Transdiagnostic versus diagnosis specific cognitive behavioural therapies for anxiety: A meta-analysis

Journal of Anxiety Disorders

Volumn 46, Issue , 2017, Pages 11-24

  Pearl, Shaun B ^a   Norton, Peter J ^a  

^a School of Clinical Sciences   (Australia)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Comorbid; Disorder; Meta analysis; Transdiagnostic

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY ASSESSMENT; ANXIETY DISORDER; ANXIETY DISORDERS INTERVIEW SCHEDULE; ARTICLE; BECK ANXIETY INVENTORY; CLINICAL GLOBAL IMPRESSION SCALE; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY; COMORBIDITY; DIAGNOSIS SPECIFIC COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY; EFFECT SIZE; HAMILTON ANXIETY SCALE; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; META ANALYSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); STATE TRAIT ANXIETY INVENTORY; STRUCTURED CLINICAL INTERVIEW FOR DSM DISORDERS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TRANSDIAGNOSTIC COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY; TREATMENT OUTCOME; ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDERS; COGNITIVE THERAPY; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGY;

ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDERS; COGNITIVE THERAPY; HUMANS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84979284190     PISSN: 08876185     EISSN: 18737897     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.07.004     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Allen, L.B., White, K.S., Barlow, D.H., Shear, M.K., Gorman, J.M., Woods, S.W., Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) for panic disorder: Relationship of anxiety and depression comorbidity with treatment outcome. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioural Assessment 32:2 (2010), 185–192, 10.1007/s10862-009-9151-3.
2. ®). 2013, American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, DC.
3. *Andersson, G., Paxling, B., Roch-Norlund, P., Ostman, G., Norgren, A., Almlov, J.,.. Silverberg, F., Internet-based psychodynamic versus cognitive behavioral guided self-help for generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 81:6 (2012), 344–355, 10.1159/000339371.
4. Antony, M.M., Orsillo, S.M., Roemer, L., Practitioner's guide to empirically based measures of anxiety. 2002, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.
5. *Arch, J.J., Eifert, G.H., Davies, C., Plumb Vilardaga, J.C., Rose, R.D., Craske, M.G., Randomized clinical trial of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) versus acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for mixed anxiety disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 80:5 (2012), 750–765, 10.1037/a0028310.
6. *Avdagic, E., Morrissey, S.A., Boschen, M.J., A randomised controlled trial of acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive-behaviour therapy for generalised anxiety disorder. Behaviour Change 31:2 (2014), 110–130, 10.1017/bec.2014.5.
7. Barlow, D.H., Allen, L.B., Choate, M.L., Toward a unified treatment for emotional disorders. Behavior Therapy 35:2 (2004), 205–230, 10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80036-4.
8. Barlow, D.H., Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective of emotion theory. American Psychologist 55:11 (2000), 1247–1263, 10.1037/0003-066X.55.11.1247.
9. Barrera, T.L., Smith, A.H., Norton, P.J., Transdiagnostic CBT for anxiety disorders. Emmelkamp, P., Ehring, T., (eds.) The wiley handbook of anxiety disorders, 2014, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, West Sussex.
10. Beck, A.T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., Steer, R.A., An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 1988, 893, 10.1037/0022-006x.56.6.893.
11. *Bell, C.J., Colhoun, H.C., Carter, F.A., Frampton, C.M., Effectiveness of computerised cognitive behaviour therapy for anxiety disorders in secondary care. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 46:7 (2012), 630–640, 10.1177/0004867412437345.
12. *Berger, T., Boettcher, J., Caspar, F., Internet-based guided self-help for several anxiety disorders: A randomized controlled trial comparing a tailored with a standardized disorder-specific approach. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 51:2 (2014), 207–219, 10.1037/a0032527.
13. *Bogels, S.M., Wijts, P., Oort, F.J., Sallaerts, S.J., Psychodynamic psychotherapy versus cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder: An efficacy and partial effectiveness trial. Depression and Anxiety 31:5 (2014), 363–373, 10.1002/da.22246.
14. Borenstein, M., Hedges, L.V., Higgins, J.P.T., Rothstein, H.R., Introduction to meta-analysis. 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.
15. *Brenes, G.A., Miller, M.E., Williamson, J.D., McCall, W., Knudson, M., Stanley, M.A., A randomized controlled trial of telephone-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy for late-life anxiety disorders. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 20:8 (2012), 707–716, 10.1097/JGP.0b013e31822ccd3e.
16. Brown, T.A., DiNardo, P.A., Barlow, D.H., Anixety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV. (ADIS-IV). 1994, Basic Books, New York.
17. Brown, T.A., Campbell, L.A., Lehman, C.L., Grisham, J.R., Mancill, R.B., Current and lifetime comorbidity of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders in a large clinical sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 110:4 (2001), 585–599, 10.1037/0021-843X.110.4.585.
18. *Bullis, J.R., Sauer-Zavala, S., Bentley, K.H., Thompson-Hollands, J., Carl, J.R., Barlow, D.H., The unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: Preliminary exploration of effectiveness for group delivery. Behavior Modification 39:2 (2015), 295–321, 10.1177/0145445514553094.
19. *Burton, M., Schmertz, S.K., Price, M., Masuda, A., Anderson, P.L., The relation between mindfulness and fear of negative evaluation over the course of cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology 69:3 (2013), 222–228, 10.1002/jclp.21929.
20. *Calleo, J.S., Bush, A.L., Cully, J.A., Wilson, N.L., Kraus-Schuman, C., Rhoades, H.M.,.. Stanley, M.A., Treating late-life generalized anxiety disorder in primary care: An effectiveness pilot study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 201:5 (2013), 414–420, 10.1097/NMD.0b013e31828e0fd6.
21. Carlbring, P., Gunnarsdottir, M., Hedensjo, L., Andersson, G., Ekselius, L., Furmark, T., Treatment of social phobia: Randomised trial of internet-delivered cognitive-behavioural therapy with telephone support. British Journal of Psychiatry 190 (2007), 123–128, 10.1192/bjp.bp.105.020107.
22. *Chen, J., Nakano, Y., Ietzugu, T., Ogawa, S., Funayama, T., Watanabe, N.,.. Furukawa, T.A., Group cognitive behavior therapy for Japanese patients with social anxiety disorder: Preliminary outcomes and their predictors. BioMed Central Psychiatry, 7, 2007, 69, 10.1186/1471-244X-7-69.
23. Clark, L.A., Watson, D., Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 100:3 (1991), 316–366, 10.1037/0021-843X.100.3.316.
24. Clark, D.A., Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and depression: Possibilities and limitations of a transdiagnostic perspective. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 38:S1 (2009), 29–34, 10.1080/16506070902980745.
25. Cohen, J., Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed., 1988, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
26. *Craske, M.G., Stein, M.B., Sullivan, G., Sherbourne, C., Bystritsky, A., Rose, R.D.,.. Roy-Byrne, P., Disorder-specific impact of coordinated anxiety learning and management treatment for anxiety disorders in primary care. Archives of General Psychiatry 68:4 (2011), 378–388, 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.25.
27. *Craske, M.G., Niles, A.N., Burklund, L.J., Wolitzky-Taylor, K.B., Vilardaga, J.C., Arch, J.J.,.. Lieberman, M.D., Randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social phobia: Outcomes and moderators. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 82:6 (2014), 1034–1048, 10.1037/a0037212.
28. *Dagoo, J., Asplund, R.P., Bsenko, H.A., Hjerling, S., Holmberg, A., Westh, S.,.. Andersson, G., Cognitive behavior therapy versus interpersonal psychotherapy for social anxiety disorder delivered via smartphone and computer: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 28:4 (2014), 410–417, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.02.003.
29. *Dear, B.F., Staples, L.G., Terides, M.D., Karin, E., Zou, J., Johnston, L.,.. Gandy, M., Transdiagnostic versus disorder-specific and clinician-guided versus self-guided internet-delivered treatment for generalized anxiety disorder and comorbid disorders: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 36:1 (2015), 63–77, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.09.003.
30. *Delsignore, A., Carraro, G., Mathier, F., Znoj, H., Schnyder, U., Perceived responsibility for change as an outcome predictor in cognitive-behavioural group therapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 47:3 (2008), 281–293, 10.1348/014466508X279486.
31. *Dugas, M.J., Ladouceur, R., Leger, E., Freeston, M.H., Langlois, F., Provencher, M.D., Boisvert, J.M., Group cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: Treatment outcome and long-term follow-up. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 71:4 (2003), 821–825, 10.1037/0022-006X.71.4.821.
32. *Dugas, M.J., Brillon, P., Savard, P., Turcotte, J., Gaudet, A., Ladouceur, R.,.. Gervais, N.J., A randomized clinical trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy and applied relaxation for adults with generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy 41:1 (2010), 46–58, 10.1016/j.beth.2008.12.004.
33. Duval, S., Tweedie, R., A nonparametric trim and fill method of accounting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association 95:449 (2000), 89–98, 10.1080/01621459.2000.10473905.
34. Duval, S., Tweedie, R., Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of test- ing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics 56:2 (2000), 455–463, 10.2307/2676988.
35. *de Oliveira, I.R., Powell, V.B., Wenzel, A., Caldas, M., Seixas, C., Almeida, C.,.. Sudak, D., Efficacy of the trial-based thought record, a new cognitive therapy strategy designed to change core beliefs, in social phobia. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics 37:3 (2012), 328–334, 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2011.01299.x.
36. Egger, M., Smith, G.D., Schneider, M., Minder, C., Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. British Medical Journal 315 (1997), 629–634, 10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629.
37. *Ellard, K.K., Fairholme, C.P., Boisseau, C.L., Farchione, T.J., Barlow, D.H., Unified protocol for the transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: Protocol development and initial outcome data. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 17:1 (2010), 88–101, 10.1016/j.cbpra.2009.06.002.
38. *Erickson, D.H., Janeck, A.S., Tallman, K., A cognitive-behavioral group for patients with various anxiety disorders. Psychiatric Services 58:9 (2007), 1205–1211, 10.1176/appi.ps.58.9.1205.
39. *Erickson, D.H., Group cognitive behavioural therapy for heterogeneous anxiety disorders. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 32:4 (2003), 179–186, 10.1080/16506070310001686.
40. *Evans, S., Ferrando, S., Findler, M., Stowell, C., Smart, C., Haglin, D., Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 22:4 (2008), 716–721.
41. *Farchione, T.J., Fairholme, C.P., Ellard, K.K., Boisseau, C.L., Thompson-Hollands, J., Carl, J.R., et al. Unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: A randomized controlled trial. Behavior Therapy 43:3 (2012), 666–678, 10.1016/j.beth.2012.01.001.
42. First, M.B., Spitzer, R.L., Gibbon, M., Williams, J.B.W., Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I disorders, research version, patient edition (SCID-I/P). 2002, Biometrics Research New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York.
43. *Fogler, J.M., Tompson, M.C., Steketee, G., Hofmann, S.G., Influence of expressed emotion and perceived criticism on cognitive-behavioral therapy for social phobia. Behaviour Research & Therapy 45:2 (2007), 235–249, 10.1016/j.brat.2006.03.002.
44. *Furmark, T., Carlbring, P., Hedman, E., Sonnenstein, A., Clevberger, P., Bohman, B.,.. Andersson, G., Guided and unguided self-help for social anxiety disorder: Randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry 195:5 (2009), 440–447, 10.1192/bjp.bp.108.060996.
45. *Goldin, P.R., Ziv, M., Jazaieri, H., Werner, K., Kraemer, H., Heimberg, R.G., et al. Cognitive reappraisal self-efficacy mediates the effects of individual cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 80:6 (2012), 1034–1040, 10.1037/a0028555.
46. Hamilton, M.A.X., The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology 32:1 (1959), 50–55, 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x.
47. Hedges, L.V., Olkin, I., Statistical methods for meta-analysis. 1985, Academi Press, Inc., Orlando, FL.
48. *Hedman, E., Andersson, G., Ljotsson, B., Andersson, E., Ruck, C., Mortberg, E., et al. Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy vs. cognitive behavioral group therapy for social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. Public Library of Science, 6(3), 2011, e18001, 10.1371/journal.pone.0018001.
49. Heimberg, R.G., Cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder: Current status and future directions. Biological Psychiatry 51:1 (2002), 101–108, 10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01183-0.
50. *Herbert, J.D., Rheingold, A.A., Gaudiano, B.A., Myers, V.H., Standard versus extended cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder: A randomized-controlled trial. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 32:2 (2004), 131–147, 10.1017/S1352465804001171.
51. Heuzenroeder, L., Donnelly, M., Haby, M.M., Mihalopoulos, C., Rossell, R., Carter, R.,.. Vos, T., Cost-effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological interventions for generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 38:8 (2004), 602–612, 10.1111/j.1440-1614.2004.01423.x.
52. Hofmann, S., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I.J., Sawyer, A., Fang, A., The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy and Research 36:5 (2012), 427–440, 10.1007/s10608-012-9476-1.
53. *Johnston, L., Titov, N., Andrews, G., Dear, B.F., Spence, J., Comorbidity and internet-delivered transdiagnostic cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 42:3 (2013), 180–192, 10.1080/16506073.2012.753108.
54. *Kawaguchi, A., Watanabe, N., Nakano, Y., Ogawa, S., Suzuki, M., Kondo, M.,.. Akechi, T., Group cognitive behavioral therapy for patients with generalized social anxiety disorder in Japan: Outcomes at 1-year follow up and outcome predictors. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 9 (2013), 267–275, 10.2147/NDT.S41365.
55. *Koszycki, D., Benger, M., Shlik, J., Bradwejn, J., Randomized trial of a meditation-based stress reduction program and cognitive behavior therapy in generalized social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research & Therapy 45:10 (2007), 2518–2526, 10.1016/j.brat.2007.04.011.
56. *Koszycki, D., Raab, K., Aldosary, F., Bradwejn, J., A multifaith spiritually based intervention for generalized anxiety disorder: A pilot randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Psychology 66:4 (2010), 430–441, 10.1002/jclp.20663.
57. *Leichsenring, F., Salzer, S., Jaeger, U., Kachele, H., Kreische, R., Leweke, F.,.. Leibing, E., Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized, controlled trial. The American Journal of Psychiatry 166:8 (2009), 875–881, 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09030441.
58. *Leichsenring, F., Salzer, S., Beutel, M.E., Herpertz, S., Hiller, W., Hoyer, J.,.. Leibing, E., Psychodynamic therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in social anxiety disorder: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry 170:7 (2013), 759–767, 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12081125.
59. *Linden, M., Zubraegel, D., Baer, T., Franke, U., Schlattmann, P., Efficacy of cognitive behaviour therapy in generalized anxiety disorders. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 74:1 (2005), 36–42, 10.1159/000082025.
60. *Marks, I.M., Kenwright, M., McDonough, M., Whittaker, M., Mataix-Cols, D., Saving clinicians' time by delegating routine aspects of therapy to a computer: A randomized controlled trial in phobia/panic disorder. Psychological Medicine 34:1 (2004), 9–18, 10.1017/s003329170300878x.
61. *McCarthy, O., Hevey, D., Brogan, A., Kelly, B.D., Effectiveness of a cognitive behavioural group therapy (CBGT) for social anxiety disorder: Immediate and long-term benefits. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 6, 2013, e5, 10.1017/S1754470X13000111.
62. *McEvoy, P.M., Saulsman, L.M., Imagery-enhanced cognitive behavioural group therapy for social anxiety disorder: A pilot study. Behaviour Research & Therapy 55 (2014), 1–6, 10.1016/j.brat.2014.01.006.
63. McEvoy, P.M., Nathan, P., Norton, P.J., Efficacy of transdiagnostic treatments: A review of published outcome studies and future research directions. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 23:1 (2009), 20–33, 10.1891/0889-8391.23.1.20.
64. *McEvoy, P.M., Nathan, P., Rapee, R.M., Campbell, B.N.C., Cognitive behavioural group therapy for social phobia: Evidence of transportability to community clinics. Behaviour Research and Therapy 50:4 (2012), 258–265, 10.1016/j.brat.2012.01.009.
65. McHugh, R.K., Murray, H.W., Barlow, D.H., Balancing fidelity and adaptation in the dissemination of empirically-supported treatments: the promise of transdiagnostic interventions. Behaviour Resarch and Therapy 47 (2009), 946–953, 10.1016/j.brat.2009.07.005.
66. *Mewton, L., Wong, N., Andrews, G., The effectiveness of internet cognitive behavioural therapy for generalized anxiety disorder in clinical practice. Depression & Anxiety 29:10 (2012), 843–849, 10.1002/da.21995.
67. *Mohlman, J., Gorenstein, E.E., Kleber, M., de Jesus, M., Gorman, J., Papp, L.A., Standard and enhanced cognitive-behavior therapy for late-life generalized anxiety disorder: Two pilot investigations. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 11:1 (2003), 24–32, 10.1097/0019442-200301000-00005.
68. *Mortberg, E., Clark, D.M., Sundin, O., Aberg Wistedt, A., Intensive group cognitive treatment and individual cognitive therapy vs. treatment as usual in social phobia: A randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 115:2 (2007), 142–154, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00839.x.
69. National Institute of Mental Health, Clinical global impressions scale. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 21 (1985), 839–843.
70. Newby, J.M., McKinnon, A., Kuyken, W., Gilbody, S., Dalgleish, T., Systematic review and meta-analysis of transdiagnostic psychological treatments for anxiety and depressive disorders in adulthood. Clinical Psychology Review 40 (2015), 91–110, 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.06.002.
71. *Newman, M.G., Przeworski, A., Consoli, A.J., Taylor, C., A randomized controlled trial of ecological momentary intervention plus brief group therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Psychotherapy 51:2 (2014), 198–206, 10.1037/a0032519.
72. *Norton, P.J., Barrera, T.L., Transdiagnostic versus diagnosis-specific CBT for anxiety disorders: A preliminary randomized controlled trial. Depression and Anxiety 29 (2012), 874–882, 10.1002/da.21974.
73. *Norton, P.J., Hope, D.A., Preliminary evaluation of a broad-spectrum cognitive-behavioral group therapy for anxiety. Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry 36:2 (2005), 79–97, 10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.07.002.
74. Norton, P.J., Philipp, L.M., Transdiagnostic approaches to the treatment of anxiety disorders: A quantitative review. Psychotherapy 45:2 (2008), 214–226, 10.1037/0033-3204.45.2.214.
75. Norton, P.J., Price, E.C., A meta-analytic review of adult cognitive-behavioral treatment outcome across the anxiety disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 195:6 (2007), 521–531, 10.1097/01.nmd.0000253843.70149.9a.
76. Norton, P.J., Robinson, C.M., Development and evaluation of the anxiety disorder diagnostic questionnaire. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 39:2 (2010), 137–149, 10.1080/16506070903140430.
77. Norton, P.J., Barrera, T.L., Mathew, A.R., Chamberlain, L.D., Szafranski, D.D., Reddy, R., et al. Effect of transdiagnostic CBT for anxiety disorders on comorbid diagnoses. Depression and Anxiety 30:2 (2013), 168–173, 10.1002/da22018.
78. Norton, P.J., Toward a clinically-oriented model of anxiety disorders. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 35:2 (2006), 88–105, 10.1080/16506070500441561.
79. *Norton, P.J., An open trial of a transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral group therapy for anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy 39:3 (2008), 242–250, 10.1016/j.beth.2007.08.002.
80. Norton, P.J., Group cognitive-behavioral therapy of anxiety: A transdiagnostic treatment manual. 2012, Guilford Press, New York, NY.
81. *Norton, P.J., A randomized clinical trial of transdiagnostic cognitve-behavioral treatments for anxiety disorder by comparison to relaxation training. Behavior Therapy 43:3 (2012), 506–517, 10.1016/j.beth.2010.08.011.
82. Paulus, D.J., Talkovsky, A.M., Heggeness, L.F., Norton, P.J., Beyond negative affectivity: A hierarchical model of global and transdiagnostic vulnerabilities for emotional disorders. Cognitive Behavior Therapy 44:5 (2015), 1–17, 10.1080/16506073.2015.1017529.
83. *Paxling, B., Almlov, J., Dahlin, M., Carlbring, P., Breitholtz, E., Eriksson, T., et al. Guided internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 40:3 (2011), 159–173, 10.1080/16506073.2011.576699.
84. *Rapee, R.M., Gaston, J.E., Abbott, M.J., Testing the efficacy of theoretically derived improvements in the treatment of social phobia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 77:2 (2009), 317–327, 10.1037/a0014800.
85. Reinholt, N., Krogh, J., Efficacy of transdiagnostic cognitive behaviour therapy for anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published outcome studies. Cognitive Behavior Therapy 43:3 (2014), 171–184, 10.1080/16506073.2014.897367.
86. *Robinson, E., Titov, N., Andrews, G., McIntyre, K., Schwencke, G., Solley, K., Internet treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial comparing clinician vs. technician assistance. Public Library of Science, 5(6), 2010, e10942, 10.1371/journal.pone.0010942.
87. Rosellini, A.J., Brown, T.A., Initial interpretation and evaluation of a profile-based classification system for the anxiety and mood disorders: Incremental validity compared to DSM-IV categories. Psychological Assessment 26:4 (2014), 1212–1224, 10.1037/pas0000023.
88. *Schmidt, N.B., Buckner, J.D., Pusser, A., Woolaway-Bickel, K., Preston, J.L., Norr, A., Randomized controlled trial of false safety behavior elimination therapy: A unified cognitive behavioral treatment for anxiety psychopathology. Behavior Therapy 43:3 (2012), 518–532, 10.1016/j.beth.2012.02.004.
89. Shafran, R., Clark, D.M., Fairburn, C.G., Arntz, A., Barlow, D.H., Ehlers, A.,.. Wilson, G.T., Mind the gap: Improving the dissemination of CBT. Behaviour Research and Therapy 47:11 (2009), 902–909, 10.1016/j.brat.2009.07.003.
90. *Spence, J., Titov, N., Dear, B.F., Johnston, L., Solley, K., Lorian, C.,.. Schwenke, G., Randomized controlled trial of internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and Anxiety 28:7 (2011), 541–550, 10.1002/da.20835.
91. Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P.R., Jacobs, G.A., Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. 1983, Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA.
92. *Stanley, M.A., Beck, J.G., Novy, D.M., Averill, P.M., Swann, A.C., Diefenbach, G.J., et al. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of late-life generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 71:2 (2003), 309–319, 10.1037/0022-006X.71.2.309.
93. *Stanley, M.A., Wilson, N.L., Novy, D.M., Rhoades, H.M., Wagener, P.D., Greisinger, A.J.,.. Kunik, M.E., Cognitive behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder among older adults in primary care: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association 301:14 (2009), 1460–1467, 10.1001/jama.2009.458.
94. *Stanley, M.A., Wilson, N.L., Amspoker, A.B., Kraus-Schuman, C., Wagener, P.D., Calleo, J.S.,.. Kunik, M.E., Lay providers can deliver effective cognitive behavior therapy for older adults with generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized trial. Depression and Anxiety 31:5 (2014), 391–401, 10.1002/da.22239.
95. Storch, E.A., Merlo, L.J., Larson, M.J., Geffken, G.R., Lehmkuhl, H.D., Jacob, M.L., et al. Impact of comorbidity on cognitive-behavioral therapy response in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of the America Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 47:5 (2008), 583–592, 10.1097/CHI.0b013e31816774b1.
96. *Titov, N., Andrews, G., Johnston, L., Robinson, E., Spence, J., Transdiagnostic Internet treatment for anxiety disorders: A randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy 48:9 (2010), 890–899, 10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.014.
97. Titov, N., Dear, B.F., Staples, L.G., Terides, M.D., Karin, E., Sheehan, J., Johnston, L.,.. McEvoy, P.M., Disorder-specific versus transdiagnostic and clinician-guided versus self-guided treatment for major depression disorder and comorbid anxiety disorders: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 35:1 (2015), 88–102, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.08.002.
98. *Westra, H.A., Arkowitz, H., Dozois, D.J., Adding a motivational interviewing pretreatment to cognitive behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary randomized controlled trial. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 23:8 (2009), 1106–1117, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.014.
99. *Wetherell, J.L., Gatz, M., Craske, M.G., Treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in older adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 71:1 (2003), 31–40, 10.1037/0022-006x.71.1.31.
100. *Willutzki, U., Teismann, T., Schulte, D., Psychotherapy for social anxiety disorder: Long-term effectiveness of resource-oriented cognitive-behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy in social anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology 68:6 (2012), 581–591, 10.1002/jclp.21842.
101. *Wootton, B.M., Dear, B.F., Johnston, L., Terides, M.D., Titov, N., Remote treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 2:4 (2013), 375–384, 10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.07.002.
102. *Yoshinaga, N., Ohshima, F., Matsuki, S., Tanaka, M., Kobayashi, T., Ibuki, H.,.. Shimizu, E., A preliminary study of individual cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder in Japanese clinical settings: A single-arm, uncontrolled trial. BioMed Central Research Notes 6:1 (2013), 74–82, 10.1186/1756-0500-6-74.
103. *Yuen, E.K., Herbert, J.D., Forman, E.M., Goetter, E.M., Comer, R., Bradley, J.C., Treatment of social anxiety disorder using online virtual environments in second life. Behavior Therapy 44:1 (2013), 51–61, 10.1016/j.beth.2012.06.001.
104. *Zinbarg, R.E., Lee, J.E., Yoon, K.L., Dyadic predictors of outcome in a cognitive-behavioral program for patients with generalized anxiety disorder in committed relationships: A spoonful of sugar and a dose of non-hostile criticism may help. Behaviour Research & Therapy 45:4 (2007), 699–713, 10.1016/j.brat.2006.06.005.
105. *Zou, J.B., Dear, B.F., Titov, N., Lorian, C.N., Johnston, L., Spence, J.,.. Sachdev, P., Brief internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety in older adults: A feasibility trial. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 26:6 (2012), 650–655, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.04.002.