Doing with less: Hominin brain atrophy

HOMO

Volumn 65, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 433-449

  Bednarik, Robert G ^a  

^a International Federation of Rock Art Organizations (IFRAO)   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY; ANIMAL; ATROPHY; BRAIN; COGNITION; EVOLUTION; HOMINID; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE; MEMORY; ORGAN SIZE; PATHOLOGY;

ANIMALS; ATROPHY; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; BRAIN; COGNITION; HOMINIDAE; HUMANS; INTELLIGENCE; MEMORY; ORGAN SIZE;

EID: 84977818750     PISSN: 0018442X     EISSN: 16181301     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2014.06.001     Document Type: Article

References (180)

1. Adams F., Aizawa K. The bounds of cognition. Philos. Psychol. 2001, 14:43-64.
2. Adams F., Aizawa K. The Bounds of Cognition 2008, Blackwell Publishing, Malden.
3. Aizawa K., Adams F. Defending non-derived content. Philos. Psychol. 2005, 18:661-669.
4. Anati E. The origins of art. Museum 1981, 33:200-210.
5. Arensburg B., Schepartz L.A., Tillier A.-M., Vandermeersch B., Rak Y. A reappraisal of the anatomical basis for speech in the Middle Pleistocene hominids. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1990, 83:137-146.
6. Arensburg B., Tillier A.-M., Vandermeersch B., Duday H., Schepartz L.A., Rak Y. A Middle Palaeolithic human hyoid bone. Nature 1989, 338:758-760.
7. Bailey D.H., Geary D.C. Hominid brain evolution: testing climatic, ecological, and social competition models. Hum. Nat. 2009, 20:67-79.
8. Beals K.L., Smith C.L., Dodd S.M. Brain size, cranial morphology, climate and time machines. Curr. Anthropol. 1984, 25:301-330.
9. Beaumont P. Wonderwerk Cave. Archaeology in the Northern Cape: Some Key Sites 2004, 31-35. McGregor Museum, Kimberley. D. Morris, P. Beaumont (Eds.).
10. Beaumont P. Kathu Pan and Kathu Townlands/Uitkoms. Archaeology in the Northern Cape: Some Key Sites 2004, 50-53. McGregor Museum, Kimberley. D. Morris, P. Beaumont (Eds.).
11. Beaumont P.B. The edge: more on fire-making by about 1.7 million years ago at Wonderwerk Cave in South Africa. Curr. Anthropol. 2011, 52:585-595.
12. Beaumont P.B., Bednarik R.G. Tracing the emergence of palaeoart in sub-Saharan Africa. Rock Art Res. 2013, 30:33-54.
13. Bedi K.S., Bhide P.G. Effects of environmental diversity on brain morphology. Early Hum. Dev. 1988, 17:107-143.
14. Bednarik R.G. Engramme und Phosphene. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 1987, 112:223-235.
15. Bednarik R.G. Palaeoart and archaeological myths. Camb. Archaeol. J. 1992, 2:27-43.
16. Bednarik R.G. Palaeolithic art in India. Man Environ. 1993, 18:33-40.
17. Bednarik R.G. Concept-mediated marking in the Lower Palaeolithic. Curr. Anthropol. 1995, 36:605-634.
18. Bednarik R.G. The 'austrolopithecine' cobble from Makapansgat, South Africa. S. Afr. Archaeol. Bull. 1998, 53:4-8.
19. Bednarik R.G. The earliest evidence of palaeoart. Rock Art Res. 2003, 20:89-135.
20. Bednarik R.G. Middle Pleistocene beads and symbolism. Anthropos 2005, 100:537-552.
21. Bednarik R.G. Antiquity and authorship of the Chauvet rock art. Rock Art Res. 2007, 24:21-34.
22. Bednarik R.G. The domestication of humans. Anthropologie 2008, 46:1-17.
23. Bednarik R.G. The Human Condition 2011, Springer, New York.
24. Bednarik R.G. An aetiology of hominin behaviour. HOMO J. Comp. Hum. Biol. 2012, 63:319-335. 10.1016/j.jchb.2012.07.004.
25. Bennett E.L., Diamond M.C., Krech D., Rosenzweig M.R. Chemical and anatomical plasticity of brain. Science 1964, 146:610-619.
26. Bertone J. Equine Geriatric Medicine and Surgery 2006, W.B. Saunders, St Louis, MI.
27. Bickerton D. Language and Species 1990, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
28. Bickerton D. Language and Human Behaviour 1996, UCL Press, London.
29. Bickerton D. Adam's Tongue: How Humans Made Language. How Language Made Humans 2010, Hill and Wang, New York.
30. Block N. Review of Alva Noë. J. Philos. 2005, 102:259-272.
31. Boucher de Perthes J. Antiquités celtiques et antédiluviennes 1846, Treuttel et Wurtz, Paris.
32. Boyd R., Richerson P.J. The Origin and Evolution of Cultures 2005, Oxford University Press, New York.
33. Brace C.L. 'Popscience' versus understanding the emergence of the modern mind: review of origins of the modern mind: three stages in the evolution of culture and cognition, by Merlin Donald. Behav. Brain Sci. 1993, 16:750-751.
34. Brace C.L. Racialism and racist agendas: review of race, evolution and behavior: a life history perspective, by J. Philippe Rushton. Am. Anthropol. 1996, 98:176-177.
35. Brace C.L. An anthropological perspective on 'race' and intelligence: the non-clinal nature of human cognitive capabilities. J. Anthropol. Res. 1999, 55:245-264.
36. Brodmann K. Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues 1909, J.A. Barth, Leipzig.
37. Brown P. Pleistocene homogeneity and Holocene size reduction: the Australian human skeletal evidence. Archaeol. Phys. Anthropol. Ocean. 1987, 22:41-67.
38. Brown P. Recent human evolution in East Asia and Australasia. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 1992, 337:235-242.
39. Brown P., Maeda T. Post-Pleistocene diachronic change in east Asian facial skeletons: the size, shape and volume of the orbits. Anthropol. Sci. 2004, 112:29-40.
40. Carlson D.S. Temporal variation in prehistoric Nubian crania. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1976, 45:467-484.
41. Carruthers M. The Book of Memory 1990, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
42. Carruthers M. The Craft of Thought 1998, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
43. Chazan M., Ron H., Matmon A., Porat N., Goldberg P., Yates R., Avery M., Sumner A., Horwitz L.K. Radiometric dating of the Earlier Stone Age sequence in Excavation 1 at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa: preliminary results. J. Hum. Evol. 2008, 55:1-11.
44. Christian K.M., Thompson R.F. Long-term storage of an associative memory trace in the cerebellum. Behav. Neurosci. 2005, 119:256-537.
45. Coppinger R., Coppinger L. Dogs: A New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behaviour and Evolution 2001, Chicago University Press, Chicago.
46. Cummins R. Representations, Targets, and Attitudes 1996, MIT Press, Cambridge.
47. Cynx J., Clark S.J. Ethological foxes and cognitive hedgehogs. Behav. Brain Sci. 1993, 16:756-757.
48. Dart R.A. The bloodstone source of metallurgy. Sociedade Portuguesa de Anthropologia e Ethnologia (Trabalhos, Portugal) 1969, 21:119-129.
49. Dart R.A. The water-worn australopithecine pebble of many faces from Makapansgat. S. Afr. J. Sci. 1974, 70:167-169.
50. De Miguel C., Henneberg M. Variation in hominid brain size: how much is due to method?. HOMO J. Comp. Hum. Biol. 2001, 52:3-58.
51. d'Errico F. Palaeolithic lunar calendars: a case of wishful thinking?. Curr. Anthropol. 1989, 30:117-118.
52. d'Errico F., Nowell A. A new look at the Berekhat Ram figurine: implications for the origins of symbolism. Camb. Archaeol. J. 2000, 10:123-167.
53. d'Errico F., Villa P. Holes and grooves: the contribution of microscopy and taphonomy to the problem of art origins. J. Hum. Evol. 1997, 33:1-31.
54. De Veer M.W., Van Den Bos R. A critical review of methodology and interpretation of mirror self-recognition research in nonhuman primates. Anim. Behav. 1999, 58:459-468.
55. Donald M. Origins of the Modern Mind: Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition 1991, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
56. Donald M. On the evolution of representational capacities. Behav. Brain Sci. 1993, 16:775-785.
57. Donald M. A Mind So Rare: The Evolution of Human Consciousness 2001, W.W. Norton, New York.
58. Draganski B., Gaser C., Bush V., Schuierer G., Bogdahn U., May A. Changes in grey matter induced by training. Nature 2004, 427:311-312.
59. Dretske F. Knowledge and the Flow of Information 1981, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
60. Ebinger P. A cytoarchitectonic volumetric comparison of brain in wild and domestic sheep. Zeitschrift für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte 1974, 144:267-302.
61. Ebinger P. Domestication and plasticity of brain organization in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Brain Behav. Evol. 1995, 45:286-300.
62. Enard W., Przeworski M., Fisher S.E., Lai C.S., Wiebe V., Kitano T., Monaco A.P., Pääbo S. Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language. Nature 2002, 418:869-872.
63. Fairservice W.A. The Threshold of Civilization 1975, Scribner, New York.
64. Falk D. Comparative anatomy of the larynx in man and chimpanzee: implications for language in Neanderthal. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1975, 43:123-132.
65. Falk D. Hominid paleoneurology. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 1987, 16:13-30.
66. Falk D. Finding Our Tongues: Mothers, Infants and the Origins of Language 2009, Basic Books, New York.
67. Fodor J. A Theory of Content and Other Essays 1990, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
68. Gallup G.G. Chimpanzees: self recognition. Science 1970, 167:86-87.
69. Gallup G.G. Self-awareness and the evolution of social intelligence. Behav. Process. 1998, 42:239-247.
70. Gallup G.G., Anderson J.L., Shillito D.P. The mirror test. The Cognitive Animal: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives on Animal Cognition 2002, 325-333. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. M. Bekoff, C. Allen, G.M. Burghardt (Eds.).
71. Goody J. The Domestication of the Savage Mind 1977, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
72. Goren-Inbar N. A figurine from the Acheulian site of Berekhat Ram. Mi'Tekufat Ha'Even 1986, 19:7-12.
73. Goren-Inbar N., Lewy Z., Kislev M.E. The taphonomy of a bead-like fossil from the Acheulian of Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel. Rock Art Res. 1991, 8:83-87.
74. Gregory R.L. The Intelligent Eye 1970, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London.
75. Hare B., Wobber V., Wrangham R. The self-domestication hypothesis: evolution of bonobo psychology is due to selection against aggression. Anim. Behav. 2012, 83:573-585.
76. Hawks J., Wolpoff M.H. The accretion model of Neandertal evolution. Evolution 2001, 55:1474-1485.
77. Helvenston P.A. Differences between oral and literate cultures: what we can know about Upper Paleolithic minds. The Psychology of Human Behaviour 2013, 59-110. Nova Press, New York. R.G. Bednarik (Ed.).
78. Helvenston P.A., Bednarik R.G. Evolutionary origins of brain disorders in Homo sapiens sapiens. Brain Res. Rev. 2011, 3:113-139.
79. Hemmer H. Geographische Variation der Hirngrösse im Sus scrofa- und Sus verrucosus-Kreis (Beitrag zum Problem der Schweinedomestikation). Spixiana 1978, 1:309-320.
80. Hemmer H. Domestication: The Decline of Environmental Appreciation 1990, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New York. 2nd ed.
81. Henneberg M. Decrease of human skull size in the Holocene. Hum. Biol. 1988, 60:395-405.
82. Henneberg M. Brain size/body weight variability in Homo sapiens: consequences for interpreting hominid evolution. HOMO J. Comp. Hum. Biol. 1990, 39:121-130.
83. Henneberg M. The rate of human morphological microevolution and taxonomic diversity of hominids. Stud. Hist. Anthropol. 2004, 4(2006):49-59.
84. Henneberg M., Saniotis A. Evolutionary origins of human brain and spirituality. Anthrop. Anz. 2009, 67:427-438.
85. Henneberg M., Steyn M. Trends in cranial capacity and cranial index in Subsaharan Africa during the Holocene. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 1993, 5:473-479.
86. Herre W., Röhrs M. Haustiere - Zoologisch Gesehen 1990, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart. 2nd ed.
87. Heyes C.M. Theory of mind in nonhuman primates. Behav. Brain Sci. 1998, 21:101-134.
88. Hodgson D. Seeing the 'unseen': fragmented clues and the implicit in Palaeolithic art. Camb. Archaeol. J. 2003, 13:97-106.
89. Jerison H.J. Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence 1973, Academic Press, New York.
90. Handbook of Brain Connectivity 2007, Springer, Heidelberg. V.K. Jirsa, A.R. McIntosh (Eds.).
91. Joffe T.H. Social pressures have selected for an extended juvenile period in primates. J. Hum. Evol. 1997, 32:593-605.
92. Keenan J.P., Falk D., Gallup G.C. The Face in the Mirror: The Search for the Origins of Consciousness 2003, Harper Collins Publishers, New York.
93. Keller M.C., Miller G. Resolving the paradox of common, harmful, heritable mental disorders: which evolutionary genetic models work best?. Behav. Brain Sci. 2006, 29:385-452.
94. Krause J., Lalueza-Fox C., Orlando L., Enard W., Green R.E., Burbano H.A., Hublin J.-J., Hänni C., Fortea J., Rasilla M.de la, Bertranpetit J., Rosas A., Pääbo S. The derived FOXP2 variant of modern humans was shared with Neandertals. Curr. Biol. 2007, 17:1908-1912.
95. Kruska D. Domestikationsbedingte Hirngrößenveränderungen bei Säugetieren (insbesondere Tylopoden). Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 1980, 18:161-195.
96. Kruska D. Hirngrößenänderungen bei Tylopoden während der Stammesgeschichte und in der Domestikation. Verhandlugen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft 1982, 75:173-183.
97. Kruska D. How fast can total brain size change in mammals?. Journal für Hirnforschung 1987, 28:59-70.
98. Kruska D. Mammalian domestication and its effect on brain structure and behavior. Intelligence and Evolutionary Biology 1988, 211-250. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg. H.J. Jerison, I. Jerison (Eds.).
99. Kruska D. Gehirnveränderungen bei Säugetieren als Folge von Gefangenschaftshaltung?. Die Illusion der Arche Noah: Gefahren für die Arterhaltung durch Gefangenschaftszucht 1989, 87-105. Echo Verlag, Wiesbaden. E. Schneider, H. Oelke, H. Gross (Eds.).
100. Kruska D. The effect of domestication on brain size and composition in the mink (Mustela vison). J. Zool. 1996, 239:645-661.
101. Kruska D., Röhrs M. Comparative-quantitative investigations on brains of feral pigs from the Galapagos-Islands and of European domestic pigs. Zeitschrift für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte 1974, 144:61-73.
102. Laidler P.W. Dating evidence concerning the Middle Stone Ages and a Capsio-Wilton culture, in the south-east Cape. S. Afr. J. Sci. 1933, 30:530-542.
103. Laidler P.W. The archaeological and geological sequence in the Transkei and Ciskei. S. Afr. J. Sci. 1934, 31:535-546.
104. Lashley K.S. The behavioristic interpretation of consciousness. Psychol. Rev. 1923, 30. Part I, 237-272; Part II, 329-353.
105. Lashley K.S. Temporal variation in the function of the gyrus precentralis in primates. Am. J. Physiol. 1923, 65:585-602.
106. Lashley K.S. The theory that synaptic resistance is reduced by the passage of the nerve impulse. Psychol. Rev. 1924, 31:369-375.
107. Lashley K.S. Brain mechanisms and intelligence. Psychol. Rev. 1930, 37:1-24.
108. Lashley K.S. Studies in the Dynamics of Behavior 1932, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
109. Lashley K.S. The mechanism of vision: Part 12. Nervous structures concerned in the acquisition and retention of habits based on reactions to light. Comp. Psychol. Monogr. 1935, 11:43-79.
110. Lashley K.S. Studies of cerebral function in learning: loss of the maze habit after occipital lesions in blind rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 1943, 79:431-462.
111. Lashley K.S. In search of the engram. Society of Experimental Biology, Symposium, vol. 4 1950, 454-482.
112. Lee S.-H., Wolpoff M.H. The pattern of evolution in Pleistocene human brain size. Paleobiology 2003, 29:186-196.
113. Leigh S.R. Cranial capacity evolution in Homo erectus and early Homo sapiens. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1992, 87:1-14.
114. Lieberman P., Crelin E.S. On the speech of Neanderthal man. Linguist. Inq. 1971, 2:203-222.
115. Lieberman P., Crelin E.S., Klatt D.H. Phonetic ability and related anatomy of the newborn, adult human, Neanderthal man, and the chimpanzee. Am. Anthropol. 1972, 74:287-307.
116. Lieberman P., Laitman J.R., Reidenburg L.S., Gannon P.J. The anatomy, physiology, acoustics and perception of speech: essential elements in analysis of the evolution of human speech. J. Hum. Evol. 1992, 23:447-467.
117. Maguire E.A., Gadian D.G., Johnsrude I.S., Good C.D., Ashburner J., Frackowiak R.S.J., Frith C.D. Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2000, 97:4398-4403.
118. Malafouris L. The cognitive basis of material engagement: where brain, body and culture conflate. Rethinking Materiality: The Engagement of Mind With the Material World 2004, 53-62. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge. E. DeMarrais, C. Gosden, C. Renfrew (Eds.).
119. Mania D., Mania U. Deliberate engravings on bone artefacts of Homo erectus. Rock Art Res. 1988, 5:91-107.
120. McBrearty S., Brooks A.S. The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behaviour. J. Hum. Evol. 2000, 39:453-563.
121. McGrew W.C. The Cultured Chimpanzee 2004, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
122. McGrew W.C., Marchant L.F. Chimpanzee wears a knotted skin 'necklace'. Pan African News 1998, 5:8-9.
123. Menary R. Cognitive Integration: Mind and Cognition Unbounded 2007, Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire.
124. Miller G.M. The Mating Mind: How Mate Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature 2000, Doubleday, New York.
125. Mitchell R.W. Mental models of mirror-self-recognition: two theories. New Ideas Psychol. 1993, 11:295-325.
126. Mitchell R.W. Kinesthetic-visual matching and the self-concept as explanations of mirror-self-recognition. J. Theory Soc. Behav. 1997, 27:18-39.
127. Mitchell R.W. Subjectivity and self-recognition in animals. Handbook of Self and Identity 2002, 567-595. Guilford Press, New York. M.R. Leary, J.P. Tangney (Eds.).
128. Morin E., Laroulandie V. Presumed symbolic use of diurnal raptors by Neanderthals. PLoS ONE 2012, 7(3):e32856. 10.1371/journal.pone.0032856.
129. Mottl M. Die Repolust-Höhle bei Peggau (Steiermark) und ihre eiszeitlichen Bewohner. Archaeologica Austriaca 1951, 8:1-78.
130. Nishida T., Matsusaka T., McGrew W.C. Emergence, propagation or disappearance of novel behavioral patterns in the habituated chimpanzees of Mahale: a review. Primates 2009, 50:23-36.
131. O'Connell J.F., Hawkes K., Jones N.G.B. Grandmothering and the evolution of Homo erectus. J. Hum. Evol. 1999, 36:461-485.
132. Prestwich J. On the occurrence of flint-implements, associated with the remains of extinct mammalia, on undisturbed beds of a late geological period. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 1859, 10:50-59.
133. Previc F.H. The Dopaminergic Mind in Human Evolution and History 2009, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
134. Price E.O. Animal Domestication and Behavior 2002, CABI Publishing, New York.
135. Prinz J. Putting the brakes on enactive perception. Psyche (Stuttg) 2006, 12:1-19.
136. Protsch von Zieten R.R.R. The Dating of Upper-Pleistocene Subsaharan Fossil Hominids and Their Place in Human Evolution: With Morphological and Archaeological Implications 1973, (PhD Thesis), University of California, Los Angeles.
137. Protsch R. The absolute dating of Upper Pleistocene sub-Saharan fossil hominids and their place in human evolution. J. Hum. Evol. 1975, 4:297-322.
138. Raynal J.-P., Séguy R. Os incisé acheuléen de Sainte-Anne 1 (Polignac, Haute-Loire). Revue archéologique du Centre de la France 1986, 25:79-80.
139. Richerson P.J., Boyd R. Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution 2005, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
140. Rigaud S. Révision critique des Porosphaera globularis interprétées comme éléments de parure acheuléens 2006-2007, (MA Thesis), Université Bordeaux 1, Bordeaux.
141. Rigaud S., d'Errico F., Vanhaeren M., Neumann C. Critical reassessment of putative Acheulean Prosphaere globularis beads. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2009, 36:25-34.
142. Rightmire G.P. Brain size and encephalization in early to mid-Pleistocene Homo. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2004, 124:109-123.
143. Rigollot M.-J. Mémoire sur les instruments en silex trouvés à Saint-Acheul, près Amiens 1854, Rapports géologiques et archéologiques, Amiens.
144. Rodríguez-Vidal J., d'Errico F., Pacheco F.G., Blasco R., Rosell J., Jennings R.P., et al. A rock engraving made by Neanderthals in Gibraltar. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2014, www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1411529111. 10.1073/pnas.1411529111.
145. Röhrs M., Ebinger P. Die Beurteilung von Hirngrössenunterschieden zwischen Wild- und Haustieren. Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 1978, 16:1-14.
146. Röhrs M., Ebinger P. Are zoo Przewalski horses domesticated horses?. Berliner und Münchener Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 1998, 111:273-280.
147. Röhrs M., Kruska D. The influence of domestication on the central nervous system and on the behaviour of the domestic pig. Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr. 1969, 75:514-518.
148. Ruff C.B., Trinkaus E., Holliday T.W. Body mass and encephalization in Pleistocene Homo. Nature 1997, 387:173-176.
149. Rupert R. Challenges to the hypothesis of extended cognition. J. Philos. 2004, 101:1-40.
150. Sadier B., Delannoy J.-J., Benedetti L., Bourlès D.L., Jaillet S., Geneste J.-M., Lebatard A.-E., Arnold M. Further constraints on the Chauvet Cave artwork elaboration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2012, 109:8002-8006. 10.1073/pnas.1118593109.
151. Sanjuan J., Tolosa A., Gonzalez J.C., Aguilar E.J., Perez-Tur J., Najera C., Molto M.D., Frutos R. Association between FOXP2 polymorphisms and schizophrenia with auditory hallucinations. Psychiatr. Genet. 2006, 16:67-72.
152. Searle J.R. The Construction of Social Reality 1995, Allen Lane, London.
153. Semendeferi K., Armstrong E., Schleicher A., Zilles K., Van Hoesen G.W. Prefrontal cortex in humans and apes: a comparative study of Area 10. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2001, 14:224-241.
154. Semon R. Die Mneme 1904, W. Engelmann, Leipzig.
155. Semon R. The Mneme 1921, George Allen & Unwin, London.
156. Shultz S., Dunbar R. Encephalization is not a universal macroevolutionary phenomenon in mammals but is associated with sociality. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2010, 107:21582-21586.
157. Smail L.M. On Deep History and the Brain 2007, University of California Press, Berkeley.
158. Smith W.G. Man the Primeval Savage: His Haunts and Relics From the Hill-Tops of Bedfordshire to Blackwall 1894, E. Stanford, London.
159. Sporns O. Networks of the Brain 2010, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
160. Steinmetz J.E., Lavond D.G., Ivkovich D., Logan C.G., Thompson R.F. Disruption of classical eyelid conditioning after cerebellar lesions: damage to a memory trace system or a simple performance deficit?. J. Neurosci. 1992, 12:4403-4426.
161. Steinmetz J.E., Logan C.G., Rosen D.J., Thompson J.K., Lavond D.G., Thompson R.F. Initial localization of the acoustic conditioned stimulus projection system to the cerebellum essential for classical eyelid conditioning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1987, 84:3531-3535.
162. Steinmetz J.E., Thompson R.F. Brain substrates of aversive classical conditioning. Neurobiology of Learning, Emotion and Affect 1991, 97-120. Raven Press, New York. J. Madden (Ed.).
163. Stuermer I.W., Plotz K., Wetzel W., Wagner T., Leybold A., Scheich H. Reduced brain size and faster auditory discrimination learning in laboratory gerbils compared to wild Mongolian gerbils (M. unguiculatus). Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 1997, 23:2067.
164. Swanson L.W. Brain Architecture 2003, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
165. Tobias P.V. The bearing of fossils and mitochondrial DNA on the evolution of modern humans, with a critique of the 'mitochondrial Eve' hypothesis. S. Afr. Archaeol. Bull. 1995, 50:155-167.
166. Thompson J.R. The allegory of the hammer and the nail gun and other unstable orthodoxies of 'modernity': possible pitfalls of 'behavioural modernity'. AURA Newslett. 2012, 29:3-12.
167. Thompson R.F. Foundations of Physiological Psychology 1967, Harper & Row, New York.
168. Thompson R.F. The neurobiology of learning and memory. Science 1986, 233:941-947.
169. Thompson R.F. Neural mechanisms of classical conditioning in mammals. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 1990, 329:161-170.
170. Thompson R.F., Berger T.W., Cegavske C.F., Patterson M.M., Roemer R.A., Teyler T.J., Young R.A. The search for the engram. Am. Psychol. 1976, 31:209-227.
171. Trut L.N. Early canid domestication: the farm-fox experiment. Am. Sci. 1999, 87:160-169.
172. Turk M., Dimkaroski L. Neanderthal flute from Divje babe I: old and new findings. Fragments of Ice Age Environments 2011, 251-265. Proceedings in honour of Ivan Turk's jubilee, Ljubljana. B. Toškan (Ed.).
173. Turk I., Dirjec J., Kavur B. Ali so v Sloveniji našli najstarejše glasbilo v Evropi?. Razprave IV razreda SAZU 1995, 36/12:287-293.
174. Van Gerven D.P., Armelagos G.J., Rohr A. Continuity and change in cranial morphology of three Nubian archaeological populations. Man 1977, 12:270-277.
175. Van Peer P., Fullager R., Stokes S., Bailey R.M., Moeyersons J., Steenhoudt F., Geerts A., Vanderbeken T., De Dapper N., Geus F. The Early to Middle Stone Age transition and the emergence of modern behaviour at site 8-B-11, Sai Island, Sudan. J. Hum. Evol. 2003, 45:187-193.
176. Vishnyatsky L.B. 'Running ahead of time' in the development of Palaeolithic industries. Antiquity 1994, 68:134-140.
177. 2. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 1970, 35:238-247.
178. Wyatt J. On some further discoveries of flint implements in the Gravel near Bedford. Q. J. Geol. Soc. 1862, 18:113-114.
179. Zhang J., Webb D.M., Podlaha O. Accelerated protein evolution and origins of human-specific features: FOXP2 as an example. Genetics 2002, 162:1825-1835.
180. Ziegert H. A new dawn for humanity: Lower Palaeolithic village life in Libya and Ethiopia. Minerva 2007, 18:8-9.