메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2016, Pages

Cost-effectiveness of medical primary prevention strategies to reduce absolute risk of cardiovascular disease in Tanzania: A Markov modelling study

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Cost effectiveness analysis; Diabetes; Markov modelling; Primary prevention; Societal perspective; Sub Saharan Africa; Tanzania

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR;

EID: 84977500850     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14726963     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12913-016-1409-3     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (14)

References (66)
  • 3
    • 68849099358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender-related differences in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors and their correlates in urban Tanzania
    • 19615066 2723083
    • Njelekela MA, Mpembeni R, Muhihi A, Mligiliche NL, Spiegelman D, Hertzmark E, et al. Gender-related differences in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors and their correlates in urban Tanzania. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2009;9(1):30.
    • (2009) BMC Cardiovasc Disord , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 30
    • Njelekela, M.A.1    Mpembeni, R.2    Muhihi, A.3    Mligiliche, N.L.4    Spiegelman, D.5    Hertzmark, E.6
  • 4
    • 20244373744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular risk factors in Tanzania: A revisit
    • 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MzkvFCltw%3D%3D 11412807
    • Njelekela M, Negishi H, Nara Y, Tomohiro M, Kuga S, Noguchi T, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in Tanzania: a revisit. Acta Trop. 2001;79(3):231-9.
    • (2001) Acta Trop , vol.79 , Issue.3 , pp. 231-239
    • Njelekela, M.1    Negishi, H.2    Nara, Y.3    Tomohiro, M.4    Kuga, S.5    Noguchi, T.6
  • 5
    • 84858031334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa: Cross-sectional surveys in four rural and urban communities
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XksFGlu7w%3D 22427857 3299675
    • Hendriks ME, Wit FWNM, Roos MTL, Brewster LM, Akande TM, de Beer IH, et al. Hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa: Cross-sectional surveys in four rural and urban communities. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(3):e32638.
    • (2012) PLoS ONE , vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp. e32638
    • Hendriks, M.E.1    Wit, F.W.N.M.2    Roos, M.T.L.3    Brewster, L.M.4    Akande, T.M.5    De Beer, I.H.6
  • 6
    • 0034000122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypertension prevalence and care in an urban and rural area of Tanzania
    • 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7lsFyksQ%3D%3D 10694181
    • Edwards R, Unwin N, Mugusi F, Whiting D, Rashid S, Kissima J, et al. Hypertension prevalence and care in an urban and rural area of Tanzania. J Hypertens. 2000;18(2):145-52.
    • (2000) J Hypertens , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 145-152
    • Edwards, R.1    Unwin, N.2    Mugusi, F.3    Whiting, D.4    Rashid, S.5    Kissima, J.6
  • 7
    • 0036204193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of blood pressure, body mass index and smoking habits in the urban population of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and associations with socioeconomic status
    • 11914327
    • Bovet P, Ross AG, Gervasoni JP, Mkamba M, Mtasiwa DM, Lengeler C, et al. Distribution of blood pressure, body mass index and smoking habits in the urban population of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and associations with socioeconomic status. Int J Epidemiol. 2002;31(1):240-7.
    • (2002) Int J Epidemiol , vol.31 , Issue.1 , pp. 240-247
    • Bovet, P.1    Ross, A.G.2    Gervasoni, J.P.3    Mkamba, M.4    Mtasiwa, D.M.5    Lengeler, C.6
  • 8
    • 0033653587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rural and urban differences in diabetes prevalence in Tanzania: The role of obesity, physical inactivity and urban living
    • 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7gslylsA%3D%3D 11198647
    • Aspray TJ, Mugusi F, Rashid S, Whiting D, Edwards R, Alberti KG, et al. Rural and urban differences in diabetes prevalence in Tanzania: the role of obesity, physical inactivity and urban living. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;94(6):637-44.
    • (2000) Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg , vol.94 , Issue.6 , pp. 637-644
    • Aspray, T.J.1    Mugusi, F.2    Rashid, S.3    Whiting, D.4    Edwards, R.5    Alberti, K.G.6
  • 9
    • 34249807602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The economics of primary prevention of cardiovascular disease-a systematic review of economic evaluations
    • David S, Till B. The economics of primary prevention of cardiovascular disease-a systematic review of economic evaluations. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2007;5(1):1.
    • (2007) Cost Eff Resour Alloc , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 1
    • David, S.1    Till, B.2
  • 10
    • 33644875612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-Effectiveness analysis of hypertension guidelines in South Africa
    • 16330698
    • Gaziano TA, Steyn K, Cohen DJ, Weinstein MC, Opie LH. Cost-Effectiveness analysis of hypertension guidelines in South Africa. Circulation. 2005;112(23):3569-76.
    • (2005) Circulation , vol.112 , Issue.23 , pp. 3569-3576
    • Gaziano, T.A.1    Steyn, K.2    Cohen, D.J.3    Weinstein, M.C.4    Opie, L.H.5
  • 11
    • 45349105516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decision making using cardiovascular risk reduction and incremental cost effectiveness ratio: A case study
    • 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1czltFKrsg%3D%3D 18516355 3975215
    • Ker JA. Decision making using cardiovascular risk reduction and incremental cost effectiveness ratio: a case study. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2008;19(2):97-101.
    • (2008) Cardiovasc J Afr , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. 97-101
    • Ker, J.A.1
  • 12
    • 33847763310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-effectiveness of medical interventions to prevent cardiovascular disease in a sub-Saharan African country - The case of Tanzania
    • 17316431 1808049
    • Robberstad B, Hemed Y, Norheim OF. Cost-effectiveness of medical interventions to prevent cardiovascular disease in a sub-Saharan African country - the case of Tanzania. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2007;5:3.
    • (2007) Cost Eff Resour Alloc , vol.5 , pp. 3
    • Robberstad, B.1    Hemed, Y.2    Norheim, O.F.3
  • 13
    • 0037334224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness and costs of interventions to lower systolic blood pressure and cholesterol: A global and regional analysis on reduction of cardiovascular-disease risk
    • 12620735
    • Murray CJL, Lauer JA, Hutubessy RCW, Niessen L, Tomijima N, Rodgers A, et al. Effectiveness and costs of interventions to lower systolic blood pressure and cholesterol: a global and regional analysis on reduction of cardiovascular-disease risk. Lancet. 2003;361(9359):717-25.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.361 , Issue.9359 , pp. 717-725
    • Murray, C.J.L.1    Lauer, J.A.2    Hutubessy, R.C.W.3    Niessen, L.4    Tomijima, N.5    Rodgers, A.6
  • 14
    • 33747361000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular disease prevention with a multidrug regimen in the developing world: A cost-effectiveness analysis
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XotlWmtLk%3D 16920473 2365896
    • Gaziano TA, Opie LH, Weinstein MC. Cardiovascular disease prevention with a multidrug regimen in the developing world: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Lancet. 2006;368(9536):679-86.
    • (2006) Lancet , vol.368 , Issue.9536 , pp. 679-686
    • Gaziano, T.A.1    Opie, L.H.2    Weinstein, M.C.3
  • 15
    • 33644878249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular disease in the developing world and its cost-effective management
    • 16330695
    • Gaziano TA. Cardiovascular disease in the developing world and its cost-effective management. Circulation. 2005;112(23):3547-53.
    • (2005) Circulation , vol.112 , Issue.23 , pp. 3547-3553
    • Gaziano, T.A.1
  • 16
    • 33846661712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing the growing burden of cardiovascular disease in the developing world
    • Gaziano TA. Reducing the growing burden of cardiovascular disease in the developing world. Health Aff. 2007;26(1):13-24.
    • (2007) Health Aff , vol.26 , Issue.1 , pp. 13-24
    • Gaziano, T.A.1
  • 17
    • 33644875612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-effectiveness analysis of hypertension guidelines in South Africa: Absolute risk versus blood pressure level
    • 16330698
    • Gaziano TA, Steyn K, Cohen DJ, Weinstein MC, Opie LH. Cost-effectiveness analysis of hypertension guidelines in south africa: absolute risk versus blood pressure level. Circulation. 2005;112(23):3569-76.
    • (2005) Circulation , vol.112 , Issue.23 , pp. 3569-3576
    • Gaziano, T.A.1    Steyn, K.2    Cohen, D.J.3    Weinstein, M.C.4    Opie, L.H.5
  • 21
    • 13144267729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment with drugs to lower blood pressure and blood cholesterol based on an individual's absolute cardiovascular risk
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXoslWhsA%3D%3D 15680460
    • Jackson R, Lawes CMM, Bennett DA, Milne RJ, Rodgers A. Treatment with drugs to lower blood pressure and blood cholesterol based on an individual's absolute cardiovascular risk. Lancet. 2005;365(9457):434-41.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.365 , Issue.9457 , pp. 434-441
    • Jackson, R.1    Lawes, C.M.M.2    Bennett, D.A.3    Milne, R.J.4    Rodgers, A.5
  • 23
    • 84977492896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Vascular Disease Prevention Alliance [cited 2014 September]
    • National Vascular Disease Prevention Alliance. Absolute cardiovascular disease risk assessment 2014 [cited 2014 September]. Available from: https://heartfoundation.org.au/images/uploads/publications/Absolute-CVD-Risk-Quick-Reference-Guide.pdf.
    • (2014) Absolute Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment
  • 24
    • 0042166241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of incident diabetes and incident nonfatal cardiovascular disease on 18-year mortality
    • 12610048
    • Eberly LE, Cohen JD, Prineas R, Yang L. Impact of incident diabetes and incident nonfatal cardiovascular disease on 18-year mortality. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(3):848.
    • (2003) Diabetes Care , vol.26 , Issue.3 , pp. 848
    • Eberly, L.E.1    Cohen, J.D.2    Prineas, R.3    Yang, L.4
  • 25
    • 0037021505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men
    • 12460094
    • Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, Niskanen LK, Kumpusalo E, Tuomilehto J, et al. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA. 2002;288(21):2709.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , Issue.21 , pp. 2709
    • Lakka, H.M.1    Laaksonen, D.E.2    Lakka, T.A.3    Niskanen, L.K.4    Kumpusalo, E.5    Tuomilehto, J.6
  • 26
    • 84871070051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Common values in assessing health outcomes from disease and injury: Disability weights measurement study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010
    • Salomon JA, Vos T, Hogan DR, Gagnon M, Naghavi M, Mokdad A, et al. Common values in assessing health outcomes from disease and injury: disability weights measurement study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2013;380(9859):2129-43.
    • (2013) Lancet , vol.380 , Issue.9859 , pp. 2129-2143
    • Salomon, J.A.1    Vos, T.2    Hogan, D.R.3    Gagnon, M.4    Naghavi, M.5    Mokdad, A.6
  • 27
    • 0027958469 scopus 로고
    • Stroke risk profile: Adjustment for antihypertensive medication. The Framingham Study
    • 8266381
    • D'Agostino RB, Wolf PA, Belanger AJ, Kannel WB. Stroke risk profile: adjustment for antihypertensive medication. The Framingham Study. Stroke. 1994;25(1):40-3.
    • (1994) Stroke , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 40-43
    • D'Agostino, R.B.1    Wolf, P.A.2    Belanger, A.J.3    Kannel, W.B.4
  • 28
    • 0025959101 scopus 로고
    • An updated coronary risk profile: A statement fo rhealth professionals
    • 1:STN:280:DyaK3M%2FosV2ktw%3D%3D 1984895
    • Anderson KM, WOLSON P, Odell PM, Kannel WB. An updated coronary risk profile: a statement fo rhealth professionals. Circulation. 1991;83(1):356-62.
    • (1991) Circulation , vol.83 , Issue.1 , pp. 356-362
    • Anderson, K.M.1    Wolson, P.2    Odell, P.M.3    Kannel, W.B.4
  • 30
    • 39549093148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care the Framingham Heart Study
    • 18212285
    • D'Agostino RB, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, Wolf PA, Cobain M, Massaro JM, et al. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2008;117(6):743-53.
    • (2008) Circulation , vol.117 , Issue.6 , pp. 743-753
    • D'Agostino, R.B.1    Vasan, R.S.2    Pencina, M.J.3    Wolf, P.A.4    Cobain, M.5    Massaro, J.M.6
  • 31
    • 84977577011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WHO. Global Health Observatory Data Repository Life tables by country United Republic of Tanzania Accessed Sept 2014
    • WHO. Global Health Observatory Data Repository Life tables by country United Republic of Tanzania. Available from: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/?theme=main&vid=61770. Accessed Sept 2014.
  • 32
    • 84977591419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation [cited 2014 July]
    • Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation. GBDX, Tanzania deaths, Both sexes, All ages, 2010. 2013 [cited 2014 July].
    • (2013) GBDX, Tanzania Deaths, Both Sexes, All Ages, 2010
  • 34
    • 84941924382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic cost of primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in Tanzania
    • 25113027 4524339
    • Ngalesoni F, Ruhago G, Norheim OF, Robberstad B. Economic cost of primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in Tanzania. Health Policy Plan. 2014;30(7):875-84.
    • (2014) Health Policy Plan , vol.30 , Issue.7 , pp. 875-884
    • Ngalesoni, F.1    Ruhago, G.2    Norheim, O.F.3    Robberstad, B.4
  • 36
    • 0042198677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimates of global and regional potentil health gains from reducing muliple major risk factors
    • 12892956
    • Ezzati M, Vander Hoorn S, Rodgers A, Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Murray CJ. Estimates of global and regional potentil health gains from reducing muliple major risk factors. Lancet. 2003;362(9380):271-80.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , Issue.9380 , pp. 271-280
    • Ezzati, M.1    Vander Hoorn, S.2    Rodgers, A.3    Lopez, A.D.4    Mathers, C.D.5    Murray, C.J.6
  • 37
    • 0003517320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The World Bank Accessed Dec 2014
    • The World Bank. World Development Indicators. 2014. Available from: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD. Accessed Dec 2014.
    • (2014) World Development Indicators
  • 38
    • 0003731907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WHO WHO Geneva
    • WHO. Health Report 2002. Geneva: WHO; 2002.
    • (2002) Health Report 2002
  • 39
    • 84871099014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010
    • 23245608
    • Murray CJL, Vos T, Lozano R, Naghavi M, Flaxman AD, Michaud C, et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2197-223.
    • (2012) Lancet , vol.380 , Issue.9859 , pp. 2197-2223
    • Murray, C.J.L.1    Vos, T.2    Lozano, R.3    Naghavi, M.4    Flaxman, A.D.5    Michaud, C.6
  • 42
    • 52649097540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal Cost Effectiveness Decisions: The Role of the Cost Effectiveness Acceptability Curve (CEAC), the Cost Effectiveness Acceptability Frontier (CEAF), and the Expected Value of Perfection Information (EVPI)
    • 18489513
    • Barton GR, Briggs AH, Fenwick EA. Optimal Cost Effectiveness Decisions: The Role of the Cost Effectiveness Acceptability Curve (CEAC), the Cost Effectiveness Acceptability Frontier (CEAF), and the Expected Value of Perfection Information (EVPI). Value Health. 2008;11(5):886-97.
    • (2008) Value Health , vol.11 , Issue.5 , pp. 886-897
    • Barton, G.R.1    Briggs, A.H.2    Fenwick, E.A.3
  • 43
    • 0035669803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Representing uncertainty: The role of cost effectiveness acceptability curves
    • 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MnpvVSmsQ%3D%3D 11747057
    • Fenwick E, Claxton K, Sculpher M. Representing uncertainty: the role of cost effectiveness acceptability curves. Health Econ. 2001;10(8):779-87.
    • (2001) Health Econ , vol.10 , Issue.8 , pp. 779-787
    • Fenwick, E.1    Claxton, K.2    Sculpher, M.3
  • 45
    • 31344464879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discounting and cost effectiveness in NICE-stepping back to sort out a confusion
    • 16365910
    • Claxton K, Sculpher M, Culyer A, McCabe C, Briggs A, Akehurst R, et al. Discounting and cost effectiveness in NICE-stepping back to sort out a confusion. Health Econ. 2006;15(1):1-4.
    • (2006) Health Econ , vol.15 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-4
    • Claxton, K.1    Sculpher, M.2    Culyer, A.3    McCabe, C.4    Briggs, A.5    Akehurst, R.6
  • 46
    • 78650302989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discounting and decision making in the economic evaluation of health care technologies
    • 21154521
    • Claxton K, Paulden M, Gravelle H, Brouwer W, Culyer AJ. Discounting and decision making in the economic evaluation of health care technologies. Health Econ. 2011;20(1):2-15.
    • (2011) Health Econ , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 2-15
    • Claxton, K.1    Paulden, M.2    Gravelle, H.3    Brouwer, W.4    Culyer, A.J.5
  • 47
    • 33947222015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discounting in economic evaluations: Stepping forward towards optimal decision rules
    • 17006970
    • Gravelle H, Brouwer W, Niessen L, Postma M, Rutten F. Discounting in economic evaluations: stepping forward towards optimal decision rules. Health Econ. 2007;16(3):307-17.
    • (2007) Health Econ , vol.16 , Issue.3 , pp. 307-317
    • Gravelle, H.1    Brouwer, W.2    Niessen, L.3    Postma, M.4    Rutten, F.5
  • 48
    • 23844453704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Need for differential discounting of costs and health effects in cost effectiveness analyses
    • 16110075 1188116
    • Brouwer WB, Niessen LW, Postma MJ, Rutten FF. Need for differential discounting of costs and health effects in cost effectiveness analyses. BMJ. 2005;331(7514):446-8.
    • (2005) BMJ , vol.331 , Issue.7514 , pp. 446-448
    • Brouwer, W.B.1    Niessen, L.W.2    Postma, M.J.3    Rutten, F.F.4
  • 49
    • 84858041945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost effectiveness of strategies to combat cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and tobacco use in sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia: Mathematical modelling study
    • Ortegón M, Lim S, Chisholm D, Mendis S. Cost effectiveness of strategies to combat cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and tobacco use in sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia: mathematical modelling study. BMJ. 2012;344.
    • (2012) BMJ , pp. 344
    • Ortegón, M.1    Lim, S.2    Chisholm, D.3    Mendis, S.4
  • 50
    • 51149098773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The NICE cost-effectiveness threshold
    • McCabe C, Claxton K, Culyer AJ. The NICE cost-effectiveness threshold. Pharmacoecon. 2008;26(9):733-44.
    • (2008) Pharmacoecon , vol.26 , Issue.9 , pp. 733-744
    • McCabe, C.1    Claxton, K.2    Culyer, A.J.3
  • 56
    • 69249205557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ten arguments for a societal perspective in the economic evaluation of medical innovations
    • 19618224
    • Jönsson B. Ten arguments for a societal perspective in the economic evaluation of medical innovations. Eur J Health Econ. 2009;10(4):357-9.
    • (2009) Eur J Health Econ , vol.10 , Issue.4 , pp. 357-359
    • Jönsson, B.1
  • 57
    • 79959925787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpreting indirect treatment comparisons and network meta-analysis for health-care decision making: Report of the ISPOR task force on indirect treatment comparisons good research practices: Part 1
    • 21669366
    • Jansen JP, Fleurence R, Devine B, Itzler R, Barrett A, Hawkins N, et al. Interpreting indirect treatment comparisons and network meta-analysis for health-care decision making: report of the ISPOR task force on indirect treatment comparisons good research practices: part 1. Value Health. 2011;14(4):417-28.
    • (2011) Value Health , vol.14 , Issue.4 , pp. 417-428
    • Jansen, J.P.1    Fleurence, R.2    Devine, B.3    Itzler, R.4    Barrett, A.5    Hawkins, N.6
  • 58
  • 59
    • 84977481619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medical Stores Department, Tanzania Diagnostics and Hospital Supplies 2011\12
    • Medical Stores Department, Tanzania. Price Catalogue of Essential Medicines, Diagnostics and Hospital Supplies 2011\12.
    • Price Catalogue of Essential Medicines
  • 60
    • 79955667530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Angiotensin receptor blockers and risk of myocardial infarction: Meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses of 147 020 patients from randomised trials
    • 21521728 3082637
    • Bangalore S, Kumar S, Wetterslev J, Messerli FH. Angiotensin receptor blockers and risk of myocardial infarction: meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses of 147 020 patients from randomised trials. BMJ. 2011;342:d2234.
    • (2011) BMJ , vol.342 , pp. d2234
    • Bangalore, S.1    Kumar, S.2    Wetterslev, J.3    Messerli, F.H.4
  • 62
    • 67650082354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: Meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies
    • 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1Mzls1KrsQ%3D%3D 19454737 2684577
    • Law M, Morris J, Wald N. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ. 2009;338:b1665.
    • (2009) BMJ. , vol.338 , pp. b1665
    • Law, M.1    Morris, J.2    Wald, N.3
  • 63
    • 65849268320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: Collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials
    • 19482214
    • Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R, Emberson J, Godwin J, Peto R, et al. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2009;373(9678):1849-60.
    • (2009) Lancet , vol.373 , Issue.9678 , pp. 1849-1860
    • Baigent, C.1    Blackwell, L.2    Collins, R.3    Emberson, J.4    Godwin, J.5    Peto, R.6
  • 64
    • 67650094615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The benefits of statins in people without established cardiovascular disease but with cardiovascular risk factors: Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
    • 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1Mvls1CltQ%3D%3D 19567909 2714690
    • Brugts J, Yetgin T, Hoeks S, Gotto A, Shepherd J, Westendorp R, et al. The benefits of statins in people without established cardiovascular disease but with cardiovascular risk factors: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2009;338:b2376.
    • (2009) BMJ , vol.338 , pp. b2376
    • Brugts, J.1    Yetgin, T.2    Hoeks, S.3    Gotto, A.4    Shepherd, J.5    Westendorp, R.6
  • 65
    • 22044455395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stroke Presentation and Outcome in Developing Countries A Prospective Study in the Gambia
    • 15947255
    • Garbusinski JM, van der Sande MA, Bartholome EJ, Dramaix M, Gaye A, Coleman R, et al. Stroke Presentation and Outcome in Developing Countries A Prospective Study in The Gambia. Stroke. 2005;36(7):1388-93.
    • (2005) Stroke , vol.36 , Issue.7 , pp. 1388-1393
    • Garbusinski, J.M.1    Van Der Sande, M.A.2    Bartholome, E.J.3    Dramaix, M.4    Gaye, A.5    Coleman, R.6
  • 66
    • 84859021699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stroke outcomes in Malawi, a country with high prevalence of HIV: A prospective follow-up study
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XlsFamt7c%3D 22479439 3315584
    • Heikinheimo T, Chimbayo D, Kumwenda JJ, Kampondeni S, Allain TJ. Stroke outcomes in Malawi, a country with high prevalence of HIV: a prospective follow-up study. PloS one. 2012;7(3):e33765.
    • (2012) PloS One , vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp. e33765
    • Heikinheimo, T.1    Chimbayo, D.2    Kumwenda, J.J.3    Kampondeni, S.4    Allain, T.J.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.