Helping patients to reduce tobacco consumption in oncology: a narrative review

SpringerPlus

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2016, Pages

  Lucchiari, Claudio ^a   Masiero, Marianna ^a,b   Botturi, Andrea ^c   Pravettoni, Gabriella ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

^b EUROPEAN INSTITUTE OF ONCOLOGY   (Italy)

^c DEPARTMENT OF NEUROSURGERY   (Italy)

Author keywords

Cigarette smoking; Decision making; Oncology; Smoking cessation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84979207964     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21931801     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2798-9     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Anderson JE, Jorenby DE, Scott WJ, Fiore MC (2002) Treating tobacco use and dependence an evidence-based clinical practice guideline for tobacco cessation. CHEST J 121(3):932–941
2. Ark WV, DiNardo LJ, Oliver DS (1997) Factors affecting smoking cessation in patients with head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope 107(7):888–892
3. Arnett JJ (2000) Optimistic bias in adolescent and adult smokers and nonsmokers. Addict Behav 25(4):625–632
4. Balmford J, Borland R, Hammond D, Cummings KM (2011) Adherence to and reasons for premature discontinuation of stop-smoking medications: data from the ITC Four-Country Survey. Nicotine Tob Res 13(2):94–102
5. Baraldo S, Turato G, Saetta M (2012) Pathophysiology of the small airways in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 84(2):89–97
6. Barton MK (2015) Electronic cigarettes did not help patients with cancer stop smoking. CA Cancer J Clin 65(2):85–86
7. Bastian LA, Fish LJ, Peterson BL, Biddle AK, Garst J, Lyna P, McBride CM (2013) Assessment of the impact of adjunctive proactive telephone counseling to promote smoking cessation among lung cancer patients’ social networks. Am J Health Promot 27(3):181–190
8. Blalock JA, Lam C, Minnix JA, Karam-Hage M, Gritz ER, Robinson JD, Cinciripini PM (2011) The effect of mood, anxiety, and alcohol use disorders on smoking cessation in cancer patients. J Cogn Psychother 25(1):82–96
9. Bock BC, Becker B, Monteiro R, Partridge R, Fisher S, Spencer J (2001) Physician intervention and patient risk perception among smokers with acute respiratory illness in the emergency department. Prev Med 32:175–181
10. Borderud SP, Li Y, Burkhalter JE, Sheffer CE, Ostroff JS (2014) Electronic cigarette use among patients with cancer: characteristics of electronic cigarette users and their smoking cessation outcomes. Cancer 120:3527–3535. doi:10.1002/cncr.28811
11. Borrelli B, Hayes RB, Dunsiger S, Fava JL (2010) Risk perception and smoking behavior in medically ill smokers: a prospective study. Addiction 105(6):1100–1108
12. Brophy JM (2011) ACP journal club. Review: varenicline increases the risk of serious adverse cardiovascular events in tobacco users. Ann Intern Med 155:JC4–JC5
13. Bullen C, Howe C, Laugesen M et al (2013) Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet S1040–6736(13):61842–61845
14. Burris JL, Studts JL, DeRosa AP, Ostroff JS (2015) Systematic review of tobacco use after lung or head/neck cancer diagnosis: results and recommendations for future research. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 24(10):1450–1461
15. Cataldo JK, Dubey S, Prochaska JJ (2010) Smoking cessation: an integral part of lung cancer treatment. Oncology 78(5–6):289–301
16. Champassak SL, Goggin K, Finocchario-Kessler S, Farris M, Ehtesham M, Schoor R, Catley D (2014) A qualitative assessment of provider perspectives on smoking cessation counseling. J Eval Clin Pract 20(3):281–287
17. Chang G, John Orav E, McNamara T, Tong MY, Antin JH (2004) Depression, cigarette smoking, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation outcome. Cancer 101(4):782–789
18. Chapple A, Ziebland S, McPherson A (2004) Stigma, shame, and blame experienced by patients with lung cancer: a qualitative study. BMJ (International Edition) 328(7454):1470–1473
19. Cipolla C (2012) Early smoking reduction or cessation by means of no nicotine electronic cigarette added to standard, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01733706
20. Cooley ME, Sipples RL, Murphy M, Sarna L (2008) Smoking cessation and lung cancer: oncology nurses can make a difference. Semin Oncol Nurs 24(1):16–26
21. Cooley ME, Sarna L, Kotlerman J, Lukanich JM, Jaklitsch M, Green SB, Bueno R (2009) Smoking cessation is challenging even for patients recovering from lung cancer surgery with curative intent. Lung Cancer 66(2):218–225
22. Croghan G, Croghan I, Frost M, Sloan JA, Novotny PJ, Nelson MA (2005) Smoking cessation interventions and post-operative outcomes in esophageal and lung cancer patients. Society for research on nicotine and tobacco 11th annual meeting, 20–23
23. Cropley M, Theadom A, Pravettoni G, Webb G (2008) The effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions prior to surgery: a systematic review. Nicotine Tob Res 10(3):407–412
24. Cummings KM, Dresler CM, Field JK, Fox J, Gritz ER, Hanna NH, Zhou C (2014) E-cigarettes and cancer patients. J Thorac Oncol 9(4):438–441
25. Daniel M, Keefe FJ, Lyna P, Peterson B, Garst J, Kelley M, Bastian LA (2009) Persistent smoking after a diagnosis of lung cancer is associated with higher reported pain levels. J Pain 10(3):323–328
26. de Bruin-Visser JC, Ackerstaff AH, Rehorst H, Retèl VP, Hilgers FJM (2012) Integration of a smoking cessation program in the treatment protocol for patients with head and neck and lung cancer. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 269(2):659–665
27. Dresler CM, Bailey M, Roper CR, Patterson GA, Cooper JD (1996) Smoking cessation and lung cancer resection. Chest 110:1199–1202
28. Duffy SA, Louzon SA, Gritz ER (2012) Why do cancer patients smoke and what can providers do about it? Community Oncol 9(11):344
29. Ebbert JO, Wyatt KD, Hays JT, Klee EW, Hurt RD (2010) Varenicline for smoking cessation: efficacy, safety, and treatment recommendations. Patient Prefer Adherence 4:355
30. Ehlers S, Bronars C (2012) Effect of smoking on the outcomes of cancer patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Stem Cells Cancer Stem Cells 8:337–343
31. Ehlers SL, Gastineau DA, Patten CA, Decker PA, Rausch SM, Cerhan JR et al (2011) The impact of smoking on outcomes among patients undergoing hematopoietic SCT for the treatment of acute leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplant 46:285–290
32. Elfeddali I, Bolman C, Candel MJJ, Wiers RW, De Vries H (2012) The role of self-efficacy, recovery self-efficacy, and preparatory planning in predicting short-term smoking relapse. Br J Health Psychol 17(1):185–201
33. Emmons KM, Sprunck-Harrild K, Puleo E, de Moor J (2013) Provider advice about smoking cessation and pharmacotherapy among cancer survivors who smoke: practice guidelines are not translating. Transl Behav Med 3(2):211–217
34. Eng L, Su J, Qiu X, Palepu PR, Hon H, Fadhel E, Liu G (2014) Second-hand smoke as a predictor of smoking cessation among lung cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol 32(6):564–570
35. Etter JF, Bullen C (2011) Electronic cigarette: users profile, utilization, satisfaction and perceived efficacy. Addiction 106(11):2017–2028
36. Fagerström K, Eissenberg T (2012) Dependence on tobacco and nicotine products: a case for product-specific assessment. Nicotine Tob Res 14(11):1382–1390
37. Farsalinos KE, Polosa R (2014) Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review. Ther Adv Drug Saf 5(2):67–86
38. Ferguson SG, Gitchell JG, Shiffman S, Sembower MA, Rohay JM, Allen J (2011) Providing accurate safety information may increase a smoker’s willingness to use nicotine replacement therapy as part of a quit attempt. Addict Behav 36(7):713–716
39. Field M, Munafò MR, Franken IH (2009) A meta-analytic investigation of the relationship between attentional bias and subjective craving in substance abuse. Psychol Bull 135(4):589
40. Fiore MC, Bailey WC, Cohen SJ et al (2000) Treating tobacco use and dependence. A clinical practice guideline. US Department of Health and Human Services: AHRQ publication No. 00-0032, Rockville
41. Fiore M, Jean CR, Baker TB, Bailey WC, Benowitz NL, Curry SJ, Wers L (2008) Treating tobacco use and dependence: update 2008. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Public Health Service, Rockville
42. Gallus S, Muttarak R, Franchi M, Pacifici R, Colombo P, Boffetta P, La Vecchia C (2013) Why do smokers quit? Eur J Cancer Prev 22(1):96–101
43. Gandini S, Botteri E, Iodice S, Boniol M, Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, Boyle P (2008) Tobacco smoking and cancer: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 122(1):155–164
44. Garces YI, Schroeder DR, Nirelli LM, Croghan GA, Croghan IT, Foote RL, Hurt RD (2004) Tobacco use outcomes among patients with head and neck carcinoma treated for nicotine dependence. Cancer 101(1):116–124
45. Gill DL et al (2013) Physical activity and quality of life. J Prev Med Public Health 46(Suppl 1):S28–S34
46. Gonzales D, Rennard SI, Nides M, Oncken C, Azoulay S, Billing CB, Reeves KR (2006) Varenicline, an α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation. JAMA J Am Med Assoc 296(1):47–55
47. Griebel B, Wewers ME, Baker CA (1998) The effectiveness of a nurse-managed minimal smoking-cessation intervention among hospitalized patients with cancer. In: Oncology nursing forum, vol 25, no 5, pp 897–902
48. Gritz ER (1991) Smoking and smoking cessation in cancer patients. Br J Addict 86(5):549–554
49. Gritz ER, Demark-Wahnefried W (2009) Health behaviors influence cancer survival. J Clin Oncol 27(12):1930–1932
50. Gritz ER, Carr CR, Rapkin D, Abemayor E, Chang LJ, Wong WK, Chonkich G (1993) Predictors of long-term smoking cessation in head and neck cancer patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 2(3):261–270
51. Gritz ER, Dresler C, Sarna L (2005) Smoking, the missing drug interaction in clinical trials: ignoring the obvious. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 14(10):2287–2293
52. Gritz ER, Toll BA, Warren GW (2014) Tobacco use in the oncology setting: advancing clinical practice and research. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 23(1):3–9
53. Hawari FI, Obeidat NA, Ayub HS, Sattam S, Dawahrah SFH (2013) Smoking cessation treatment and outcomes in medium to heavy cigarette smokers being treated for cancer in Jordan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 14(11):6875–6881
54. Hoogendoorn M, Feenstra TL, Hoogenveen RT, Rutten-van Molken MP (2010) Long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 65(8):711–718
55. Hurt RD, Ebbert JO, Hays JT, McFadden DD (2009) Treating tobacco dependence in a medical setting. CA Cancer J Clin 59(5):314–326
56. Husten CG (2009) How should we define light or intermittent smoking? Does it matter? Nicot Tob Res ntp010
57. Issa JS, Abe TO, Moura S, Santos PC, Pereira AC (2013) Effectiveness of coadministration of varenicline, bupropion, and serotonin reuptake inhibitors in a smoking cessation program in the real-life setting. Nicotine Tob Res 15(6):1146–1150
58. Jorenby DE, Hays JT, Rigotti NA, Azoulay S, Watsky EJ, Williams KE, Reeves KR (2006) Efficacy of varenicline, an α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs placebo or sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation. JAMA J Am Med Assoc 296(1):56–63
59. Khullar D, Schroeder SA, Maa J (2013) Helping smokers quit around the time of surgery. JAMA 309(10):993–994
60. Klemp I, Steffenssen M, Bakholdt V, Thygesen T, Sørensen JA (2016) Counseling is effective for smoking cessation in head and neck cancer patients—a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg
61. Klosky JL, Tyc VL, Garces-Webb DM, Buscemi J, Klesges RC, Hudson MM (2007) Emerging issues in smoking among adolescent and adult cancer survivors. Cancer 110(11):2408–2419
62. Krebber AMH, Buffart LM, Kleijn G, Riepma IC, Bree R, Leemans CR, Verdonck-de Leeuw IM (2014) Prevalence of depression in cancer patients: a meta-analysis of diagnostic interviews and self-report instruments. Psycho Oncol 23(2):121–130
63. Lancaster T, Stead LF (2005) Self-help interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:3
64. Land SR, Cronin WM, Wickerham DL, Costantino JP, Christian NJ, Klein WM, Ganz PA (2011) Cigarette smoking, obesity, physical activity, and alcohol use as predictors of chemoprevention adherence in the national surgical adjuvant breast and bowel project p-1 breast cancer prevention trial. Cancer Prev Res 4(9):1393–1400
65. Lichtenstein E, Glasgow RE, Lando HA, Ossip-Klein DJ, Boles SM (1996) Telephone counseling for smoking cessation: rationales and meta-analytic review of evidence. Health Educ Res 11(2):243–257
66. Lucchiari C, Masiero M, Pravettoni G (2013) Cognitive approach to nutrition in a patient-centered approach: implementing tailored nutrition advice for oncology patients. Eur J Person Centered Healthc 1(1):265–273
67. Lucchiari C, Masiero M, Veronesi G, Maisonneuve P, Spina S, Jemos C, Omodeo Salè E, Pravettoni G (2016) Benefits of E-cigarettes among heavy smokers undergoing a lung cancer screening program: randomized controlled trial protocol. JMIR Res Prot 5(1):e21. doi:10.2196/resprot.4805
68. Marks DI, Ballen K, Logan BR, Wang Z, Sobocinski KA, Bacigalupo A et al (2009) The effect of smoking on allogeneic transplant outcomes. Biol Blood Marrow Transpl 15:1277–1287
69. Martinez E, Tatum KL, Weber DM, Kuzla N, Pendley A, Campbell K, Schnoll RA (2009) Issues related to implementing a smoking cessation clinical trial for cancer patients. Cancer Causes Control 20(1):97–104
70. Masiero M, Lucchiari C, Pravettoni G (2015) Personal fable: optimistic bias in cigarette smokers. Int J High Risk Behav Addict 4(1):e20939
71. May S, West R (2000) Do social support interventions (“buddy systems”) aid smoking cessation? A review. Tob Control 9(4):415–422
72. Mazza R, Lina M, Boffi R, Invernizzi G, De Marco C, Pierotti M (2010) Taking care of smoker cancer patients: a review and some recommendations. Ann Oncol mdp599
73. McBride CM, Ostroff JS (2003) Teachable moments for promoting smoking cessation: the context of cancer care and survivorship. Cancer Control 10(4):325–333
74. McClave AK, Dube SR, Strine TW, Kroenke K, Caraballo RS, Mokdad AH (2009) Associations between smoking cessation and anxiety and depression among US adults. Addict Behav 34(6):491–497
75. Meenan RT, Stevens VJ, Hornbrook MC, La Chance P, Glasgow RE, Hollis JF, Lichtenstein E, Vogt TM (1998) Cost-effectiveness of a hospital-based smoking cessation intervention. Med Care 36(5):670–678
76. Milbury K, Badr H, Carmack CL (2012) The role of blame in the psychosocial adjustment of couples coping with lung cancer. Ann Behav Med 44(3):331–340
77. Mills EJ, Wu P, Lockhart I, Thorlund K, Puhan M, Ebbert JO (2012) Comparisons of high-dose and combination nicotine replacement therapy, varenicline, and bupropion for smoking cessation: a systematic review and multiple treatment meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 44:588–597
78. Morgan G, Schnoll RA, Alfano CM, Evans SE, Goldstein A, Ostroff J, Cox LS (2011) National cancer institute conference on treating tobacco dependence at cancer centers. J Oncol Pract 7(3):178–182
79. Nayan S, Gupta MK, Sommer DD (2011) Evaluating smoking cessation interventions and cessation rates in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ISRN Oncol
80. NCCN (2015) Clinical practice guidelines in oncology: smoking cessation, version I. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw 13(4):xliv
81. Nides M (2008) Update on pharmacologic options for smoking cessation treatment. Am J Med 121(4):S20–S31
82. Ostroff JS, Burkhalter JE, Cinciripini PM, Li Y, Shiyko MP, Lam CY, Manna R (2013) Randomized trial of a presurgical scheduled reduced smoking intervention for patients newly diagnosed with cancer
83. Park EW, Schultz JK, Tudiver F, Campbell T, Becker L (2004) Enhancing partner support to improve smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3
84. Park ER, Japuntich S, Temel J, Lanuti M, Pandiscio J, Hilgenberg J, Rigotti NA (2011) A smoking cessation intervention for thoracic surgery and oncology clinics: a pilot trial. J Thorac Oncol 6(6):1059
85. Pepper JK, Emery SL, Ribisl KM, Rini CM, Brewer NT (2014) How risky is it to use e-cigarettes? Smokers’ beliefs about their health risks from using novel and traditional tobacco products. J Behav Med 1–9
86. Pravettoni G, Masiero M, Gorini A, Lucchiari C (2012) Food choice and smoking behavior: a crossroads in youth. In: Food consumption, communication, life styles and fashion/[a cura di] M. Bustreo, V. Russo.—Milano Qanat 274–290
87. Price S, Hitsman B, Veluz‐Wilkins A, Blazekovic S, Brubaker TR, Leone F, Patel J (2016) The use of varenicline to treat nicotine dependence among patients with cancer. Psycho Oncol
88. Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC (1983) Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: toward an integrative model of change. J Consult Clin Psychol 51(3):390
89. Prochaska JJ, Hilton JF (2012). Risk of cardiovascular serious adverse events associated with varenicline use for tobacco cessation: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Br Med J 344
90. Rigotti NA, Munafo MR, Stead LF (2008) Smoking cessation interventions for hospitalized smokers: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 168(18):1950–1960
91. Sanderson-Cox L, Sloan JA, Patten CA et al (2002) Smoking behavior of 226 patients with diagnosis of stage IIIA/IIIB non-small cell lung cancer. Psychooncology 11:472–478
92. Schnoll RA, Malstrom M, James C, Rothman RL, Miller SM, Ridge JA, Goldberg M (2002) Correlates of tobacco use among smokers and recent quitters diagnosed with cancer. Patient Educ Couns 46(2):137–145
93. Schnoll RA, Zhang B, Rue M, Krook JE, Spears WT, Marcus AC, Engstrom PF (2003) Brief physician-initiated quit-smoking strategies for clinical oncology settings: a trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 21(2):355–365
94. Schnoll RA, Rothman RL, Newman H, Lerman C, Miller SM, Movsas B, Cheng J (2004) Characteristics of cancer patients entering a smoking cessation program and correlates of quit motivation: implications for the development of tobacco control programs for cancer patients. Psycho Oncol 13(5):346–358
95. Schnoll RA, Rothman RL, Wielt DB, Pedri H, Wang H, Babb J, Lerman C (2005) A randomized pilot study of cognitive-behavioral therapy versus basic health education for smoking cessation among cancer patients. Ann Behav Med 30(1):1–11
96. Schnoll RA, Martinez E, Tatum KL, Weber DM, Kuzla N, Glass M, Leone F (2010) A bupropion smoking cessation clinical trial for cancer patients. Cancer Causes Control 21(6):811–820
97. Shin DW, Park JH, Kim SY, Park EW, Yang HK, Ahn E, Seo HG (2014) Guilt, censure, and concealment of active smoking status among cancer patients and family members after diagnosis: a nationwide study. Psycho Oncol 23(5):585–591
98. Slovic P, Finucane ML, Peters E, MacGregor DG (2004) Risk as analysis and risk as feelings: some thoughts about affect, reason, risk, and rationality. Risk Anal 24(2):311–322
99. Song F, Raftery J, Aveyard P, Hyde C, Barton P, Woolacott N (2002) Cost-effectiveness of pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: a literature review and a decision analytic analysis. Med Decis Making 22(5 suppl):S26–S37
100. Spek V, Lemmens F, Chatrou M, van Kempen S, Pouwer F, Pop V (2013) Development of a smoking abstinence self-efficacy questionnaire. Int J Behav Med 1–6
101. Stanislaw AE, Wewers ME (1994) A smoking cessation intervention with hospitalized surgical cancer patients: a pilot study. Cancer Nurs 17(2):81–86
102. Stead LF, Perera R, Lancaster T (2006) Telephone counselling for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD002850
103. Stead LF, Perera R, Bullen C, Mant D, Lancaster T (2008) Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:1
104. Tammemägi MC, Berg CD, Riley TL, Cunningham CR, Taylor KL (2014) Impact of lung cancer screening results on smoking cessation. J Natl Cancer Inst 106(6):dju084
105. Thomsen T, Villebro N, Møller AM (2010) Interventions for preoperative smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7:CD002294
106. Thomsen T, Tønnesen H, Okholm M, Kroman N, Maibom A, Sauerberg ML, Møller AM (2010b) Brief smoking cessation intervention in relation to breast cancer surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Nicotine Tob Res 12(11):1118–1124
107. Toll BA, Brandon TH, Gritz ER et al (2013) Assessing tobacco use by cancer patients and facilitating cessation: an American Association for Cancer Research policy statement. Clin Cancer Res 19:1941–1948
108. Tzelepis F, Paul CL, Wiggers J, Walsh RA, Knight J, Duncan SL, Daly J (2011) A randomized controlled trial of proactive telephone counseling on cold-called smokers’ cessation rates. Tob Control 20(1):40–46
109. Vaidya V, Hufstader-Gabriel M, Gangan N, Shah S, Bechtol R (2014) Utilization of smoking-cessation pharmacotherapy among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer patients. Curr Med Res Opin 30(6):1043–1050
110. Videtic GM, Stitt LW, Dar AR, Kocha WI, Tomiak AT, Truong PT, Edward WY (2003) Continued cigarette smoking by patients receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer is associated with decreased survival. J Clin Oncol 21(8):1544–1549
111. Wagener TL, Siegel M, Borrelli B (2012) Electronic cigarettes: achieving a balanced perspective. Addiction 107(9):1545–1548
112. Wakefield M, Olver I, Whitford H, Rosenfeld E (2004) Motivational interviewing as a smoking cessation intervention for patients with cancer: randomized controlled trial. Nurs Res 53(6):396–405
113. Walker MS, Larsen RJ, Zona DM, Govindan R, Fisher EB (2004) Smoking urges and relapse among lung cancer patients: findings from a preliminary retrospective study. Prev Med 39(3):449–457
114. Walker MS, Vidrine DJ, Gritz ER, Larsen RJ, Yan Y, Govindan R, Fisher EB (2006) Smoking relapse during the first year after treatment for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 15(12):2370–2377
115. Waller LL, Weaver KE, Petty WJ, Miller AA (2010) Effects of continued tobacco use during treatment of lung cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 10(10):1569–1575
116. Warren GW, Marshall JR, Cummings KM, Toll B, Gritz ER, Hutson A, Dibaj S, Herbst R, Dresler C (2013) Practice patterns and perceptions of thoracic oncology providers on tobacco use and cessation in cancer patients. J Thorac Oncol 8(5):543
117. Weaver KE, Danhauer SC, Tooze JA, Blackstock AW, Spangler J, Thomas L, Sutfin EL (2012) Smoking cessation counseling beliefs and behaviors of outpatient oncology providers. Oncologist 17(3):455–462
118. Weinstein ND (1989) Optimistic biases about personal risks. Science 246(4935):1232–1233
119. Weinstein ND, Marcus SE, Moser RP (2005) Smokers’ unrealistic optimism about their risk. Tob Control 14(1):55–59
120. Westmaas JL, Newton CC, Stevens VL, Flanders WD, Gapstur SM, Jacobs EJ (2015) Does a recent cancer diagnosis predict smoking cessation? an analysis from a large prospective US cohort. J Clin Oncol 33(15):1647–1652
121. WHO (2011) Report on the global tobacco epidemic: warning about the dangers of tobacco
122. Zevallos JP, Mallen MJ, Lam CY, Karam-Hage M, Blalock J, Wetter DW, Cinciripini PM (2009) Complications of radiotherapy in laryngopharyngeal cancer. Cancer 115(19):4636–4644
123. Zhang J, Kamdar O, Le W, Rosen GD, Upadhyay D (2009) Nicotine induces resistance to chemotherapy by modulating mitochondrial signaling in lung cancer. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 40(2):135
124. Zwar N, Richmond R, Borland R, Peters M, Litt J, Bell J, Caldwell B, Ferretter I (2011) Supporting smoking cessation: a guide for health professionals. The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, Melbourne