Middle Pleistocene beads and symbolism

Anthropos

Volumn 100, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 537-552

  Bednarik, Robert G ^a,b,c  

^a International Federation of Rock Art Organizations ^*

^b Australian Rock Art Research Association (AURA)   (Australia)

^c International Institute of Replicative Archaeology

Author keywords

Beads; Lower Palaeolithic; Middle Pleistocene; Palaeoart; Symbolism

Indexed keywords

EID: 23944478893     PISSN: 02579774     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5771/0257-9774-2005-2-537     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Aitchison, J. 1996 The Seeds of Speech. Language Origin and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2. Anderson, P. 1980 A Microwear Analysis of Selected Flint Artifacts from the Mousterian of Southwest France (Abstract). Lithic Technology 9/2: 33.
3. Anderson-Gerfaud, P. 1990 Aspects of Behaviour in the Middle Palaeolithic. Functional Analysis of Stone Tools from Southwest France. In P. Mellars (ed.), The Emergence of Modern Humans; pp. 389-418. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
4. Barham, L. S. 2002 Systematic Pigment Use in the Middle Pleistocene of South-Central Africa. Current Anthropology 43: 181-190.
5. Barinaga, M. 1992 "African Eve" Backers Beat a Retreat. Science 255:686-687.
6. Beaumont, P. 1992 The Time Depth of Aesthetic and Symbolic Behaviour in Southern Africa. [Paper presented to the Biennial Conference of the Southern African Association of Archaeologists, Johannesburg]
7. Bednarik, R. G. 1990 An Acheulian Haematite Pebble with Striations. Rock Art Research 7: 75.
8. 1992a Natural Line Markings on Palaeolithic Objects. Anthropologie 30: 233-240.
9. 1992b Palaeoart and Archaeological Myths. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2: 27-43.
10. 1993a About Palaeolithic Ostrich Eggshell in India. Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin 13: 34-43.
11. 1993b Palaeolithic Art in India. Man and Environment 18/2:33-40.
12. 1994a Art Origins. Anthropos 89: 169-180.
13. 1994b The Discrimination of Rock Markings. Rock Art Research 11: 23-44.
14. 1994c A Taphonomy of Palaeoart. Antiquity 68/258: 68-74.
15. 1995a Concept-Mediated Marking in the Lower Palaeolithic. Current Anthropology 36: 605-634.
16. 1995b Towards a Better Understanding of the Origins of Body Decoration. Anthropologie 33: 201-212.
17. 1995c Untertag-Bergbau im Pleistozän. Quartär 45/46: 161-175.
18. 1997a The Earliest Evidence of Ocean Navigation. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 26/3: 183-191.
19. 1997b The Origins of Navigation and Language. The Artefact 20: 16-56.
20. 1997c The Role of Pleistocene Beads in Documenting Hominid Cognition. Rock Art Research 14: 27-41.
21. 1998 The Australopithecine Cobble from Makapansgat, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 53: 4-8.
22. 1999a Determining the Maximum Capability of Palaeolithic Technologies. Praehistoria Thuringica 3: 80-97.
23. 1999b Maritime Navigation in the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (Earth and Planetary Sciences) (Paris) 328: 559-563.
24. 2003a The Earliest Evidence of Palaeoart. Rock Art Research 20: 89-135.
25. 2003b A Figurine from the African Acheulian. Current Anthropology 44: 405-413.
26. 2003c Seafaring in the Pleistocene. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 13: 41-66.
27. Belitzky, S., N. Goren-Inbar, and E. Werker 1991 A Middle Pleistocene Wooden Plank with Man-Made Polish. Journal of Human Evolution 20: 349-353.
28. Beyries, S. 1988 Functional Variability of Lithic Sets in the Middle Palaeolithic. In: H. L. Dibble and A. Montet-White (eds.), Upper Pleistocene Prehistory of Western Eurasia; pp. 213-223. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. (University Museum, Monograph, 54)
29. Bickerton, D. 1990 Language and Species. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
30. 1996 Language and Human Behaviour. London: UCL Press.
31. Boas, F. 1888 The Central Eskimo. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. [Reprinted 1964]
32. Boëda, E., J. Connan, D. Dessort, S. Muhesen, N. Mercier, H. Valladas, and N. Tisnérat 1996 Bitumen as a Hafting Material on Middle Palaeolithic Artefacts. Nature 380: 336-338.
33. Bosinski, G. 1985 Der Neanderthaler und seine Zeit. Köln: Rheinland-Verlag.
34. Boucher de Perthes, J. 1847-64 Antiquités celtiques et antédiluviennes. 3 vols. Paris: Treuttel et Wurtz.
35. Brookfield, J. F. Y. 1997 Importance of Ancestral DNA Ages. Nature 388: 134.
36. Crémades, M. 1996 L'expression graphique au paléolithique inférieur et moyen. L'exemple de l'Abri Suard (La Chaise-de-Vouthon, Charente). Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 93/4: 494-501.
37. Davidson, I. 1997 The Power of Pictures. In: M. W. Conkey, O. Soffer, D. Stratman, and N. G. Jablonski (eds.), Beyond Art. Pleistocene Image and Symbol; pp. 125-159. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences.
38. Davidson, L, and W. Noble 1989 The Archaeology of Perception. Traces of Depiction and Language. Current Anthropology 30: 125-155.
39. 1990 Tools, Humans, and Evolution. The Relevance of the Upper Palaeolithic. [Paper presented to the symposium "Tools, Language, and Intelligence. Evolutionary Implications," Cascais, Portugal]
40. 1992 Why the First Colonisation of the Australian Region Is the Earliest Evidence of Modern Human Behaviour. Archaeology in Oceania 27: 113-119.
41. d'Errico, F., and P. Villa 1997 Holes and Grooves. The Contribution of Microscopy and Taphonomy to the Problem of Art Origins. Journal of Human Evolution 33: 1-31.
42. Dunbar, R. 1996 Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language. London: Faber and Faber.
43. Foley, R., and M. M. Lahr 1997 Mode 3 Technologies and the Evolution of Modern Humans. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 1: 3-36.
44. Gamble, C. 1994 Timewalkers. The Prehistory of Global Colonization. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
45. Goren-Inbar, N. 1986 A Figurine from the Acheulian Site of Berekhat Ram. Mi'Tekufat Ha'Even 19: 7-12.
46. Goren-Inbar, N., Z. Lewy, and M. E. Kislev 1991 The Taphonomy of a Bead-Like Fossil from the Acheulian of Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel. Rock Art Research 8: 83-87.
47. Hayden, B. 1993 The Cultural Capacities of Neandertals. A Review and Re-Evaluation. Journal of Human Evolution 24: 113-146.
48. Howell, F. C. 1966 Observations on the Earlier Phases of the European Lower Paleolithic. American Anthropologist 68/2, 2:88-201. [Special Issue]
49. Howell, F. C., and L. G. Freeman 1982 Ambrona, an Early Stone Age Site in the Spanish Meseta. Anthroquest - L. S. B. Leakey Foundation News 22:11-13.
50. Jacob-Friesen, K. H. 1956 Eiszeitliche Elefantenjäger in der Lüneburger Heide. Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 3: 1-22.
51. Keeley, L. H. 1977 The Function of Paleolithic Flint Tools. Scientific American 237/5: 108-126.
52. 1980 Experimental Determination of Stone Tool Uses. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
53. Kroeber, A. L. 1900 The Eskimo of Smith Sound. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 12: 265-327.
54. Kumar, G. 1996 Daraki-Chattan. A Palaeolithic Cupule Site in India. Rock Art Research 13: 38-46.
55. Kumar, G., R. G. Bednarik, A. Watchman, R. G. Roberts, E. Lawson, and C. Patterson 2003 2002 Progress Report of the EIP Project. Rock Art Research 20: 70-71.
56. Leroi-Gourhan, A. 1982 The Archaeology of Lascaux Cave. Scientific American 246/6: 80-88.
57. Mania, D. 1999 125 000 Jahre Klima- und Umweltentwicklung im mittleren Elbe-Saale-Gebiet. Hercynia 32: 1-97.
58. Mania, D., and U. Mania 1988 Deliberate Engravings on Bone Artefacts of Homo erectus. Rock Art Research 5: 91-107.
59. Mania, D., und V. Toepfer 1973 Königsaue. Gliederung, Ökologie und mittelpaläolithische Funde der Letzten Eiszeit. Berlin: Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften.
60. Marshack, A. 1991 A Reply to Davidson on Mania and Mania. Rock Art Research 8: 47-58.
61. McBrearty, S. 2001 The Middle Pleistocene of East Africa. In: L. Barham and K. Robson-Brown (eds.), Human Roots. Africa and Asia in the Middle Pleistocene; pp. 81-92. Bristol: Western Academic and Specialist Press.
62. McBrearty, S., and A. S. Brooks 2000 The Revolution That Wasn't. A New Interpretation of the Origin of Modern Human Behavior. Journal of Human Evolution 39: 453-563.
63. Mottl, M. 1951 Die Repolust-Höhle bei Peggau (Steiermark) und ihre eiszeitlichen Bewohner. Archaeologia Austriaca 8:1-78.
64. Nadel, D., A. Danin, E. Werker, T. Schick, M. E. Kislev, and K. Stewart 1994 19,000-Year-Old Twisted Fibers from Ohalo II. Current Anthropology 35: 451-458.
65. Nelson, E. W. 1899 The Eskimo about Bering Strait. In: J. W. Powell (ed.), Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1896-97, Part 1; pp. 3-518. Washington: Government Printing Office.
66. Nestler, H. 1961 Spongien aus der weißen Schreibkreide (Unt. Maastricht) der Insel Rügen (Ostsee). Paläontologische Abhandlungen 1/1: 1-70.
67. Noble, W., and I. Davidson 1996 Human Evolution, Language, and Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
68. Oakley, K. P. 1981 Emergence of Higher Thought, 3.0-0.2 Ma B. P. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B292: 205-211.
69. Pennisi, E. 1999 Genetic Study Shakes up Out of Africa Theory. Science 283: 1828.
70. Peyrony, D. 1934 La Ferrassie. Préhistoire 3: 1-92.
71. Prestwich, J. 1859 On the Occurrence of Flint-Implements, Associated with the Remains of Extinct Mammalia, in Undisturbed Beds of a Late Geological Period. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 10: 50-59.
72. Pringle, H. 1997 Ice Age Communities May Be Earliest Known Net Hunters. Science 277: 1203-1204.
73. Smith, W. G. 1894 Man the Primeval Savage. London.
74. Strauss, E. 1999 Can Mitochondrial Clocks Keep Time? Science 283:1435-1438.
75. Templeton, A. R. 1993 The "Eve" Hypotheses. A Genetic Critique and Reanalysis. American Anthropologist 95: 51-72.
76. 1996 Gene Lineages and Human Evolution. Science 272:1363.
77. Thieme, H. 1995 Die altpaläolithischen Fundschichten Schöningen 12 (Reinsdorf-Interglazial). In: H. Thieme und R. Maier (Hrsg.), Archäologische Ausgrabungen im Braunkohlentagebau Schöningen, Landkreis Helmstedt; pp. 62-72. Hannover: Verlag Hahnsche Buchhandlung.
78. Tode, A. 1953 Einige archäologische Erkenntnisse aus der paläolithischen Freilandstation von Salzgitter-Lebenstedt. Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart 3: 192-215.
79. Wagner, E. 1990 Ökonomie und Ökologie in den altpaläolithischen Travertinfundstellen von Bad Cannstatt. Fundberichte aus Baden-Württemberg 15: 1-15.
80. Warner, C., and R. G. Bednarik 1996 Pleistocene Knotting. In: J.C. Turner and P. van de Griend (eds.), History and Science of Knots; pp. 3-18. Singapore: World Scientific.
81. Wendt, W. E. 1974-75 "Art mobilier" aus der Apollo 11-Grotte in SüdwestAfrika. Die ältesten datierten Kunstwerke Afrikas. Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica 5-6: 1-42.
82. White, R. 1989 Production Complexity and Standardization in Early Aurignacian Bead and Pendant Manufacture. Evolutionary Implications. In: P. Mellars and C. Stringer (eds.), The Human Revolution. Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans; pp. 366-390. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
83. 1992 Beyond Art. Toward an Understanding of the Origins of Material Representation in Europe. Annual Review of Anthropology 21: 537-564.
84. Woodhouse, H. C. 1997 Ostrich Eggshell Beads in Southern Africa. Rock Art Research 14: 41-43.
85. Wynn, T. 2002 Archaeology and Cognitive Evolution. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25/3: 389-438.
86. Wynn, T., and F. Coolidge 2003 The Role of Working Memory in the Evolution of Managed Foraging. Before Farming 2003/2 (1). http://www.waspress. co.uk/journals/beforefarming/journal_20032/abstracts/index.php