The lacrimal functional unit

Dry Eye and Ocular Surface Disorders

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 11-39

  Beuerman, Roger W ^a,b   Mircheff, Austin ^c   Pflugfelder, Stephen C ^d   Stern, Michael E ^e  

^a LSU EYE CENTER   (United States)

^b SINGAPORE EYE RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Singapore)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e ALLERGAN INC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84978644544     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (108)

1. Stern ME, Beuerman RW, Fox RI, Gao J, Mircheff AK, Pflugfelder SC. The pathology of dry eye: the interaction between the ocular surface and lacrimal glands. Cornea 1998; 17:584-589.
2. Beuerman RW, Tanelian DL. Corneal pain evoked by thermal stimulation. Pain 1979; 1:1-14.
3. van Bijsterveld OP, Kruize AA, Bleys RL. Central nervous system mechanisms in Sjogren’s syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87:128-130.
4. Roza AJ, Beuerman RW. Density and organization of free nerve endings in the corneal epithelium of the rabbit. Pain 1982; 4:105-120.
5. Schimmelpfennig B. Nerve structures in human central corneal epithelium. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1982; 218:14-20.
6. 2 esthesiometer. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999; 40:513-519.
7. Xu K, Yagi Y, Tsubota K. Decrease in corneal sensitivity and change in tear function in dry eye. Cornea 1996; 15:235-239.
8. Tanelian DL, Beuerman RW. Responses of rabbit corneal nociceptors to mechanical and thermal stimulation. Exp Neurol 1984; 84:165-178.
9. Kirch W, Horneber M, Tamm ER. Characterization of Meibomian gland innervation in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Anat Embryol (Berl) 1996; 193:365-375.
10. Chung CW, Tigges M, Stone RA. Peptidergic innervation of the primate meibomian gland. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996; 37:238-245.
11. Simons E, Smith PG. Sensory and autonomic innervation of the rat eyelid: neuronal origins and peptide phenotypes. J Chem Neuroanat 1994; 7:35-47.
12. Seifert P, Stuppi S, Spitznas M. Distribution pattern of nervous tissue and peptidergic nerve fibers in accessory lacrimal glands. Curr Eye Res 1997; 16:298-302.
13. Seifert P, Spitznas M. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) innervation of the human eyelid glands. Exp Eye Res 1999; 68:685-692.
14. Beuerman RW, Maitchouk DY, Varnell RJ, Pedroza-Schmidt L. Interactions between lacrimal function and the ocular surface. In: Kinoshita S, Ohashi Y, eds. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Meeting of the Kyoto Cornea Club. The Hague, The Netherlands: Kugler Publications; 1998:1-10.
15. Diebold Y, Rios JD, Hodges RR, Rawe I, Dartt DA. Presence of nerves and their receptors in mouse and human conjunctival goblet cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42:2270-2282.
16. Horikawa Y, Shatos MA, Hodges RR, Zoukhri D, Rios JD, Chang EL, et al. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by cholinergic agonists and EGF in human compared with rat cultured conjunctival goblet cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44:2535-2544.
17. Kaplan JG, Rosenberg R, Reinitz E, Buchbinder S, Schaumburg HH. Peripheral neuropathy in Sjogren’s syndrome. Muscle Nerve 1990; 13:570-579.
18. O’Leary CP, Willison HJ. The role of antiglycolipid antibodies in peripheral neuropathies. Curr Opin Neurol 2000; 13:583-588.
19. Kaltreider HB, Talal N. The neuropathy of Sjogren’s syndrome: trigeminal nerve involvement. Ann Intern Med 1969; 70:751-762.
20. Marfurt CF. The central projections of trigeminal primary afferent neurons in the cat as determined by the tranganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase. J Comp Neurol 1981; 203:785-798.
21. Marfurt CF, Echtenkamp SF. Central projections and trigeminal ganglion location of corneal afferent neurons in the monkey, Macaca fascicularis. J Comp Neurol 1988; 272:370-382.
22. Panneton WM, Burton H. Corneal and periocular representation within the trigeminal sensory complex in the cat studied with transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase. J Comp Neurol 1981; 199:327-344.
23. Luccarini P, Cadet R, Duale C, Woda A. Effects of lesions in the trigeminal oralis and caudalis subnuclei on different orofacial nociceptive responses in the rat. Brain Res 1998; 803:79-85.
24. Rossitch E Jr, Zeidman SM, Nashold BS Jr. Nucleus caudalis DREZ for facial pain due to cancer. Br J Neurosurg 1989; 3:45-49.
25. May PJ, Porter JD.The distribution of primary afferent terminals from the eyelids of macaque monkeys. Exp Brain Res 1998; 123:368-381.
26. Ando S, Tanaka O, Kuwabara S, Moritake K. Morphological changes of unmyelinated nerves in the cerebral arteries after removal of the pterygopalatine ganglion-an electron microscopic study. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1993; 33:280-284.
27. Motosugi H Graham L, Noblitt TW, Doyle NA, Quinlan WM, Li Y, et al. Distribution of neuropeptides in rat pterygopalatine ganglion: light and electron microscopic immunohistochemical studies. Arch Histol Cytol 1992; 55:513-524.
28. Segade LA, Quintanilla JS. Distribution of postganglionic parasympathetic fibers originating in the pterygopalatine ganglion in the maxillary and ophthalmic nerve branches of the trigeminal nerve; HRP and WGA-HRP study in the guinea pig. Brain Res 1990; 522:327-332.
29. Ten Tusscher MP, Klooster J, Baljet B, Van der Werf F, Vrensen GF. Pre- and postganglionic nerve fibres of the pterygopalatine ganglion and their allocation to the eyeball of rats. Brain Res 1990; 517:315-323.
30. Kuchiiwa S. Intraocular projections from the pterygopalatine ganglion in the cat. J Comp Neurol 1990; 300:301-308.
31. Gillette TE, Allansmith MR, Greiner JV, Janusz M. Histologic and immunohistologic comparison of main and accessory lacrimal tissue. Am J Ophthalmol 1980; 89:724-730.
32. Fullard RJ, Snyder C. Protein levels in nonstimulated and stimulated tears of human subjects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1990; 31:119-126.
33. Jones DT, Monroy D, Pflugfelder SC. A novel method of tear collection: comparison of glass capillary micropipettes with porous polyester rods. Cornea 1997; 16:450-458.
34. Jordan A, Baum J. Basic tear flow. Does it exist? Ophthalmology 1980; 87:920-930.
35. Dartt DA. Regulation of tear secretion. Adv Exp Med Biol 1994; 350:1-9.
36. Sullivan DA, Wickham LA, Rocha EM, Kelleher RS, Silveira LA, Toda I. Influence of gender, sex steroid hormones and the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in the structure and function of the lacrimal gland. Adv Exp Med Biol 1998; 438:11-42.
37. Nakamura M, Tada Y, Akaishi T, Nakata K. M3 muscarinic receptor mediates regulation of protein secretion in rabbit lacrimal gland. Curr Eye Res 1997; 16:614-619.
38. Hodges RR, Zoukhri D, Sergheraert C, Zieske JD, Dartt DA. Identification of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor subtypes in the lacrimal gland and their signal-transducing components. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997; 38:610-619.
39. q/11 couple vasoactive intestinal peptide and cholinergic stimulation to lacrimal secretion. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997; 38:1261-1270.
40. Hussain M, Singh J. Is VIP the putative non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic neurotransmitter controlling protein secretion in rat lacrimal glands?. Q J Exp Physiol 1988; 73:135-138.
41. Hodges RR, Dicker DM, Rose PE, Dartt DA. Alpha 1-adrenergic and cholinergic agonists use separate signal transduction pathways in lacrimal gland. Am J Physiol. 1992; 262:G1087-G1096.
42. Meneray MA, Fields TY. Adrenergic stimulation of lacrimal protein secretion is mediated by G(q/11)alpha and G(s)alpha. Current Eye Res 2000; 21:602-607.
43. 2+ from distinct intracellular pools in permeabilized lacrimal acinar cells. FEBS Lett 1995; 360:303-306.
44. Turner JT, Camden JM. Receptors for nucleotides and serotonin in rat lacrimal glands. FASEB J 2002; 16:A192.
45. Williams RM, Singh J, Sharkey KA. Innervation and mast cells of the rat exorbital gland: the effects of age. J Auton Nerv Sys 1994; 47:95-108.
46. Kuhn B, Schmid A, Hartneck C, Gudermann T, Schultz G. G proteins of the Gq family couple the H2 histamine receptor to phospholipase C. Molec Endocrinol 1996; 10:1697-1707.
47. Tepavcevic V, Hodges RR, Zoukhri D, Dartt DA. Signal transduction pathways used by EGF to stimulate protein secretion in rat lacrimal gland. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44:1075-1081.
48. Kanno H, Horikawa Y, Hodges RR, Zoukhri D, Shatos MA, Rios JD, et al. Cholinergic agonists transactivate EGFR and stimulate MAPK to induce goblet cell secretion. Am J Physiol 2003; 284:C988-C998.
49. Ota I, Zoukhri D, Hodges RR, Rios JD, Tepavcevic V, Raddassi I, Chen LL, Dartt DA. Alpha 1-adrenergic and cholinergic agonists activate MAPK by separate mechanisms to inhibit secretion in lacrimal gland. Am J Physiol 2003; 284:C168-C178.
50. i3 couple met-enkephalin to inhibition of lacrimal secretion. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998; 39:1339-1345.
51. Zoukhri D, Hodges RR, Sergheraert C, Toker A, Dartt DA. Lacrimal gland PKC isoforms are differentially involved in agonist-induced protein secretion. Am J Physiol 1997; 272:C263-C269.
52. Funaki H, Yamamoto T, Koyama Y, Kondo D, Yaoita E, Kawasaki K, et al. Localization and expression of AQP5 in cornea, serous salivary glands, and pulmonary epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 1998; 275:C1151-C1157.
53. Moore M, Ma T, Yang B, Verkman AS. Tear secretion by lacrimal glands in transgenic mice lacking water channels AQP1, AQP3, AQP4 and AQP5. Exp Eye Res 2000; 70:557-562
54. Lambert RW, Bradley ME, Mircheff AK. pH-sensitive anion exchanger in rat lacrimal acinar cells. Am J Physiol 1991; 260:G517-G523.
55. −channels on the luminal membrane of lacrimal acinar cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89:11229-11233.
56. +-ATPase in rabbit lacrimal acini. Curr Eye Res 1993; 12:539-551.
57. Gruber AD, Gandhi R, Pauli BU. The murine calcium-sensitive chloride channel (mCaCC) is widely expressed in secretory epithelia and other select tissues. Histochem Cell Biol 1998; 110:43-49.
58. Walcott B, Moore L, Birzgalis A, Claros N, Brink PR. A model of fluid secretion by the acinar cells of the mouse lacrimal gland. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002; 506:191-197.
59. Herzog V, Sies H, Miller F. Exocytosis in secretory cells of rat lacrimal gland. Peroxidase release from lobules and isolated cells upon cholinergic stimulation. J Cell Biol 1976; 70:692-706.
60. Sundermeier T, Matthews G, Brink PR, Walcott B. Calcium dependence of exocytosis in lacrimal gland acinar cells. Am J Physiol 2002; 282:C360-C365.
61. Zoukhri D, Hodges RR, Willert W, Dartt DA. Immunolocalization of lacrimal gland PKC isoforms. Effect of phorbol esters and cholinergic agonists on their cellular distribution. J Membrane Biol 1997; 157:169-175.
62. Wang Y, Jerdeva G, Yarber FA, da Costa SR, Xie J, Qian L, et al. Cytoplasmic dynein participates in apically-targeted stimulated secretory traffic in primary rabbit lacrimal acinar epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 2003; 116:2051-2065.
63. Farquhar MG. Membrane recycling in secretory cells: implications for traffic of products and specialized membrane within the Golgi complex. Meth Cell Biol 1981; 23:399-427.
64. Hamm-Alvarez SF, Da Costa S, Yang T, Gierow JP, Mircheff AK. Cholinergic stimulation of lacrimal acinar cells promotes redistribution of membrane-associated kinesin and the secretory enzyme, β-hexosaminidase, and activation of soluble kinesin. Exp Eye Res 1997; 64:141-156.
65. Mostov KE, Deitcher DL. Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor expressed in MDCK cells transcytoses IgA. Cell 1986; 46:613-621.
66. Xie J, Qian L, Wang Y, Rose CM, Yang, T, Nakamura T, et al. Novel biphasic traffic of endocytosed EGF to recycling and degradative compartments in lacrimal gland acinar cells. J Cell Physiol 2004; 199:108-125.
67. Schechter JE, Stevenson D, Chang D, Chang N, Pidgeon M, Nakamura T, et al. Growth of purified lacrimal acinar cells in Matrigel® raft cultures. Exp Eye Res 2002; 74:349-360.
68. Sullivan DA, Allansmith MR. The effect of aging on the secretory immune system of the eye. Immunology 1988; 63:403-410.
69. Vanaken H, Gerard RD, Verrijdt G, Haelens A, Rombauts W, Claessens F. Tissuespecific androgen responses in primary cultures of lacrimal epithelial cells studied by adenoviral gene transfer. J Steroid Biochem Molec Biol 2001; 78:319-328.
70. Li Q, Weng J, Mohan RR, Bennett GL, Schwall R, Wang ZF, et al. Hepatocyte growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor receptor in the lacrimal gland, tears, and cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996; 37:727-739.
71. Andoh Y, Shimura S, Swai T, Saski H, Takashima T, Shirato K. Morphometric analysis of secretory glands in Sjögren’s syndrome. Tohoku J Exp Med 1993; 146:1358-1362.
72. Zoukhri D, Kublin CL. Impaired neurotransmitter release from lacrimal and salivary gland nerves of a murine model of Sjögren’s syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42:925-932.
73. 1-adrenergic agonists is up-regulated in lacrimal and submandibular glands in a murine model of Sjögren’s syndrome. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1998; 89:134-140.
74. Zoukhri D, Hodges RR, Byon D, Kublin CL. Role of proinflammatory cytokines in the impaired lacrimation associated with autoimmune xerophthalmia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43:1429-1436.
75. Beroukas D, Goodfellow R, Hiscock J, Jonsson R, Gordon TP, Waterman, SA. Up-regulation of M3-muscarinic receptors in labial salivary gland acini in primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Lab Invest 2002; 82:203-210.
76. Konttinen YT, Hukkanen M, Kemppinen P, Segerberg M, Sorsa T, Malmstrom M, et al. Peptide-containing nerves in labial salivary glands in Sjögren’s syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1992; 35:815-820.
77. Santavirta N, Konttinen YT, Tornwall J, Segerberg M, Santavirta S, Matucci-Cerinic M, et al. Neuropeptides of the autonomic nervous system in Sjögren’s syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 1997; 56:737-740.
78. Dawson LJ, Field EA, Harmer AR, Smith, PM. Acetylcholine-evoked calcium mobilization and ion channel activation in human labial salivary gland acinar cells from patients with Sjögren’s syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 124:480-485.
79. Tornwall J, Konttinen YT, Tuominen RK, Tornwall M. Protein kinase C expression in salivary gland acinar epithelial cells in Sjögren’s syndrome. Lancet 1997; 349:1814-1815.
80. Humphreys-Beher MG, Brayer J, Yamachika S, Peck AB, Jonsson, R. An alternative perspective to the immune response in autoimmune exocrinopathy: functional quiescence rather than destructive autoaggression. Scand J Immunol 1999; 49:7-10.
81. Bacman S, Sterin-Borda L, Camusso JJ, Arana R, Hubscher O, Borda E. Circulating antibodies against rat parotid gland M3 muscarinic receptors in primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 1996; 104:454-459.
82. Bacman S, Perez Leiros C, Sterin-Borda L, Hubscher O, Arana R, Borda E. Autoantibodies against lacrimal gland M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999; 39:151-156.
83. Qian L, Xie J, Nakamura T, Mircheff AK. Chronic carbachol stimulation downregulates cholinergic response and alters endomembrane traffic in rabbit acinar cells. Abstract 3119, Assoc Res Vis Ophthalmol 2002.
84. Mircheff AK, Wang Y, Qian L, Rose CM, Nakamura T, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Chronic muscarinic receptor stimulation impairs constitutive-, regulated-, and recruitable secretory pathways and alters actin microfilament organization in lacrimal acinar cells. Abstract 2528, Assoc Res Vis Ophthalmol (2003).
85. Clark DA Lamey PJ, Jarrett RF, Onions DE. A model to study viral and cytokine involvement in Sjogren’s syndrome. Autoimmunity 1994; 18:7-14.
86. Casciola-Rosen LA, Anhalt G, Rosen A. Autoantigens targeted in systemic lupus erythematosus are clustered in two populations of surface structures on apoptotic keratinocytes. J Exp Med 1994; 179:1317-1330.
87. de Wilde PCM, Kater L, Bodeutsch C, van den Hoogen FHJ, van de Putte LBA, van Venrooij WJ. Aberrant expression pattern of the SS-B/La antigen in the labial salivary glands of patients with Sjögren’s syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39:782-791.
88. Nagaraju K, Cox A, Casciola-Rosen L, Rosen A. Novel fragments of the Sjogren’s syndrome autoantigens alpha-fodrin and type 3 muscarinic acetylcholiine receptor generated during cytotoxic lymphocyte granule-induced cell death. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44:2376-2386.
89. Azzarolo AM, Wood RL, Mircheff AK, Richters A, Olsen E, Berkowitz M, et al. Androgen influence on lacrimal gland apoptosis, necrosis, and lymphocytic infiltration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999; 40:592-602.
90. Azzarolo AM, Eihausen H, Schechter, J. Estrogen prevention of lacrimal gland cell death and lymphocytic infiltration. Exp Eye Res 2003; 77:347-54.
91. Gierow JP, Yang T, Bekmezian A, Liu N, Norian JM, Kim SA, et al. Na, K-ATPase in lacrimal gland acinar cell endosomal system. Correcting a case of mistaken identity. Am J Physiol 1996; 271:C1685-C1698.
92. Qian L, Yang T, Chen HS, Xie J, Zeng H, Warren DW, et al. Heterotrimeric GTPbinding proteins in the lacrimal acinar cell endomembrane system. Exp Eye Res 2002; 74:7-22.
93. Lambert RW, Maves CA, Gierow JP, Wood RL, Mircheff AK. Plasma membrane internalization and recycling in rabbit lacrimal acinar cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993; 34:305-316.
94. Liu SH, Prendergast RA, Silverstein AM. Experimental autoimmune dacryoadenitis. I. Lacrimal gland disease in the rat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1987; 28:270-275.
95. Liu SH, Zhou DH, Hess AD. Adoptive transfer of experimental autoimmune dacryoadenitis in susceptible and resistant mice. Cell Immunol 1993; 150:311-320.
96. Saegusa K, Ishimaru N, Yanagi K, Mishima K, Arakaki R, Suda T, et al. Prevention and induction of autoimmune exocrinopathy is dependent on pathogenic autoantigen cleavage in murine Sjögren’s syndrome. J Immunol 2002:169:1050-1057.
97. Helsloot J, Sturgess A. T cell reactivity to Sjögren’s syndrome related antigen La(SSB). J Rheumatol 1997; 24:2340-2347.
98. Davies ML, Taylor EJ, Gordon C, Young SP, Welsh K, Bunce M, et al. Candidate T cell epitopes of the human La/SSB autoantigen. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46:209-214.
99. Mircheff AK, Xie J, Qian L, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Diverse perturbations may alter the lacrimal acinar cell autoantigenic spectra. DNA Cell Biol 2002; 21:435-442.
100. Zhu J, Stevenson D, Schechter JE, Atkinson R, Mircheff AK, Trousdale MD. Lacrimal histopathology and ocular surface disease in a rabbit model of autoimmune dacryoadenitis. Cornea 2003; 22:25-32.
101. Guo Z, Azzarolo AM, Schechter JE, Warren DW, Wood RL, Mircheff AK, et al. Lacrimal gland epithelial cells stimulate proliferation in autologous lymphocyte preparations. Exp Eye Res 2000; 71:11-22.
102. Esteban, A. A neurophysiological approach to brainstem reflexes: blink reflex. Neurophysiol Clin 1999; 29:7-38.
103. Keifer J. In vitro eye-blink classical conditioning is NMDA receptor dependent and involves redistribution of AMPA receptor subunit GluR4. J Neurosci 2001; 21:2434-2441.
104. Millodot M, Owens H. The influence of age on the fragility of the cornea. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1984; 62:819-824.
105. Chow LT, Chow SS, Anderson RH, Gosling JA. Autonomic innervation of the human cardiac conduction system: changes from infancy to senility-an immunohistochemical and histochemical analysis. Anat Rec 2001; 264:169-182.
106. Bleys RL, Cowen T. Innervation of cerebral blood vessels: morphology, plasticity, age-related, and Alzheimer’s disease-related neurodegeneration. Microsc Res Tech 2001; 53:106-118.
107. Peshori KR, Schicatano EJ, Gopalaswamy R, Sahay E, Evinger C. Aging of the trigeminal blink system. Exp Brain Res 2001; 136:351-363.
108. Evinger C, Peshori KR, Sibony PA, Wittpenn J. “Blink oscillations” associated with dry eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997; 38:S117.