarding biosphere and health of animals and humans - current scenario and perspectives. Pak J Biol Sci. 17:316–328.
271. J.Tognarelli, S.Ulloa, E.Villagra, J.Lagos, C.Aguayo, R.Fasce, B.Parra, J.Mora, N.Becerra, N.Lagos, 2015. A report on the outbreak of Zika virus on Easter Island, South Pacific, 2014. Arch Virol. 161:665–668.
272. I.Torjesen. 2016. Zika virus outbreaks prompt warnings to pregnant women. BMJ. 352:i500.
273. J.B.Ulmer, M.K.Mansoura, A.J.Geall. 2015. Vaccines' on demand':science fiction or a future reality. Expert Opin Drug Discov. 10:101–116.
274. R.Van den Hurk, S.Evoy. 2015. A review of membrane-based biosensors for pathogen detection. Sensors. 15:14045–14078.
275. W.G.van Panhuis, S.Hyun, K.Blaney, E.T.MarquesJr, G.E.Coelho, J.B.SiqueiraJr, R.Tibshirani, J.B.da SilvaJr, R.Rosenfeld. 2014. Risk of dengue for tourists and teams during the World Cup 2014 in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 8:e3063.
276. C.V.Ventura, M.Maia, V.Bravo-Filho, A.L.Góis, R.BelfortJr. 2016. Zika virus in Brazil and macular atrophy in a child with microcephaly. Lancet 387:228.
277. C.V.Ventura, M.Maia, B.V.Ventura, V.V.Linden, E.B.Araújo, R.C.Ramos, M.A.Rocha, M.D.Carvalho, R.BelfortJr, L.O.Ventura. 2016. Ophthalmological findings in infants with microcephaly and presumable intra-uterus Zika virus infection. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 79:1–3.
278. K.G.Vest. 2016. Zika virus:a basic overview of an emerging arboviral infection in the Western Hemisphere. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 29:1–6.
279. C.G.Victora, L.Schuler-Faccini, A.Matijasevich, E.Ribeiro, A.Pessoa, F.C.Barros. 2016. Microcephaly in Brazil:how to interpret reported numbers? Lancet. 387:621–624.
280. W.E.Villamil-Gómez, O.González-Camargo, J.Rodriguez-Ayubi, D.Zapata-Serpa, A.J.Rodriguez-Morales. 2016. Dengue, chikungunya and Zika co-infection in a patient from Colombia. J Infect Public Health. pii:S1876-0341(15)00221-X.
281. J.J.Waggoner, B.A.Pinsky. 2016. Zika virus:diagnostics for an emerging pandemic threat. J Clin Microbiol. 54:860–867.
282. J.H.Way, E.T.Bowen, G.S.Platt. 1976. Comparative studies of some African arboviruses in cell culture and in mice. J Gen Virol. 30:123–130.
283. S.C.Weaver, F.Costa, M.A.Garcia-Blanco, A.I.Ko, G.S.Ribeiro, G.Saade, P.Y.Shi, N.Vasilakis. 2016. Zika virus:history, emergence, biology, and prospects for control. Antiviral Res. 130:69–80.
284. M.P.Weinbren, M.C.Williams. 1958. Zika virus:further isolations in the Zika area, and some studies on the strains isolated. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 52:263–268.
285. N.Wikan, Y.Suputtamongkol, S.Yoksan, D.R.Smith, P.Auewarakul. 2016. Immunological evidence of Zika virus transmission in Thailand. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 9:141–144.
286. N.D.Wolfe, A.M.Kilbourn, W.B.Karesh, H.A.Rahman, E.J.Bosi, B.C.Cropp, M.Andau, A.Spielman, D.J.Gubler. 2001. Sylvatic transmission of arboviruses among Bornean orangutans. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 64:310–316.
287. WHO. 2016. Disease outbreak news:Zika virus infection - Dominican Republic. 27 January 2016 [Internet]. Geneve:WHO; 2016.
288. X.W.Xiao, H.Z.Fu, Y.H.Luo, X.Y.Wei. 2013. Potential anti-angiogenic sulfates of andrographolide. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 15:809–818.
289. L.Zammarchi, G.Stella, A.Mantella, D.Bartolozzi, D.Tappe, S.Günther, L.Oestereich, D.Cadar, C.Muñoz-Fontela, A.Bartoloni, J.Schmidt-Chanasit. 2015. Zika virus infections imported to Italy:clinical, immunological and virological findings, and public health implications. J Clin Virol. 63:32–35.
290. L.Zammarchi, D.Tappe, C.Fortuna, M.E.Remoli, S.Günther, G.Venturi, A.Bartoloni, J.Schmidt-Chanasit. 2015. Zika virus infection in a traveller returning to Europe from Brazil, March 2015. Euro Surveill. 20. pii:21153.
291. C.Zanluca, V.C.de Melo, A.L.Mosimann, G.I.Dos Santos, C.N.Dos Santos, K.Luz. 2015. First report of autochthonous transmission of Zika virus in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 110:569–572.
292. C.Zanluca, C.N.D.dos Santos. 2016. Zika viruse an overview. Microb Infect. 18:295–301.
293. Y.Zhang, J.Corver, P.R.Chipman, W.Zhang, S.V.Pletnev, D.Sedlak, T.S.Baker, J.H.Strauss, R.J.Kuhn, M.G.Rossmann. 2003. Structures of immature flavivirus particles. EMBO J. 22:2604–2613.
294. Y.Zhou, W.Hao, Q.Zhao, Y.Chen, Y.Chen, Y.Tao, H.Bai. 2014. Recent advances in transgenic plant-derived vaccines. Med Plant 5:57–60.