An anthropological perspective on "race" and intelligence: The non-clinal nature of human cognitive capabilities

Journal of Anthropological Research

Volumn 55, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 245-264

  Brace, C Loring ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040794422     PISSN: 00917710     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/jar.55.2.3631210     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Andrews, P., 1984, On the Characters that Define Homo erectus. Pp. 167-75 in The Early Evolution of Man (ed. by P. Andrews and J.L. Franzen). Senckenberg: Courier Forschungsinstitut.
2. Bar-Yosef, O., B. Vandermeersch, B. Arensburg, A. Belfer-Cohen, P. Goldberg, H. Laville, L. Meignen, Y. Rak, J.D. Speth, E. Tchernov, A-M. Tillier, and S. Weiner, 1992, The Excavations in Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel. Current Anthropology 33:497-550.
3. Bolick, C., 1996, The Affirmative Action Fraud: Can We Restore the American Civil Rights Vision? Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute.
4. Bowersock, G., 1996, Rescuing the Greeks. Review of Not Out of Africa, by M. Lefkowitz, and Black Athena Revisited, ed. by M. Lefkowitz and G.M. Rogers. New York Times Book Review, Feb. 25, pp. 6-7.
5. Brace, C.L., 1979, Krapina, "Classic" Neanderthals, and the Evolution of the European Face. Journal of Human Evolution 8:527-50.
6. Brace, C.L., 1995, The Stages of Human Evolution. 5th ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
7. Brace, C.L., 1996, A Four-Letter Word Called "Race." Pp. 106-41 in Race and Other Misadventures: Essays in Honor of Ashley Montagu in his Ninetieth Year (ed. by L.T. Reynolds and L. Lieberman). Dix Hills, N.Y.: General Hall Publishers.
8. Brace, C.L., 1998, The Anthropological Case for a Common Human Cognitive Condition. General Anthropology 5:1-4, 8.
9. Brace, C.L., and K.D. Hunt, 1990, A Non-Racial Craniofacial Perspective on Human Variation: A(ustralia) to Z(uni). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 82:341-60.
10. Brace, C.L., S.L. Smith, and K.D. Hunt, 1991, What Big Teeth You Had Grandma: Human Tooth Size, Past and Present. Pp. 33-57 in Advances in Dental Anthropology (ed. by M.A. Kelley and C.S. Larsen). New York: Wiley-Liss.
11. Brace, C.L., and O.P. Tracer, 1992, Craniofacial Continuity and Change: A Comparison of Late Pleistocene and Recent Europe and Asia. Pp. 439-71 in The Evolution and Dispersal of Modern Humans in Asia (ed. by T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, and T. Kimura). Tokyo: Hokusen-Sha.
12. Brace, C.L., O.P. Tracer, L.A. Yaroch, J. Robb, K. Brandt, and A.R. Nelson, 1993, Clines and Clusters Versus "Race": A Test in Ancient Egypt and the Case of a Death on the Nile. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 37:1-31.
13. Bronner, E., 1998, Study Strongly Supports Affirmative Action in Admissions to Elite Colleges. New York Times, Sept. 9, p. A24.
14. Brooks, A., D.M. Helgren, J.S. Cramer, A. Franklin, W. Hornyak, J.M. Keating, R.G. Klein, W.J. Rink, H. Schwarcz, J.N. Leith Smith, K. Stewart, N.E. Todd, J. Verniers, and J-E. Yellen, 1995, Dating and Context of Three Middle Stone Age Sites with Bone Points in the Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire. Science 268:548-53.
15. Cann, R., M. Stoneking, and A.C. Wilson, 1987, Mitochondrial DNA and Human Evolution. Nature 325:31-36.
16. Carrier, D.R., 1984, The Energetic Paradox of Human Running and Hominid Evolution. Current Anthropology 25:483-95.
17. Chadwick, D.H., 1998, Return of the Gray Wolf. National Geographic Magazine 193:72-99.
18. Chomsky, N., 1972, Language and Mind. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.
19. Clark, J.D., 1988, The Middle Stone Age in East Africa and the Beginnings of Regional Identity. Journal of World Prehistory 2:235-305.
20. Cohen, C., 1998, Issue is Fairness. New York Times, Sept. 13, p. WK20.
21. DeGusta, D., W.H. Gilbert, and S.P. Turner, 1999, Hypoglossal Canal Size and Hominid Speech. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96:1800-1804.
22. Diamond, J., 1989, The Great Leap Forward. Discover 10:50-60.
23. Fisher, R.A., 1930, The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
24. Foley, R., 1987, Another Unique Species: Patterns in Evolutionary Ecology. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
25. Gould, S.J., 1997, Unusual Unity. Natural History 106:20-23, 69-71.
26. Gould, S.J., and R.C. Lewontin, 1979, The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 205:581-98.
27. Groves, C.P., 1989, A Theory of Human and Primate Evolution. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
28. Groves, C.P., and V. Mazák, 1975, An Approach to the Taxonomy of the Hominidae: Gracile Villafranchian Hominids of Africa. Casopis pro Mineralogii a Geologii 20:225-46. Prague.
29. Herrnstein, R.J., and C. Murray, 1994, The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in America. New York: The Free Press.
30. Houghton, P., 1993, Neandertal Supralaryngeal Vocal Tract. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 90:139-46.
31. Houghton, P., 1996, People of the Great Ocean: Aspects of Human Biology of the Early Pacific. New York: Cambridge University Press.
32. Howells, W.W., 1973, Cranial Variation in Man: A Study of Multivariate Analysis of Patterns of Difference among Recent Human Populations. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 67. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
33. Howells, W.W., 1989, Skull Shapes and the Map: Craniometric Analyses in the Dispersion of Modern Homo. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 79. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
34. Howells, W.W., 1995, Who's Who in Skulls: Ethnic Identification of Crania from Measurements. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 82. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
35. Huntington, E., 1924, The Character of Races, as Influenced by Physical Environment, Natural Selection and Historical Development. New York: Scribner and Sons.
36. Jensen, A.R., 1980, Bias in Mental Testing. New York: The Free Press.
37. Jerison, H.J., 1991, Brain Size and the Evolution of Mind. Fifty-ninth James Arthur Lecture on the Evolution of the Human Brain, 1989. New York: American Museum of Natural History.
38. Jerrold, W., 1930, Introduction. Pp. xi-xviii in Candide or All for the Best (by F.M.A. Voltaire). New York: Tree and Jacobs.
39. Kay, R.F., M. Cartmill, and M. Balow, 1998, The Hypoglossal Canal and the Origin of Human Vocal Behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95:5417-19.
40. Ladd, J., 1997, Philosophical Reflections on Race and Racism. American Behavioral Scientist 41:212-22.
41. Leakey, R.E.F., and B.A. Wood, 1973, New Evidence of the Genus Homo from East Rudolf, Kenya, Part 2. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 39:355-68.
42. Lewontin, R., 1973, The Apportionment of Human Diversity. Evolutionary Biology 6:381-97.
43. Lieberman, D.E., and J.J. Shea, 1994, Behavioral Differences between Archaic and Modern Humans in the Levantine Mousterian. American Anthropologist 96:300-32.
44. Lieberman, P., 1975, On the Origins of Language: An Introduction to the Evolution of Human Speech. New York: Macmillan.
45. Lieberman, P., 1998, Eve Spoke: Human Language and Human Evolution. New York: Norton.
46. Livingstone, F.B., 1962, On the Non-Existence of Human Races. Current Anthropology 3:279.
47. Macdonald, D.W., 1992, The Velvet Claw: A Natural History of the Carnivores. London: BBC Books.
48. Matthew, W.D., 1930, The Phylogeny of Dogs. Journal of Mammalogy 11:117-38.
49. Mech, L.D., 1988, The Arctic World: Living with the Pack. Stillwater, Minn.: Voyageur Press.
50. Misra, V.D., 1977. Some Aspects of Indian Archaeology. Allahabad, India: Prabhat Prakashan.
51. Qiu, K., 1992, The Stone Industries of Homo sapiens from China. Pp. 363-72 in The Evolution and Dispersal of Modern Humans in Asia (ed. by T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, and T. Kimura). Tokyo: Hokusen-Sha.
52. Rightmire, G.P., 1990, The Evolution of Homo erectus: Comparative Anatomical Studies of an Extinct Human Species. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press.
53. Rushton, J.P., 1995, Race, Evolution, and Behavior: A Life History Perspective. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.
54. Schoetensack, O., 1908, Der Unterkiefer des Homo Heidelbergensis aus dem Sanden von Mauer bei Heidelberg: Ein Beitrag zur Paläontologie des Menschen. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann.
55. Shea, J.J. 1988, Spear Points from the Middle Palaeolithic of the Levant. Journal of Field Archaeology 15:441-50.
56. Shea, J.J., 1992, Lithic Microwear Analysis in Archaeology. Evolutionary Anthropology 1:143-50.
57. Stanley, S.M., 1996, Children of the Ice Age: How a Global Catastrophe Allowed Humans to Evolve. New York: W.H. Freeman.
58. Steinhart, P., 1995, The Company of Wolves. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
59. Straus, L.G., 1989, On Early Hominid Use of Fire. Current Anthropology 30:488-91.
60. Stringer, C., and C. Gamble, 1993, In Search of the Neanderthals: Solving the Puzzle of Human Origins. London: Thames and Hudson.
61. Stringer, C., and R. McKie, 1997, African Exodus: The Origins of Modern Humanity. New York: Henry Holt.
62. Tanaka, M., K. Sasaki, and M. Sagawa, 1995, Japanese Archaeology. Pp. 1-30 in An Introductory Bibliography for Japanese Studies, vol. 9. Tokyo: The Japan Foundation.
63. Tattersall, I., 1986, Species Recognition in Human Paleontology. Journal of Human Evolution 15:165-75.
64. Tattersall, I., 1997, Out of Africa Again...and Again? Scientific American 276:60-67.
65. Templeton, A.R., 1996, Gene Lineages and Human Evolution. Science 272:1363.
66. Thernstrom, S., and A. Thernstrom, 1997, America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible. New York: Simon and Schuster.
67. Tishkoff, S.A., E. Dietzsch, W. Speed, A.J. Pakstis, J.R. Kidd, K. Cheung, B. Bonné-Tamir, A.S. Santachiara-Benerecetti, P. Moral, M. Krings, S. Pääbo, E. Watson, N. Risch, T. Jenkins, and K.K. Kidd, 1996, Global Patterns of Linkage Disequilibrium at the CD4 Locus and Modern Human Origins. Science 271:1380-87.
68. Tobias, P.V., 1998, Evidence for the Early Beginnings of Spoken Language. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 8:72-78.
69. Tylor, E.B., 1871, Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Language, Art, and Custom. London: John Murray.
70. Walker, A., 1984, Extinction in Hominid Evolution Pp. 119-52 in Extinctions (ed. by M.H. Nitecki). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
71. Weidenreich, F., 1904, Die Bildung des Kinnes und Seine Angebliche Beziehung zur Sprache. Anatomischer Anzeiger 24:545-55.
72. Weidenreich, F., 1937, The Dentition of Sinanthropus pekinensis: A Comparative Odontography of the Hominids. Palaeontologia Sinica 101:1-180.
73. White, T.D., D.C. Johanson, and W.H. Kimbel, 1983, Australopithecus africanus: Its Phyletic Position Reconsidered. Pp. 721-80 in New Interpretations of Ape and Human Ancestry (ed. by R.L. Ciochon and R.S. Corruccini). New York: Plenum.
74. Wright, S., 1932, The Roles of Mutation, Inbreeding, Crossbreeding and Selection in Evolution. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Congress of Genetics 1:356-66.
75. Wright, S., 1943, Isolation by Distance. Genetics 28:114-38.
76. Wright, S., 1946, Isolation by Distance under Diverse Systems of Mating. Genetics 31:39-59.
77. Wright, S., 1948, On the Roles of Directed and Random Changes in Gene Frequency in the Genetics of Populations. Evolution 2:279-94.