Cognitive reappraisal self-efficacy mediates the effects of individual cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

Volumn 80, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 1034-1040

  Goldin, Philippe R ^a   Ziv, Michal ^a   Jazaieri, Hooria ^a   Werner, Kelly ^a   Kraemer, Helena ^b   Heimberg, Richard G ^c   Gross, James J ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c TEMPLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

cognitive reappraisal; cognitive behavioral therapy; emotion regulation; self efficacy; social anxiety

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; COGNITIVE REAPPRAISAL SELF EFFICACY; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PSYCHOTHERAPY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SELF REPORT; SOCIAL PHOBIA; ANXIETY; MIDDLE AGED; PHOBIC DISORDERS; PSYCHOLOGY; SELF CONCEPT; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ADULT; ANXIETY; COGNITIVE THERAPY; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PHOBIC DISORDERS; SELF EFFICACY; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84872402102     PISSN: 0022006X     EISSN: 19392117     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0028555     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Acarturk, C., Smit, F., de Graaf, R., van Straten, A., ten Have, M., & Cuijpers, P. (2009). Economic costs of social phobia: A populationbased study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 115, 421-429. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.10. 008
2. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
3. Baker, S L., Heinrichs, N., Kim, H. J., & Hofmann, S. G(2002). The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale as a self-report instrument: A preliminary psychometric analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 701-715, doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00060-2.
4. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
5. Bandura, A., Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Gerbino, M., & Pastorelli, C. (2003). Role of affective self-regulatory efficacy in diverse spheres of psychosocial functioning. Child Development, 74, 769-782. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00567
6. Bandura, A., & Cervone, D. (1986). Differential engagement of selfreactive influences in cognitive motivation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 38, 92-113. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(86)90028-2
7. Beck, A. T., Emery, G., & Greenberg, R. L. (1985). Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective. New York, NY: Basic Books.
8. Benyon, K., Hill, S., Zadurian, N., & Mallen, C. (2010). Coping strategies and self-efficacy as predictors of outcome in osteoarthritis: A systematic review. Musculoskeletal Care, 8, 224-236. doi:10.1002/msc.187
9. Borkovec, T. D. (1978). Self-efficacy: Cause or reflection of behavioral change? Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1, 163-170. doi:10.1016/0146-6402(78)90003-6
10. Brown, T. A., Di Nardo, P. A., Lehman, C. L., & Campbell, L. A. (2001). Reliability of DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders: Implications for the classification of emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 49-58. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.110.1.49
11. Campbell-Sills, L., & Barlow, D. H. (2007). Incorporating emotion regulation into conceptualizations and treatments of anxiety and mood disorders. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 542-559). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
12. Carthy, T., Horesh, N., Apter, A., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Patterns of emotional reactivity and regulation in children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32, 23-36. doi:10.1007/s10862- 009-9167-8
13. Clark, D. M. (2001). A cognitive perspective on social phobia. In W. R. Crozier & L. E. Alden (Eds.), International handbook of social anxiety (pp. 405-430). Chichester, England: Wiley.
14. Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., Fennell, M., Grey, N., . . . Wild, J. (2006). Cognitive therapy versus exposure and applied relaxation in social phobia: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 568-578. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.3.568
15. Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., McManus, F., Hackmann, A., Fennell, M., Campbell, H., . . . Louis, B. (2003). Cognitive therapy versus fluoxetine in generalized social phobia: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 1058-1067. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.71.6. 1058
16. Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. G. Heimberg, M. R. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope, & F. R. Schneier (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment (pp. 69-93). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
17. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
18. Côté, S., & Bouchard, S. (2009). Cognitive mechanisms underlying virtual reality exposure. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 12, 121-129. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2008.0008
19. Delsignore, A., Carraro, G., Mathier, F., Znoj, H., & Schnyder, U. (2008). Perceived responsibility for change as an outcome predictor in cognitive-behavioural group therapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47, 281-293. doi:10.1348/014466508X279486
20. DiNardo, P. A., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1994). Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: Lifetime version (ADIS-IV-L). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
21. Efron, B. (1971). Forcing a sequential experiment to be balanced. Biometrika, 58, 403-417. doi:10.1093/biomet/58.3.403
22. Fedoroff, I. C., & Taylor, S. (2001). Psychological and pharmacological treatments of social phobia: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 21, 311-324. doi:10.1097/00004714-200106000-00011
23. Fresco, D. M., Coles, M. E., Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M. R., Hami, S., Stein, M. B., . . . Goetz, D. (2001). The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale: A comparison of the psychometric properties of self-report and clinician-administered formats. Psychological Medicine, 31, 1025-1035. doi:10.1017/S0033291701004056
24. Gaudiano, B. A., & Herbert, J. D. (2007). Self-efficacy for social situations in adolescents with generalized social anxiety disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 35, 209-223. doi:10.1017/S1352465806003377
25. Goldin, P. R., Manber, T., Hakimi, S., Canli, T., & Gross, J. J. (2009). Neural bases of social anxiety disorder: Emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation during social and physical threat. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 170-180. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.525
26. Goldin, P. R., Manber-Ball, T., Werner, K., Heimberg, R., & Gross, J. J. (2009). Neural mechanisms of cognitive reappraisal of negative self-beliefs in social anxiety disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 66, 1091-1099. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.07.014
27. Gross, J. J. (Ed.). (2007). The handbook of emotion regulation. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
28. Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and wellbeing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348-362. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
29. Heimberg, R. G., Brozovich, F. A., & Rapee, R. M. (2010). A cognitivebehavioral model of social anxiety disorder: Update and extension. In S. G. Hofmann & P. M. DiBartolo (Eds.), Social anxiety: Clinical, developmental, and social perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 395-422). New York, NY: Academic Press.
30. Heimberg, R. G., Salzman, D. G., Holt, C. S., & Blendell, K. A. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral group treatment for social phobia: Effectiveness at five-year followup. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 17, 325-339. doi:0.1007/BF01177658
31. Hoffart, A., Borge, F. M., Sexton, H., & Clark, D. M. (2009). Change processes in residential cognitive and interpersonal psychotherapy for social phobia: A process-outcome study. Behavior Therapy, 40, 10-22. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2007.12.003
32. Hofmann, S. G. (2004). Cognitive mediation of treatment change in social phobia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 392-399. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.72.3.392
33. Hofmann, S. G. (2007). Cognitive factors that maintain social anxiety disorder: A comprehensive model and its treatment implications. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 36, 193-209. doi:10.1080/16506070701421313
34. Hope, D. A., Heimberg, R. G., Juster, H. R., & Turk, C. L. (2000). Managing social anxiety: A cognitive-behavioral approach. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
35. Hope, D. A., Heimberg, R. G., & Turk, C. L. (2006). Therapist guide for managing social anxiety: A cognitive-behavioral therapy approach. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
36. Hope, D. A., VanDyke, M., Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Fresco, D. M. (2001). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder: Therapist adherence scale. Available from Richard G. Heimberg, Adult Anxiety Clinic of Temple University, 1701 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122-6085.
37. Kadden, R. M., & Litt, M. D. (2011). The role of self-efficacy in the treatment of substance use disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 36, 1120-1126. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.07.032
38. Keller, M. B. (2003). The lifelong course of social anxiety disorder: A clinical perspective. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Supplement, 108, 85-94. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.108.s417.6.x
39. Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593-602. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
40. Kraemer, H. C., Kiernan, M., Essex, M., & Kupfer, D. J. (2008). How and why criteria defining moderators and mediators differ between the Baron & Kenny and MacArthur approaches. Health Psychology, 27, S101-S108. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.2(Suppl.).S101
41. Ledley, D. R., Heimberg, R. G., Hope, D. A., Hayes, S. A., Zaider, T. I., VanDyke, M., . . . Fresco, D. M. (2009). Efficacy of a manualized and workbook-driven individual treatment for social anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy, 40, 414-424. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2008.12.001
42. Liebowitz, M. R. (1987). Social phobia. Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry, 22, 141-173.
43. Mörtberg, E., Clark, D. M., Sundin, O., & Wistedt, A. (2007). Intensive group cognitive treatment and individual cognitive therapy vs. treatment as usual in social phobia: A randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 115, 142-154. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00839.x
44. Odgaard, E. C., & Fowler, R. L. (2010). Confidence intervals for effect sizes: Compliance and clinical significance in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 287-297. doi:2010-10440-0010.1037/a0019294
45. Otto, M. W., Pollack, M. H., Maki, K. M., Gould, R. A., Worthington, J. J., III, Smoller, J. W., . . . Rosenbaum, J. F. (2001). Childhood history of anxiety disorders among adults with social phobia: Rates, correlates, and comparisons with patients with panic disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 14, 209-213. doi:10.1002/da.1068
46. Pierce, C. A., Block, R. A., & Aguinis, H. (2004). Cautionary note on reporting eta-squared values from multifactor ANOVA designs. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64, 916-924. doi:10.1177/0013164404264848
47. Powers, M. B., Sigmarsson, S. R., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2008). A meta-analytic review of psychological treatments for social anxiety disorder. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 1, 94-113. doi: 10.1521/ijct.2008.1. 2.94
48. Rodebaugh, T. L. (2006). Self-efficacy and social behavior. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1831-1838. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.11.014
49. Rottmann, N., Dalton, S. O., Christensen, J., Frederiksen, K., & Johansen, C. (2010). Self-efficacy, adjustment style and well-being in breast cancer patients: A longitudinal study. Quality of Life Research, 19, 827-836. doi:10.1007/s11136-010-9653-1
50. Schnoll, R. A., Martinez, E., Tatum, K. L., Glass, M., Bernath, A., Ferris, D., . . . Reynolds, P. (2011). Increased self-efficacy to quit and perceived control over withdrawal symptoms predict smoking cessation following nicotine dependence treatment. Addictive Behaviors, 36, 144-147. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.08.024
51. Smits, J. A. J., Rosenfield, D., McDonald, R., & Telch, M. J. (2006). Cognitive mechanisms of social anxiety reduction: An examination of specificity and temporality. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 1203-1212. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.6.1203
52. Stangier, U., Heidenreich, T., Peitz, M., Lauterbach, W., & Clark, D. M. (2003). Cognitive therapy for social phobia: Individual versus group treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 991-1007. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00176-6
53. Steele, A. L., Bergin, J., & Wade, T. D. (2011). Self-efficacy as a robust predictor of outcome in guided self-help treatment for broadly defined bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 44, 389-396. doi:10.1002/eat.20830
54. Stein, M. B., & Kean, Y. M. (2000). Disability and quality of life in social phobia: Epidemiologic findings. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1606-1613. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1606
55. Stein, M. B., & Stein, D. J. (2008). Social anxiety disorder. The Lancet, 371, 1115-1125. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60488-2
56. Thomasson, P., & Psouni, E. (2010). Social anxiety and related social impairment are linked to self-efficacy and dysfunctional coping. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51, 171-178. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00731.x
57. Werner, K. H., Goldin, P. R., Ball, T. M., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Assessing emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder: The Emotion Regulation Interview. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33, 346-354. doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9225-x