Non-pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in the intensive care unit

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2015, Issue 10, 2015, Pages

  Hu, Rong Fang ^a   Jiang, Xiao Ying ^a   Chen, Junmin ^a   Zeng, Zhiyong ^a   Chen, Xiao Y ^a   Li, Yueping ^a   Huining, Xin ^b   Evans, David J W ^c  

^a FUJIAN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b FUJIAN PROVINCIAL HOSPITAL   (China)

^c ROYAL LANCASTER INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACUPRESSURE; AROMATHERAPY; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; DELIRIUM; EYE MASK; FOOT BATH; FOOT CARE; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; LENGTH OF STAY; MASKING; MASSAGE; MUSIC THERAPY; NURSING INTERVENTION; PATIENT SAFETY; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELAXATION TRAINING; REVIEW; RISK; SLEEP; SLEEP PARAMETERS; SLEEP QUALITY; SLEEP QUANTITY; SLEEP TIME; SOUND MASKING; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; VALERIAN ACUPRESSURE; ADULT; EAR PROTECTIVE DEVICE; EYE PROTECTIVE DEVICE; MECHANICAL VENTILATOR; META ANALYSIS; MUSIC; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS;

ADULT; DELIRIUM; EAR PROTECTIVE DEVICES; EYE PROTECTIVE DEVICES; HUMANS; INTENSIVE CARE UNITS; LENGTH OF STAY; MUSIC; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SLEEP; SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS; VENTILATORS, MECHANICAL;

EID: 84979862457     PISSN: 14651858     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008808.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Alexopoulou C, Kondili E, Vakouti E, Klimathianaki M, Prinianakis G, Georgopoulos D. Sleep during proportional-assist ventilation with load-adjustable gain factors in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Medicine 2007;33(7):1139-47. [MEDLINE: 17458541]
2. Andréjak C, Monconduit J, Rose D, Toublanc B, Mayeux I, Rodenstein D, et al. Does using pressure-controlled ventilation to rest respiratory muscles improve sleep in ICU patients?. Respiratory Medicine 2013;107(4):534-41. [PUBMED: 23391488]
3. Borromeo AR. The effect of aromatherapy on the patient outcomes of anxiety and sleep quality in coronary care unit patients [PhD thesis]. USA: Texas Woman's University 1998. [ProQuest document ID: 732929911]
4. Bosma K, Ferreyra G, Ambrogio C, Pasero D, Mirabella L, Braghiroli A, et al. Patient-ventilator interaction and sleep in mechanically ventilated patients: pressure support versus proportional assist ventilation. Critical Care Medicine 2007;35(4):1048-54. [MEDLINE: 17334259]
5. Cabello B, Thille AW, Drouot X, Galia F, Mancebo J, d'Ortho M, et al. Sleep quality in mechanically ventilated patients: comparison of three ventilatory modes. Critical Care Medicine 2008;36(6):1749-55. [MEDLINE: 18496373]
6. Chen JH, Chao YH, Lu SF, Shiung TF, Chao YF. The effectiveness of valerian acupressure on the sleep of ICU patients: a randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2012;49(8):913-20. [PUBMED: 22391336]
7. Córdoba-Izquierdo A, Drouot X, Thille AW, Galia F, Roche-Campo F, Schortgen F, et al. Sleep in hypercapnic critical care patients under noninvasive ventilation: conventional versus dedicated ventilators. Critical Care Medicine 2013;41(1):60-8. [MEDLINE: 23222258]
8. Foreman B, Claassen J, Bazil C. Melatonin, light & noise reduction to improve sleep in the neurological intensive care unit (Abstract). Poster session presented at 65th annual meeting of the American Academy of Neurology (AAN).2013 March 16-23; San Diego, California. [EMBASE: 71129510]
9. Gao L, Li D, Wei LP, Xu D, Zhao D. Effect of controlled periods for family member accompany on psychology and sleep quality of patients in coronary care unit. Nursing Journal of Chinese People's Liberation Army 2008;25(5):9-13.
10. Gragert MD. The use of a masking signal to enhance the sleep of men and women 65 years of age and older in the critical care environment [PhD thesis]. USA: The University of Texas at Austin 1990. [CINAHL Accession Number:1992137420]
11. Hu RF. Study on sleep, melatonin and non-pharmacological intervention for sleep promotion in ICU patients [PhD thesis]. China: Fujian Medical University 2010.
12. Jaber S, Bahloul H, Guétin S, Chanques G, Sebbane M, Eledjam J. Effects of music therapy in intensive care unit without sedation in weaning patients versus non-ventilated patients. Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 2007;26(1):30-8. [MEDLINE: 17085009]
13. Le Guen M, Nicolas-Robin A, Lebard C, Arnulf I, Langeron O. Earplugs and eye masks vs routine care prevent sleep impairment in post-anaesthesia care unit: a randomized study. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2014;112(1):89-95. [PUBMED: 24172057]
14. Li Y, Shan Y, Zhang WP. Clinical nursing with Roy adaptation model in CCU of patients with sleep disorders. Chinese Journal of Practical Nervous Diseases 2011;14(6):1-2.
15. Martin KA. The effect of earplugs on perceived sleep quality of acute care patients [masters dissertation]. Montana State university 2008.
16. Namba S, Shimoyama I, Kiguchi T, Ujike Y. Effects of foot baths on sleep in ICU patients. Chiba Medical Journal 2012;88(6):59-64. [EMBASE: 2013278557]
17. Parthasarathy S, Tobin M. Effect of ventilator mode on sleep quality in critically ill patients. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2002;166(11):1423-9. [MEDLINE: 12406837]
18. Richards KC. Effect of a back massage and relaxation intervention on sleep in critically ill patients. American Journal of Critical Care 1998;7(4):288-99. [MEDLINE: 9656043]
19. Richards KC. The effect of a muscle relaxation, imagery, and relaxing music intervention and a back massage on the sleep and psychophysiological arousal of elderly males hospitalized in the critical care environment [doctoral dissertation]. Austin: University of Texas 1993. [UMI Order PUZ9323533]
20. Richardson SJ. Effects of relaxation and imagery on the sleep of critically ill adults. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing 2003;22(4):182-90. [MEDLINE: 12893996]
21. Richardson SJ. The effects of autogenic relaxation and guided imagery on insomnia in the critically ill adult [dissertation]. USA: University of Utah 1997.
22. Roche-Campo F, Thille AW, Drouot X, Galia F, Margarit L, Córdoba-Izquierdo A, et al. Comparison of sleep quality with mechanical versus spontaneous ventilation during weaning of critically III tracheostomized patients. Critical Care Medicine 2013;41(7):1637-44. [PUBMED: 23507721]
23. Ruan GR, Wang B. The effect of psychologic intervention in improving severe patient's sleep. Liaoning Medicine Journal (Chinese) 2006;20(6):329-30.
24. Ryu MJ, Park JS, Park H. Effect of sleep-inducing music on sleep in persons with percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography in the cardiac care unit. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2012;21(5-6):728-35. [MEDLINE: 22082250]
25. Scotto CJ, McClusky C, Spillan S, Kimmel J. Earplugs improve patients' subjective experience of sleep in critical care. Nursing in Critical Care 2009;14(4):180-4. [MEDLINE: 19531035]
26. Sha Y, Kong QQ, He H, Luo HY, Li JL. Effect of individualized music intervention on sleep quality for patients in ICU after thoracotomy. Journal of Nurses Training 2013;28(16):1451-3.
27. Su CP, Lai HL, Chang ET, Yiin LM, Perng SJ, Chen PW. A randomized controlled trial of the effects of listening to non-commercial music on quality of nocturnal sleep and relaxation indices in patients in medical intensive care unit. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2013;69(6):1377-89. [MEDLINE: 22931483]
28. Toublanc B, Rose D, Glérant JC, Francois G, Mayeux I, Rodenstein D, et al. Assist-control ventilation vs. low levels of pressure support ventilation on sleep quality in intubated ICU patients. Intensive Care Medicine 2007;33(7):1148-54. [MEDLINE: 17492431]
29. Van Rompaey B, Elseviers MM, Van Drom W, Fromont V, Jorens PG. The effect of earplugs during the night on the onset of delirium and sleep perception: a randomized controlled trial in intensive care patients. Critical Care 2012;16(3):R73. [PUBMED: 22559080]
30. Wallace CJ. The effect of earplugs on polysomnographic sleep and description of sleep-disturbing factors in critically ill subjects [PhD Thesis]. The University of Utah 1998. [AAT 9911402]
31. Wang YL, Wu YX. Effect of foot massage combined with the use of a Chinese herbal sleep pillow on sleep in coronary care unit patients. Journal of Qilu Nursing (Chinese) 2012;18(1):38-9.
32. Xie JL, Diao JD, Ma ZJ, Feng WL, Feng WS. The effect of audio-visual segregation on the sleep disorder of patient in ICU. Journal of Clinical Medicine in Practice (Chinese) 2011;15(16):42-4.
33. Barnason S, Zimmerman L, Nieveen J. The effects of music interventions on anxiety in the patient after coronary artery bypass grafting. Heart & Lung 1995;24(2):124-32. [MEDLINE: 7759273]
34. Chen H. The Impact of nursing intervention on sleep quality of ICU patients. Chinese Primary Health Care 2009;23(10):123-4.
35. Cho MY, Min ES, Hur MH, Lee MS. Effects of aromatherapy on the anxiety, vital signs, and sleep quality of percutaneous coronary intervention patients in intensive care units. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 Feb 17 [Epub ahead of print]. [PUBMED: 23476690]
36. Cox C, Hayes J. Physiologic and psychodynamic responses to the administration of therapeutic touch in critical care. Complementary Therapies in Nursing & Midwifery 1999;5(3):87-92. [MEDLINE: 10754826]
37. Diby M, Romand JA, Frick S, Heidegger C, Walder B. Reducing pain in patients undergoing cardiac surgery after implementation of a quality improvement post-operative pain treatment program. Journal of Critical Care 2008;23(3):359-71. [MEDLINE: 18725042]
38. Dunn C, Sleep J, Collett D. Sensing an improvement: an experimental study to evaluate the use of aromatherapy, massage and periods of rest in an intensive care unit. Journal of Advanced Nursing 1995;21(1):34-40. [MEDLINE: 7897075]
39. Elliott D. The effects of music and muscle relaxation on patient anxiety in a coronary care unit. Heart & Lung 1994;23(1):27-35. [MEDLINE: 8150641]
40. Fang CS, Liu CF. Applying back massage protocol to promote an Intensive care unit patient's quality of sleep. Hu Li Za Zhi (Taiwan) 2006;53(6):78-84. [PUBMED: 17160874]
41. Fietze I, Blau A, Glos M, Theres H, Baumann G, Penzel T. Bi-level positive pressure ventilation and adaptive servo ventilation in patients with heart failure and Cheyne-Stokes respiration. Sleep Medicine 2008;9(6):652-9. [MEDLINE: 18024166]
42. Figueroa-Ramos MI. The effect of a sedation wake-up trial and spontaneous breathing trial on the occurrence of delirium and perception of sleep in critically ill trauma patients [PhD thesis]. USA: University of California 2010.
43. Figueroa-Ramos MI, Arroyo-Novoa CM, Padilla G, Rodríguez-Ortiz P, Cooper BA, Puntillo KA. Feasibility of a sedation wake-up trial and spontaneous breathing trial in critically ill trauma patients: a secondary analysis. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing 2013;29(1):20-7. [PUBMED: 22705052]
44. NCT00714194. Effect of daily interruption of continuous sedation on delirium, sleep perception in intensive care unit (ICU) patients (ICU delirium). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00714194 (accessed 2008).
45. Gardner G, Collins C, Osborne S, Henderson A, Eastwood M. Creating a therapeutic environment: a non-randomised controlled trial of a quiet time intervention for patients in acute care. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2009;46(6):778-86. [MEDLINE: 19167711]
46. Gunnarsdottir TJ, Jonsdottir H. Does the experimental design capture the effects of complementary therapy? A study using reflexology for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2007;16(4):777-85. [MEDLINE: 17402960]
47. House MA. Testing the effect of earplug use on sleep in critically ill [masters dissertation]. The University of British Columbia 2003.
48. Kamdar BB, King LM, Collop NA, Sakamuri S, Colantuoni E, Neufeld KJ, et al. The effect of a quality improvement intervention on perceived sleep quality and cognition in a medical ICU. Critical Care Medicine 2013;41(3):800-9. [PUBMED: 23314584]
49. Koo YJ, Koh HJ. Effects of eye protective device and ear protective device application on sleep disorder with coronary disease patients in CCU. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi 2008;38(4):582-92. [MEDLINE: 18753810]
50. Nunes DM, Mota RMS, Machado MO, Pereira ED, Bruin VMS, Bruin PF. Effect of melatonin administration on subjective sleep quality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2008;41(10):926-31. [MEDLINE: 19030713]
51. Olson DM, Borel CO, Laskowitz DT, Moore DT, McConnell ES. Quiet time: a nursing interventions to promote sleep in neurocritical care units. American Journal of Critical Care 2001;10(2):74-8. [MEDLINE: 11244674]
52. Richards KC, Gibson R, Overton-McCoy AL. Effects of massage in acute and critical care. AACN Clinical Issues: Advanced Practice in Acute & Critical Care 2000;11(1):77-96. [MEDLINE: 11040555]
53. Richards K, Nagel C, Markie M, Elwell J, Barone C. Use of complementary and alternative therapies to promote sleep in critically ill patients. Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America 2003;15(3):329-40. [MEDLINE: 12943139]
54. Richardson A, Allsop M, Coghill E, Turnock C. Earplugs and eye masks: do they improve critical care patients' sleep?. Nursing in Critical Care 2007;12(6):278-86. [MEDLINE: 17983362]
55. Robinson SB, Weitzel T, Henderson L. The Sh-h-h-h Project: non-pharmacological interventions. Holistical Nursing Practice 2005;19(6):263-6. [MEDLINE: 16269944]
56. Shilo L, Dagan Y, Smorjik Y, Weinberg U, Dolev S, Komptel B, et al. Effect of melatonin on sleep quality of COPD intensive care patients: a pilot study. Chronobiology International 2000;17(1):71-6. [MEDLINE: 10672435]
57. Walder B, Francioli D, Meyer JJ, Lançon M, Romand JA. Effects of guidelines implementation in a surgical intensive care unit to control nighttime light and noise levels. Critical Care Medicine 2000;28(7):2242-7. [MEDLINE: 10921547]
58. Williamson JW. The effects of ocean sounds on sleep after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. American Journal of Critical Care 1992;1(1):91-7. [MEDLINE: 1307884]
59. Winck JC, Vitacca M, Morais A, Barbano L, Porta R, Teixeira-Pinto A, et al. Tolerance and physiologic effects of nocturnal mask pressure support vs proportional assist ventilation in chronic ventilatory failure. Chest 2004;126(2):382-8. [MEDLINE: 15302721]
60. Young AC, Wilson JW, Kotsimbos TC, Naughton MT. Randomised placebo controlled trial of non-invasive ventilation for hypercapnia in cystic fibrosis. Thorax 2008;63(1):72-7. [PUBMED: 17675317]
61. Zimmerman L, Nieveen J, Barnason S, Schmaderer M. The effects of music interventions on postoperative pain and sleep in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients. Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice: an Inernational Journal 1996;10(2):153-70. [MEDLINE: 8826769]
62. NCT01061242. Post-ICU neurocognitive performance and sleep quality ratings following exposure to a medical ICU sleep quality improvement project. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01061242.
63. NCT01343095. A randomized controlled trial of direct noise reduction in the ICU using overnight application of in-ear earplugs or in-ear earplugs plus noise-canceling headphones to reduce the incidence and duration of ICU delirium. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01343095.
64. NCT01580956. Evaluation a new ventilatory modes: VARIABLE-PSV: a randomized controlled cross-over study: the "VARIABLE-PSV" study. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01580956.
65. NCT01607723. Comparison of two new ventilatory modes: NAVA vs PAV+: a randomized controlled cross-over study: the "NAVA-PAV" study. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01607723.
66. Nerbass FB, Feltrim MI, Souza SA, Ykeda DS, Lorenzi-Filho G. Effects of massage therapy on sleep quality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011;65(11):1105-10.
67. ChiCTR-TRC-14004405. Study on the affection of sleeping quality with non-pharmacological intervention for cardiac valve voice improvement. www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=5165. [ChiCTR-TRC-14004405]
68. IRCT2013030912749N1. The effect of foot massage on the quality of sleep in patients with ischemic heart hospitalized in intensive care unit at the Ekbatan Hospital. www.irct.ir/searchresult.php?keyword=&id=12749&number=1&prt=4717&total=10&m=1.
69. NCT00638339. Effects of invasive and noninvasive mechanical ventilation on sleep In the ICU. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00638339.
70. NCT01082016. Sleep promotion in critically ill and injured patients cared for in theintensive care unit. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01082016.
71. NCT01276652. Sleep and circadian rhythms in mechanically ventilated patients: a feasibility and mechanistic study. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01276652.
72. NCT01284140. Improving the sleep and circadian rhythms of mechanically ventilated patients. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01284140.
73. NCT01523938. Influence of perioperative hypnotherapy on postoperative improvement in cognitive performance. A randomized-controlled open clinical monocentric interventional study. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01523938.
74. NCT01727375. Prevention of delirium with light in the intensive care unit. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01727375.
75. NCT02095496. Contribution to the understanding of the involvement of mechanical ventilation in ICU patients sleep disorders. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02095496.
76. Qureshi A, Dave K. A study to assess the effectiveness of using earplugs and eye masks during night on perceived quality of sleep among patients in intensive care units of AIIMS. CTRI.
77. Abad VC, Guilleminault C. Pharmacological treatment of sleep disorders and its relationship with neuroplasticity. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015;25:503-53.
78. Achermann P, Borbély AA. Dynamics of EEG slow wave activity during physiological sleep and after administration of benzodiazepine hypnotics. Human Neurobiology 1987;6(3):203-10. [PUBMED: 2896653]
79. Benca RM, Quintas J. Sleep and host defenses: a review. Sleep 1997;20(11):1027-37. [PUBMED: 9456469]
80. Bent S, Padula A, Moore D, Patterson M, Mehling W. Valerian for sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The American Journal of Medicine 2006;119(12):1005-12. [PUBMED: 17145239]
81. Bradt J, Dileo C. Music for stress and anxiety reduction in coronary heart disease patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006577.pub2; PUBMED: 19370642]
82. Bradt J, Dileo C. Music therapy for end-of-life care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007169.pub2; PUBMED: 20091619]
83. Bradt J, Dileo C, Grocke D, Magill L. Music interventions for improving psychological and physical outcomes in cancer patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006911; PUBMED: 21833957]
84. Bradt J, Dileo C. Music interventions for mechanically ventilated patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 12. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006902.pub3; PUBMED: 25490233]
85. Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Hooton N, Pandya R, Tjosvold L, Hartling L, et al. The efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for primary sleep disorders. A meta-analysis. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2005;20(12):1151-8. [PUBMED: 16423108]
86. Chen HI, Tang YR. Sleep loss impairs inspiratory muscle endurance. The American Review of Respiratory Disease 1989;140(4):907-9. [PUBMED: 2802378]
87. Cheuk DK, Yeung WF, Chung KF, Wong V. Acupuncture for insomnia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 9. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005472.pub3; PUBMED: 22972087]
88. Cooper AB, Thornley KS, Young GB, Slutsky AS, Stewart TE, Hanly PJ. Sleep in critically ill patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Chest 2000;117(3):809-18. [PUBMED: 10713011]
89. Cronin AJ, Keifer JC, Davies MF, King TS, Bixler EO. Postoperative sleep disturbance: influences of opioids and pain in humans. Sleep 2001;24(1):39-44. [PUBMED: 11204052]
90. Czeisler CA, Allan JS, Strogatz SH, Ronda JM, Sánchez R, Ríos CD, Freitag WO, Richardson GS, Kronauer RE. Bright light resets the human circadian pacemaker independent of the timing of the sleep-wake cycle. Science 1986;233:667-671.
91. de Niet G, Tiemens B, Lendemeijer B, Hutschemaekers G. Music-assisted relaxation to improve sleep quality: meta-analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2009;65(7):1356-64. [PUBMED: 19456998]
92. Dignani L, Toccaceli A, Lucertini C, Petrucci C, Lancia L. Sleep and Quality of Life in People With COPD: A Descriptive-Correlational Study. Clinical Nursing Research 2015;[Epub ahead of print].
93. Drouot X, Cabello B, D'Ortho MP, Brochard L. Sleep in the intensive care unit. Sleep Medicine Reviews 2008;12(5):391-403. [PUBMED: 18502155]
94. Eddleston JM, White P, Guthrie E. Survival, morbidity, and quality of life after discharge from intensive care. Critical Care Medicine 2000;28(7):2293-9. [PUBMED: 10921555]
95. Evans DJW, Butler A, Alderson P, Smith AF, Lewis SR. Pharmacological agents for the promotion of sleep in the intensive care unit. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (In progress).
96. Fichten CS, Creti L, Amsel R, Brender W, Weinstein N Libman E. Poor sleepers who do not complain of insomnia: myths and realities about psychological and lifestyle characteristics of older good and poor sleepers. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 1995;18(2):189-223. [PUBMED: 7563046]
97. Freedman NS, Kotzer N, Schwab RJ. Patient perception of sleep quality and etiology of sleep disruption in the intensive care unit. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1999;159(4 Pt 1):1155-62. [PUBMED: 10194160]
98. Freedman NS, Gazendam J, Levan L, Pack AI, Schwab RJ. Abnormal sleep/wake cycles and the effect of environmental noise on sleep disruption in the intensive care unit. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2001;163(2):451-7. [PUBMED: 11179121]
99. Friese RS, Diaz-Arrastia R, McBride D, Frankel H, Gentilello LM. Quantity and quality of sleep in the surgical intensive care unit: are our patients sleeping?. The Journal of Trauma 2007;63(6):1210-4. [PUBMED: 18212640]
100. Friese RS. Sleep and recovery from critical illness and injury: a review of theory, current practice, and future directions. Critical Care Medicine 2008;36(3):697-705. [PUBMED: 18176314]
101. Frisk U, Nordström G. Patients' sleep in an intensive care unit--patients' and nurses' perception. Intensive & Critical Care Nursing 2003;19(6):342-9. [PUBMED: 14637294]
102. Gabor JY, Cooper AB, Hanly PJ. Sleep disruption in the intensive care unit. Current Opinion in Critical Care 2001;7(1):21-7. [PUBMED: 11373507]
103. Gabor JY, Cooper AB, Crombach SA, Lee B, Kadikar N, Bettger HE, et al. Contribution of the intensive care unit environment to sleep disruption in mechanically ventilated patients and healthy subjects. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2003;167(5):708-15. [PUBMED: 12598213]
104. Galuszko-Wegielnik M, Jakuszkowiak-Wojten K, Wiglusz MS, Cubala WJ, Landowski J. The efficacy of Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT) as related to sleep quality and hyperarousal level in the treatment of primary insomnia. Psychiatr Danub. 2012;24(Suppl 1):S51-5.
105. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Vist GE, Falck-Ytter Y, Schünemann HJ. What is "quality of evidence" and why is it important to clinicians. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2008;336(7651):995-8. [MEDLINE: 18456631]
106. Hardin KA, Seyal M, Stewart T, Bonekat HW. Sleep in critically ill chemically paralyzed patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Chest 2006;129(6):1468-77. [PUBMED: 16778263]
107. Hauri PJ. Can we mix behavioral therapy with hypnotics when treating insomniacs?. Sleep 1997;20(12):1111-8. [MEDLINE: 98152939; PUBMED: 9493920]
108. Hays RD, Martin SA, Sesti AM, Spritzer KL. Psychometric properties of the Medical Outcomes Study Sleep measure. Sleep Medicine 2005;6(1):41-4. [PUBMED: 15680294]
109. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
110. Jacobi J, Fraser GL, Coursin DB, Riker RR, Fontaine D, Wittbrodt ET, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult. Critical Care Medicine 2002;30(1):119-41. [PUBMED: 11902253]
111. Klimm HD, Dreyfus JF, Delmotte M. Zopiclone versus nitrazepam: a double-blind comparative study of efficacy and tolerance in elderly patients with chronic insomnia. Sleep 1987;10(Suppl 1):73-8. [PUBMED: 3326118]
112. Liu XC, Tang MQ, Hu L, Wang AZ, Wu HX, Zhao GF, Gao CL. Reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index. Chinese Journal of Psychiatry 1996;29(2):103-8.
113. McClusky HY, Milby JB, Switzer PK, Williams V, Wooten V. Efficacy of behavioral versus triazolam treatment in persistent sleep-onset insomnia. The American Journal of Psychiatry 1991;148(1):121-6. [MEDLINE: 91083113; PUBMED: 1888345]
114. Meyer TJ, Eveloff SE, Bauer MS, Schwartz WA, Hill NS, Millman RP. Adverse environmental conditions in the respiratory and medical ICU settings. Chest 1994;105(4):1211-6. [PUBMED: 8162751]
115. Milisen K, Foreman MD, Hendrickx A, Godderis J, Abraham IL, Broos P, et al. Psychometric properties of the Flemish translation of the NEECHAM Confusion Scale. BMC Psychiatry 2005;25(5):16. [PUBMED: 15792498]
116. Mistraletti G, Carloni E, Cigada M, Zambrelli E, Taverna M, Sabbatici G, et al. Sleep and delirium in the intensive care unit. Minerva Anestesiologica 2008;74(6):329-33. [PUBMED: 18500209]
117. Montgomery P, Dennis J. Bright light therapy for sleep problems in adults aged 60+. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003403; PUBMED: 12076478]
118. Montgomery P, Dennis J. Cognitive behavioural interventions for sleep problems in adults aged 60+. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003161; PUBMED: 12535460]
119. Nieuwenhuijs DJ. Processed EEG in natural sleep. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology 2006;20:49-56. [PUBMED: 16634413]
120. Novaes MA, Knobel E, Bork AM, Pavão OF, Nogueira-Martins LA, Ferraz MB. Stressors in ICU: perception of the patient, relatives and health care team. Intensive Care Medicine 1999;25(12):1421-6. [PUBMED: 10660851]
121. O'Donoghue FJ, Wellard RM, Rochford PD, Dawson A, Barnes M, Ruehland WR, Jackson ML, Howard ME, Pierce RJ, Jackson GD. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and neurocognitive dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea before and after CPAP treatment. Sleep 2012;35:41-48.
122. Orwelius L, Nordlund A, Nordlund P, Edéll-Gustafsson U, Sjöberg F. Prevalence of sleep disturbances and long-term reduced health-related quality of life after critical care: a prospective multicenter cohort study. Critical Care (London, England) 2008;12(4):R97. [MEDLINE: 18673569; PUBMED: 18673569]
123. Ozone M, Itoh H, Yamadera W, Ohbuchi K, Hayashida K, Sasaki M, et al. Changes in subjective sleepiness, subjective fatigue and nocturnal sleep after anaesthesia with propofol. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2000;54(3):317-8. [PUBMED: 11186093]
124. Pandharipande P, Ely EW. Sedative and analgesic medications: risk factors for delirium and sleep disturbances in the critically ill. Critical Care Clinics 2006;22(2):313-27. [PUBMED: 16678002]
125. Parthasarathy S, Tobin MJ. Sleep in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Medicine 2004;30(2):197-206. [PUBMED: 14564378]
126. Pun BT, Ely EW. The importance of diagnosing and managing ICU delirium. Chest 2007;132(2):624-36. [PUBMED: 17699134]
127. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
128. Richards KC, O'Sullivan PS, Phillips RL. Measurement of sleep in critically ill patients. Journal of Nursing Measurement 2000;8(2):131-44. [PUBMED: 11227580]
129. Shilo L, Dagan Y, Smorjik Y, Weinberg U, Dolev S, Komptel B, et al. Patients in the intensive care unit suffer from severe lack of sleep associated with loss of normal melatonin secretion pattern. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 1999;317(5):278-81. [PUBMED: 10334113]
130. Silber MH, Ancoli-Israel S, Bonnet MH, Chokroverty S, Grigg-Damberger MM, Hirshkowitz M, et al. The visual scoring of sleep in adults. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 2007;3(2):121-31. [MEDLINE: 17557422]
131. Simini B. Patients's perceptions of intensive care. Lancet 1999;354(9178):571-2. [PUBMED: 10470711]
132. Snyder-Halpern R, Verran JA. Instrumentation to describe subjective sleep characteristics in healthy subjects. Research in Nursing and Health 1987;10(3):155-163. [PUBMED: 3647537]
133. Soldatos CR, Dikeos DG, Paparrigopoulos TJ. Athens Insomnia Scale: validation of an instrument based on ICD-10 criteria. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2000;48(6):555-60. [PUBMED: 11033374]
134. Tamrat R, Huynh-Le MP, Goyal M. Non-pharmacologic interventions to improve the sleep of hospitalized patients: a systematic review. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2014;29(5):788-95. [PUBMED: 24113807]
135. Van Rompaey B, Schuurmans M, Shortridge-Baggett L, Truijen S, Elseviers M, Bossaert L. A comparison of the CAM-ICU and the NEECHAM Confusion Scale in intensive care delirium assessment: an observational study in non-intubated patients. Critical Care (London, England) 2008;12(1):R16. [PUBMED: 18282269]
136. Weinhouse GL, Schwab RJ. Sleep in the Critically ill Patient. Sleep 2006;29(5):707-16. [PUBMED: 16774162]
137. Weinhouse GL, Watson PL. Sedation and sleep disturbances in the ICU. Critical Care Clinics 2009;25(3):539-49. [PUBMED: 19576529]
138. Hu R-F, Jiang X-Y, Chen J, Zeng Z, Chen XY, Li Y, Huining X. Non-pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in the intensive care unit. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 11. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008808]