Stroke outcomes in Malawi, a country with high prevalence of HIV: A prospective follow-up study

PLoS ONE

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2012, Pages

  Heikinheimo, Terttu ^a,b   Chimbayo, Daniel ^b   Kumwenda, Johnstone J ^b   Kampondeni, Sam ^b   Allain, Theresa J ^b  

^a HELSINKI UNIVERSITY CENTRAL HOSPITAL   (Finland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MALAWI   (Malawi)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTICLE; DISABILITY; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALAWI; MALE; MORTALITY; NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH STROKE SCALE; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RANKIN SCALE; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; STROKE;

ADULT; AGED; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MALAWI; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); PREVALENCE; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; STROKE;

EID: 84859021699     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033765     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. Lopez A, Mathers C, Ezzati M, Jamison D, Murray C, (2006) Global burden of disease and risk factors. pp. 1-13 World Bank, Washington (DC).
2. Garbusinski J, van der Sande M, Bartholome E, Dramaix M, Gaye A, et al. (2005) Stroke presentation and outcome in developing countries. Stroke 36: 1388-1393.
3. Sene Diouf F, Basse AM, Ndao AK, (2006) Functional prognosis of stroke in countries in the process of development: Senegal (in French). Ann Readapt Med Phys 49: 100-104.
4. Kumwenda JJ, Mateyu G, Kampondeni S, van Dam AP, van Lieshout L, et al. (2005) Differential diagnosis of stroke in a setting of high HIV prevalence in Blantyre, Malawi. Stroke 36: 960-964.
5. Hoffmann M, Berger JR, Nath A, Rayens M, (2000) Cerebrovascular disease in young, HIV-infected, black Africans in the KwaZulu Natal province of South Africa. J Neurovirol 6: 229-236.
6. Patel VP, Sacoor Z, Francis P, Bill PL, Bhigjee AI, et al. (2005) Ischemic stroke in young HIV-positive patients in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. Neurology 65: 759-761.
7. Tipping B, de Villiers L, Wainwright H, Candy S, Brer A, (2007) Stroke in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78: 1320-1324.
8. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2011) Human Development Index. UNDP website. Available: http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/MWI.html. Accessed 2012 Feb 26.
9. World Health Organisation (WHO) (2008) Country Health Profile, Malawi. WHO website. Available: http://www.who.int/gho/countries/mwi.pdf. Accessed 2012 Feb 26.
10. Mackay J, Mensah G, Mendis S, Greenlund K, (2004) The atlas of heart disease and stroke. World Health Organisation p. 88. WHO website. Available: http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/resources/atlas/en/. Accessed 2012 Feb 26.
11. Guidelines for the use of Anti-Retroviral therapy in Malawi (2008) Ministry of Health, Malawi. 3rd edition.
12. Malawi National Statistical Office (2004) Malawi demographic and health survey. Website available: http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR175/FR-175-MW04.pdf. Accessed 2012 Feb 26.
13. Cerebrovascular Disorders (1978) A clinical and research classification. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva. WHO website. Available: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/offset/WHO_OFFSET_43.pdf. Accessed 2012 Feb 26.
14. HIV Case Definitions for Surveillance and Revised Clinical Staging and Immunological Classification of HIV-Related Disease in Adults and Children (2007) World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva. WHO website. Available: www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/HIVstaging150307.pdf. Accessed 2012 Feb 26.
15. Definition and Diagnosis of Diabetes and Intermediate Hyperglycemia (2006) World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva. WHO website. Available: http://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/WHO_IDF_definition_diagnosis_of_diabetes.pdf. Accessed 2012 Feb 26.
16. Malawi national STEPS survey for chronic non-communicable diseases and their risk factors final report (2010) World Health Organization (WHO) and Ministry of Health in Malawi. WHO website. Available: http://www.who.int/chp/steps/Malawi_2009_STEPS_Report.pdf. Accessed 2012 Feb 26.
17. Puoane T, Steyn K, Bradshaw D, Laubscher R, Fourie J, et al. (2002) Obesity in South Africa: The South African demographic and health survey. Obes Res 10: 1038-1048.
18. Brott T, Adams HP Jr, Olinger CP, Marler JR, Barsan WG, et al. (1989) Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: a clinical examination scale. Stroke 20: 964-970.
19. Bamford J, Sandercock P, Dennis M, Burn J, Warlow C, (1991) Classification and natural history of clinically identifiable subtypes of cerebral infarction. Lancet 337: 1521-1526.
20. Bonita R, Beaglehole R, (1988) Modification of Rankin scale: Recovery of motor function after stroke. Stroke 19: 1497-1500.
21. Connor MD, Modi G, Warlow CP, (2009) Differences in the nature of stroke in a multiethnic urban South African population: The Johannesburg hospital Stroke Register. Stroke 40: 355-362.
22. Ovbiagele B, Nath A, (2011) Increasing incidence of ischemic stroke in patients with HIV infection. Neurology 76: 444-450.
23. Voelker R, (2011) Stroke increase reported in HIV patients. JAMA 305: 552.
24. Modi G, Modi M, Mochan A, (2008) Is stroke a HIV-related neurologic manifestation? Expert Rev Neurothe. 8: 1247-1253.
25. Subsai K, Kanoksri S, Siwaporn C, Helen L, Kanokporn O, et al. (2006) Neurological complications in patients receiving HAART: a 2-year retrospective study. Eur J Neurol 13: 233-239.
26. Di Carlo A, Lamassa M, Baldereschi M, Pracucci G, Basile AM, et al. (2003) Sex differences in the clinical presentation, resource use and 3-month outcome of acute stroke in Europe: data from a multicentre multinational hospital-based registry. Stroke 34: 1114-1119.