Fluorides for preventing early tooth decay (demineralised lesions) during fixed brace treatment

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2019, Issue 11, 2019, Pages

  Benson, Philip E ^a   Parkin, Nicola ^a   Dyer, Fiona ^a   Millett, Declan T ^b   Germain, Peter ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK   (Ireland)

^c Lillyhall Business Centre   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINE FLUORIDE; DRUG CARRIER; FLUORIDE; GLASS; PLACEBO; RESIN; SODIUM FLUORIDE; STANNOUS FLUORIDE; TOOTH CEMENT; TOOTHPASTE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ANTICARIES AGENT; MOUTHWASH;

ADVERSE EVENT; CLINICAL OUTCOME; COCHRANE LIBRARY; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETER); DENTAL CARIES; DENTAL HEALTH; DENTIST; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG DOSAGE FORM COMPARISON; DRUG EFFICACY; ENAMEL; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; EXTERNAL VALIDITY; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; INTERNAL VALIDITY; INTERVENTION STUDY; META ANALYSIS; NAUSEA; NURSE; PARALLEL DESIGN; PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; STATISTICAL BIAS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TOOTH COLOR; ADVERSE DEVICE EFFECT; ORTHODONTIC BRACKET;

CARIOSTATIC AGENTS; DENTAL CARIES; FLUORIDES; HUMANS; MOUTHWASHES; ORTHODONTIC BRACKETS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 84977805280     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003809.pub4     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Benson PE, Alexander-Abt J, Cotter S, Dyer FMV, Fenesha F, Patel A, et al. Resin-modified glass ionomer cement vs composite for orthodontic bonding: a multicenter, single-blind, randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2019;155(1):10-8. x-wiley/crsRef/12252740
2. He WD, Liu YZ, Xu YY, Chen D. Study on application of CPP-ACP on tooth mineralization during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliance. Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue 2010;19(2):140-3. x-wiley/crsRef/12252742
3. Jiang H, Hua F, Yao L, Tai B, Du M. Effect of 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride foam on white spot lesions in orthodontic patients: a randomised trial. Pediatric Dentistry 2013;35(3):275-8. x-wiley/crsRef/12252744
4. Jost-Brinkman PG, Redlich M, Klasser M, Egger-Heigold B. Prevention of incipient carious lesions (white spot lesions) in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances following the application of elmex® gel. GCP Study Report 2017. x-wiley/crsRef/12252746
5. Luther F, Tobin M, Robertson AJ, Toumba KJ. Fluoride-releasing glass beads in orthodontic treatment to reduce decay: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. World Journal of Orthodontics Supplement 2005;6(5):166-7. x-wiley/crsRef/3177942
6. Ogaard B, Alm AA, Larsson E, Adolfsson U. A prospective, randomized clinical study on the effects of an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride toothpaste/mouthrinse on plaque, gingivitis and initial caries lesion development in orthodontic patients. European Journal of Orthodontics 2006;28(1):8-12. x-wiley/crsRef/12252748
7. Sonesson M, Twetman S, Bondemark L. Effectiveness of high-fluoride toothpaste on enamel demineralization during orthodontic treatment - a multicenter randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Orthodontics 2014;36(6):678-82. x-wiley/crsRef/12252750
8. Sonesson M, Brechter A, Abdulraheem S, Lindman R, Twetman S. Fluoride varnish for the prevention of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Orthodontics 2019 Jun 14 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjz045]x-wiley/crsRef/12252752
9. Stecksén-Blicks C, Renfors G, Oscarson ND, Bergstrand F, Twetman S. Caries-preventive effectiveness of fluoride varnish: a randomized controlled trial in adolescents with fixed orthodontic appliances. Caries Research 2007;41(6):455-9. x-wiley/crsRef/3177944
10. van der Kaaij NCW, van der Veen MH, van der Kaaij MAE, ten Cate JM. A prospective, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial on the effects of a fluoride rinse on white spot lesion development and bleeding in orthodontic patients. European Journal of Oral Sciences 2015;123(3):186-93. x-wiley/crsRef/12252754
11. Alexander SA, Ripa LW. Effects of self-applied topical fluoride preparations in orthodontic patients. Angle Orthodontist 2000;70(6):424-30. x-wiley/crsRef/3177948
12. Al Mulla AH, Al Kharsa S, Birkhed D. Modified fluoride toothpaste technique reduces caries in orthodontic patients: a longitudinal, randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2010;138(3):285-91. x-wiley/crsRef/12252756
13. Alwi NBH, Creanor SL. The influence of fluoride-releasing composites on the development of white-spot lesions near orthodontic brackets: an in vivo investigation (Research Reports 1993: Abstract). British Journal of Orthodontics 1994;21(1):118. x-wiley/crsRef/3177950
14. Banks PA, Burn A, O'Brien K. A clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of including fluoride into an orthodontic bonding adhesive. European Journal of Orthodontics 1997;19(4):391-5. [MEDLINE: 9308260]x-wiley/crsRef/3177952
15. Banks PA, Chadwick SM, Asher-McDade C, Wright JL. Fluoride-releasing elastomerics - a prospective controlled clinical trial. European Journal of Orthodontics 2000;22(4):401-7. [MEDLINE: 11029829]x-wiley/crsRef/3177954
16. Blanco Parra R. Evaluation of the presence of white spots following orthodontic treatment. Revista Iberoamericana de Ortodoncia 1988;8(1):31-8. x-wiley/crsRef/3177956
17. Boyd RL. Two-year longitudinal study of a peroxide-fluoride rinse on decalcification in adolescent orthodontic patients. Journal of Clinical Dentistry 1992;3(3):83-7. [MEDLINE: 1449617]x-wiley/crsRef/3177958
18. Boyd RL. Comparison of three self-applied topical fluoride preparations for control of decalcification. Angle Orthodontist 1993;63(1):25-30. [MEDLINE: 8507027]x-wiley/crsRef/3177960
19. Bagby MD, Boyles GAC, Martin C, Kao E, Ngan P. Effects of fluoride varnishes on enamel decalcification around orthodontic appliances. American Association of Dental Research poster abstract; 2008 March 31-April 5; Dallas (TX). x-wiley/crsRef/3177962
20. Boyles GA. Effects of Fluoride Varnishes and Adhesives on Bond Strength and Preventing Enamel Decalcification Around Orthodontic Appliances: an In Vitro and In Vivo Study [Masters thesis]. Morgantown, West Virginia (USA): West Virginia University, 2007. x-wiley/crsRef/3177963
21. Buyukyilmaz T, Tangugsorn V, Ogaard B, Arends J, Ruben J, Rolla G. The effect of titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) application around orthodontic brackets. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1994;105(3):293-6. [MEDLINE: 8135216]x-wiley/crsRef/3177965
22. Buyukyilmaz T, Tangugsorn V, Ogaard B, Arends J, Ruben J, Rolla G. The effect of titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) application around orthodontic brackets. European Journal of Orthodontics 1993;15(4):334. x-wiley/crsRef/3177966
23. Chung CK, Millett DT, Creanor SL. Cariostatic ability of resin-modified glass ionomer cements for orthodontic bonding. European Journal of Orthodontics 1996;18(5):513. x-wiley/crsRef/3177969
24. Chung CK, Millett DT, Creanor SL, Gilmour WH, Foye RH. Fluoride release and cariostatic ability of a compomer and a resin-modified glass ionomer cement used for orthodontic bonding. Journal of Dentistry 1998;26(5-6):533-8. x-wiley/crsRef/3177968
25. Czochrowska E, Ogaard B, Duschner H, Ruben J, Arends J. Cariostatic effect of a light-cured, resin-reinforced glass-ionomer for bonding orthodontic brackets in vivo. A combined study using microradiography and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics 1998;59(5):265-73. [MEDLINE: 9800441]x-wiley/crsRef/3177971
26. D'Agostino RB, Cancro LP, Fischman S. Effects of anticaries dentifrices on orthodontic subjects. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 1988;11:S384-9. x-wiley/crsRef/3177973
27. Demito CF, Rodrigues GV, Ramos AL, Bowman SJ. Efficacy of a fluoride varnish in preventing white-spot lesions as measured with laser fluorescence. Journal of Clinical Orthodontics 2011;45(1):25-9. x-wiley/crsRef/3177975
28. Dénes J, Gábris K. Results of a 3-year Elmex program during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. ZWR 1988;97(10):863-8. x-wiley/crsRef/3177977
29. Dénes J, Domokos G, Gábris K, Juhász G, Nagy B, Radóczi B, et al. Results of the use of amine-fluoride preparations in orthodontic practice. Fogorvosi Szemle 1989;82(9):257-61. x-wiley/crsRef/3177979
30. Dénes J, Gábris K. Results of a 3-year oral hygiene programme, including amine fluoride products, in patients treated with fixed orthodontic appliances. European Journal of Orthodontics 1991;13(2):129-33. x-wiley/crsRef/3177981
31. Dyer JR, Shannon IL. MFP versus stannous fluoride mouthrinses for prevention of decalcification in orthodontic patients. ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1982;49(1):19-21. [MEDLINE: 6948831]x-wiley/crsRef/3177983
32. Enerbäck H, Möller M, Nylén C, Ödman Bresin C, Östman Ros I, Westerlund A. Effects of orthodontic treatment and different fluoride regimens on numbers of cariogenic bacteria and caries risk: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Orthodontics 2019;41(1):59-66. [DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjy025]x-wiley/crsRef/12252758
33. Farhadian N, Miresmaeili A, Eslami B, Mehrabi S. Effect of fluoride varnish on enamel demineralization around brackets: an in-vivo study. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2008;133(4 Suppl):S95-8. x-wiley/crsRef/3177985
34. Fricker JP, McLachlan MD. Clinical studies of glass ionomer cements. Part I-A twelve month clinical study comparing zinc phosphate cement to glass ionomer. Australian Orthodontic Journal 1985;9(1):179-80. x-wiley/crsRef/3177987
35. Fricker JP, McLachlan MD. Clinical studies on glass ionomer cements. Part 2-A two year clinical study comparing glass ionomer cement with zinc phosphate cement. Australian Orthodontic Journal 1987;10(1):12-4. x-wiley/crsRef/3177989
36. Gaworski M, Weinstein M, Borislow AJ, Braitman LE. Decalcification and bond failure: a comparison of a glass ionomer and a composite resin bonding system in vivo. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1999;116(5):518-21. [MEDLINE: 10547510]x-wiley/crsRef/3177991
37. Geiger AM, Gorelick L, Gwinnett AJ, Griswold PG. The effect of a fluoride program on white spot formation during orthodontic treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1988;93(1):29-37. x-wiley/crsRef/3177993
38. Geiger AM, Gorelick L, Gwinnett AJ, Benson BJ. Reducing white spot lesions in orthodontic populations with fluoride rinsing. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1992;101(5):403-7. x-wiley/crsRef/3177995
39. Gillgrass TJ, Benington PC, Millett DT, Newell J, Gilmour WH. Modified composite or conventional glass ionomer for band cementation? A comparative clinical trial. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2001;120(1):49-53. x-wiley/crsRef/3177997
40. Gorton J, Featherstone JD. In vivo inhibition of demineralization around orthodontic brackets. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2003;123(1):10-4. x-wiley/crsRef/3177999
41. Hirschfield RE. Control of decalcification by use of fluoride mouthrinse. ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 1978;45(6):458-60. x-wiley/crsRef/3178001
42. Leizer C, Weinstein M, Borislow AJ, Braitman LE. Efficacy of a filled-resin sealant in preventing decalcification during orthodontic treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2010;137(6):796-800. x-wiley/crsRef/3178003
43. Maijer R, Smith DC. A comparison between zinc phosphate and glass ionomer cement in orthodontics. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1988;93(4):273-9. [MEDLINE: 3281438]x-wiley/crsRef/3178005
44. Marcusson A, Norevall LI, Persson M. White spot reduction when using glass ionomer cement for bonding in orthodontics: a longitudinal and comparative study. European Journal of Orthodontics 1997;19(3):233-42. [MEDLINE: 9239953]x-wiley/crsRef/3178007
45. Marini I, Pelliccioni GA, Vecchiet F, Alessandri Bonetti G, Checchi L. A retentive system for intra-oral fluoride release during orthodontic treatment. European Journal of Orthodontics 1999;21(6):695-701. [MEDLINE: 10665199]x-wiley/crsRef/3178009
46. Mattick CR, Mitchell L, Chadwick SM, Wright J. Fluoride-releasing elastomeric modules reduce decalcification: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Orthodontics 2001;28(3):217-9. x-wiley/crsRef/3178011
47. Millett DT, Nunn JH, Welbury RR, Gordon PH. Decalcification in relation to brackets bonded with glass ionomer cement or a resin adhesive. Angle Orthodontist 1999;69(1):65-70. [MEDLINE: 10022187]x-wiley/crsRef/3178013
48. Millett DT, McCluskey LA, McAuley F, Creanor SL, Newell J, Love J. A comparative clinical trial of a compomer and a resin adhesive for orthodontic bonding. Angle Orthodontist 2000;70(3):233-40. [MEDLINE: 10926433]x-wiley/crsRef/3178015
49. Mitchell L. An investigation into the effect of a fluoride releasing adhesive on the prevalence of enamel surface changes associated with directly bonded orthodontic attachments. British Journal of Orthodontics 1992;19(3):207-14. [MEDLINE: 1390576]x-wiley/crsRef/3178017
50. Neumann HF. A clinical evaluation of decalcification under orthodontic bands following pretreatment with acidulated phosphate-fluorides and adhesive plastic coatings. American Journal of Orthodontics 1976;69(6):698-9. [MEDLINE: CN-00295371]x-wiley/crsRef/3178019
51. O'Reilly MM, Featherstone JD. Demineralization and remineralization around orthodontic appliances: an in vivo study. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1987;92(1):33-40. [MEDLINE: 3300270]x-wiley/crsRef/3178021
52. Ogaard B, Arends J, Schuthof J, Rolla G, Ekstrand J, Oliveby A. Action of fluoride on initiation of early enamel caries in vivo. A microradiographical investigation. Caries Research 1986;20(3):270-7. [MEDLINE: 3456849]x-wiley/crsRef/12252760
53. Ogaard B, Rezk-Lega F, Ruben J, Arends J. Cariostatic effect and fluoride release from a visible light-curing adhesive for bonding of orthodontic brackets. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1992;101(4):303-7. [MEDLINE: 1532684]x-wiley/crsRef/12252762
54. Ogaard B, Duschner H, Ruben J, Arends J. Microradiography and confocal laser scanning microscopy applied to enamel lesions formed in vivo with and without fluoride varnish treatment. European Journal of Oral Sciences 1996;104(4 Pt 1):378-83. x-wiley/crsRef/12252764
55. Ogaard B, Larsson E, Glans R, Henriksson T, Birkhed D. Antimicrobial effect of a chlorhexidine-thymol varnish (Cervitec) in orthodontic patients. A prospective, randomized clinical trial. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics 1997;58(4):206-13. [MEDLINE: 9282547]x-wiley/crsRef/12252766
56. Ogaard B, Larsson E, Henriksson T, Birkhed D, Bishara SE. Effects of combined application of antimicrobial and fluoride varnishes in orthodontic patients. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2001;120(1):28-35. x-wiley/crsRef/12252768
57. Pascotto RC, Navarro MF, Capelozza Filho L, Cury JA. In vivo effect of a resin-modified glass ionomer cement on enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2004;125(1):36-41. [MEDLINE: 14718877]x-wiley/crsRef/3178023
58. Johnson D. MI Paste Plus research. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2012;141(5):526. [PUBMED: 22554734]x-wiley/crsRef/3178025
59. Robertson MA, Kau CH, English JD, Lee RP, Powers J, Nguyen JT. MI Paste Plus to prevent demineralization in orthodontic patients: a prospective randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2011;140(5):660-8. x-wiley/crsRef/3178026
60. Salzmann JA. A clinical evaluation of decalcification under orthodontic bands following pretreatment with acidulated phosphate-fluorides and adhesive plastic coatings. American Journal of Orthodontics 1976;69(6):698. x-wiley/crsRef/3178028
61. Shan LH, Cui ZQ, Shen QH, Gao Q, Qiu ZX. Application of light-cure resin-modified glass ionomer cement in orthodontic practice. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research 2008;12(6):1149-52. x-wiley/crsRef/3178030
62. Shannon IL, St Clair JR, Pratt GA, West DC. Stannous fluoride versus sodium fluoride in preventive treatment of orthodontic patients. Australian Orthodontic Journal 1978;5(1):18-24. x-wiley/crsRef/3178032
63. Shannon IL, West DC. Prevention of decalcification in orthodontic patients by daily self-treatment with 0.4% SnF2 gel. Pediatric Dentistry 1979;1(2):101-2. [MEDLINE: 298749]x-wiley/crsRef/3178034
64. Sköld-Larsson K, Sollenius O, Karlsson L, Petersson LG, Twetman S. Effect of fluoridated milk on enamel demineralization adjacent to fixed orthodontic appliances. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 2013;71(3-4):464-8. x-wiley/crsRef/3178036
65. Sonis AL, Snell W. An evaluation of a fluoride-releasing, visible light-activated bonding system for orthodontic bracket placement. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1989;95(4):306-11. x-wiley/crsRef/3178038
66. Trimpeneers LM, Dermaut LR. A clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of a fluoride-releasing visible light-activated bonding system to reduce demineralization around orthodontic brackets. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1996;110(2):218-22. [MEDLINE: 8760850]x-wiley/crsRef/3178040
67. Turner PJ. The clinical evaluation of a fluoride-containing orthodontic bonding material. Journal of Orthodontics 1993;20(4):307-13. x-wiley/crsRef/3178042
68. Twetman S, McWilliam JS, Hallgren A, Oliveby A. Cariostatic effect of glass ionomer retained orthodontic appliances. An in vivo study. Swedish Dental Journal 1997;21(5):169-75. x-wiley/crsRef/3178044
69. Ullsfoss BN, Ogaard B, Arends J, Ruben J, Rolla G, Afseth J. Effect of a combined chlorhexidine and NaF mouthrinse: an in vivo human caries model study. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1994;102(2):109-12. [MEDLINE: 8016555]x-wiley/crsRef/3178046
70. Underwood ML, Rawls HR, Zimmerman BF. Clinical evaluation of a fluoride-exchanging resin as an orthodontic adhesive. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1989;96(2):93-9. [MEDLINE: 2527000]x-wiley/crsRef/3178048
71. van der Linden RP, Dermaut LR. White spot formation under orthodontic bands cemented with glass ionomer with or without Fluor Protector. European Journal of Orthodontics 1998;20(3):219-24. x-wiley/crsRef/3178050
72. Vivaldi-Rodrigues G, Demito CF, Bowman SJ, Ramos AL. The effectiveness of a fluoride varnish in preventing development of white spot lesions. World Journal of Orthodontics 2006;7:138-44. x-wiley/crsRef/3178052
73. Wenderoth CJ, Weinstein M, Borislow AJ. Effectiveness of a fluoride-releasing sealant in reducing decalcification during orthodontic treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1999;116(6):629-34. [MEDLINE: 10587596]x-wiley/crsRef/3178054
74. DRKS00012533. Efficacy of the fluoride varnish enamelast for preventing white-spot lesions and gingivitis in fixed orthodontic treatment of patients with low to moderate caries risk - a randomized controlled trial. drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00012533 (first received 8 June 2017). x-wiley/crsRef/12252770
75. DRKS00012540. Efficacy of Fluor-Protector S fluoride varnish for preventing white-spot lesions and gingivitis in fixed orthodontic treatment of patients with high risk of caries - a randomized controlled trial. drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00012540 (first received 8 June 2017). x-wiley/crsRef/12252772
76. IRCT2016122531558N1. Effect of preventive agents on oral health in orthodontic patients [A clinical trial of comparing the effect of fluoride varnish and chlorhexidine gel on white spots and gingival indexes in orthodontic patients]. en.irct.ir/trial/24800 (first received 24 June 2017). x-wiley/crsRef/12252774
77. Angmar-Mansson B, al-Khateeb S, Tranaeus S. Monitoring the caries process. Optical methods for clinical diagnosis and quantification of enamel caries. European Journal of Oral Science 1996;104(4 Pt 2):480-5.
78. Benson PE. Fluoride-containing materials and the prevention of demineralization during orthodontic treatment – which research method should we now use?. Seminars in Orthodontics 2010;16(4):293-301.
79. Chadwick BL, Roy J, Knox J, Treasure ET. The effect of topical fluorides on decalcification in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances: a systematic review. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2005;128(5):601-6.
80. Derks A, Katsaros C, Frencken JE, van't Hof MA, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Caries-inhibiting effect of preventive measures during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Caries Research 2004;38(5):413-20.
81. Enaia M, Bock N, Ruf S. White-spot lesions during multibracket appliance treatment: a challenge for clinical excellence. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2011;140(1):e17-e24.
82. Hamilton (ON): McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime). GRADEpro GDT. Version accessed 15 March 2019. Hamilton (ON): McMaster University (developed by Evidence Prime), 2015.
83. Higgins JP, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
84. Höchli D, Hersberger-Zurfluh M, Papageorgiou SN, Eliades T. Interventions for orthodontically induced white spot lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Orthodontics 2017;39(1):122-33.
85. Kerbusch AE, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Mulder J, Sanden WJ. Methods used for prevention of white spot lesion development during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 2012; Vol. 70, issue 6:564-8.
86. Lapenaite E, Lopatiene K, Ragauskaite A. Prevention and treatment of white spot lesions during and after fixed orthodontic treatment: a systematic literature review. Stomatologija 2016;18:3-8.
87. Lefebvre C, Manheimer E, Glanville J. Chapter 6: Searching for studies. In: Higgins JP, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
88. Lopatiene K, Borisovaite M, Lapenaite E. Prevention and treatment of white spot lesions during and after treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances: a systematic literature review. Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Research 2016;7(2):e1.
89. Lynch RJ, Mony U, Ten Cate JM. The effect of fluoride at plaque fluid concentrations on enamel de- and remineralisation at low pH. Caries Research 2006;40(6):522-9.
90. Marinho VCC, Higgins JPT, Logan S, Sheiham A. Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002278]
91. Marinho VCC, Higgins JPT, Logan S, Sheiham A. Topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels or varnishes) for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002782]
92. Marinho VCC, Higgins JPT, Sheiham A, Logan S. Combinations of topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels, varnishes) versus single topical fluoride for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002781.pub2]
93. Marinho VCC, Chong LY, Worthington HV, Walsh T. Fluoride mouthrinses for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002284.pub2]
94. Maxfield BJ, Hamdan AM, Tufekci E, Shroff B, Best AM, Lindauer SJ. Development of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment: perceptions of patients, parents, orthodontists, and general dentists. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2012;141(3):337-44.
95. McCarney R, Warner J, Iliffe S, van Haselen R, Griffin M, Fisher P. The Hawthorne Effect: a randomised, controlled trial. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2007;7:30.
96. Naranjo AA, Triviño ML, Jaramillo A, Betancourth M, Botero JE. Changes in the subgingival microbiota and periodontal parameters before and 3 months after bracket placement. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2006;30(3):275.e17-275.e22.
97. Nascimento PL, Fernandes MT, Figueiredo FE, Faria-E-Silva AL. Fluoride-releasing materials to prevent white spot lesions around orthodontic brackets: a systematic review. Brazilian Dental Journal 2017;27(1):101-7.
98. Ogaard B. Prevalence of white spot lesions in 19-year-olds: a study on untreated and orthodontically treated persons 5 years after treatment. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 1989;96(5):423-7.
99. Pandis N, Walsh T, Polychronopoulou A, Katsaros C, Eliades T. Split-mouth designs in orthodontics: an overview with applications to orthodontic clinical trials. European Journal of Orthodontics 2013;35(6):783-9. [DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjs108]
100. Rahimi F, Sadeghi M, Mozaffari HR. Efficacy of fluoride varnish for prevention of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances: a systematic review study. Biomedical Research and Therapy 2017;4(8):1513-26.
101. Rogers S, Chadwick B, Treasure E. Fluoride-containing orthodontic adhesives and decalcification in patients with fixed appliances: a systematic review. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2010;390:e1-8.
102. Rücker G, Schwarzer G, Carpenter J. Arcsine test for publication bias in meta-analyses with binary outcomes. Statistics in Medicine 2008;27:746-63.
103. Sardana D, Zhang J, Ekambaram M, Yang Y, McGrath CP, Yiu CKY. Effectiveness of professional fluorides against enamel white spot lesions during fixed orthodontic treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Dentistry 2019;82(1):1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.12.006]
104. Sardana D, Manchanda S, Ekambaram M, Yang Y, McGrath CP, Yiu CKY. Effectiveness of self-applied topical fluorides against enamel white spot lesions from multibracketed fixed orthodontic treatment: a systematic review. European Journal of Orthodontics 2019 Apr 9 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjz015]
105. Tasios T, Papageorgiou SN, Papadopoulos MA, Tsapas A, Haidich AB. Prevention of orthodontic enamel demineralization: a systematic review with meta-analyses. Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research 2019 May 13 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12322]
106. ten Cate JM. Contemporary perspective on the use of fluoride products in caries prevention. British Dental Journal 2013;214(4):161-7.
107. Tufekci E, Dixon JS, Gunsolley JC, Lindauer SJ. Prevalence of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Angle Orthodontist 2011;81(2):206-10.
108. Wang M, Guo Y, Jiang H. Effectiveness of topical fluoride on prevention of enamel demineralization in China: a systematic review. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine 2013;13(7):875-84.
109. Benson PE, Parkin N, Millett DT, Dyer FE, Vine S, Shah A. Fluorides for the prevention of white spots on teeth during fixed brace treatment. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003809]
110. Benson PE, Parkin N, Millett DT, Dyer F, Vine S, Shah A. Fluorides for the prevention of white spots on teeth during fixed brace treatment. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003809.pub2]
111. Benson PE, Parkin N, Dyer F, Millett DT, Furness S, Germain P. Fluorides for the prevention of early tooth decay (demineralised white lesions) during fixed brace treatment. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 12. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003809.pub3]