Genomics and zoonotic infections: Middle East respiratory syndrome

OIE Revue Scientifique et Technique

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 191-202

  Wernery, U ^a   Lau, S K P ^b   Woo, P C Y ^b  

^a CENTRAL VETERINARY RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United Arab Emirates)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Coronavirus; Evolution; Genome; Infection; Middle East; Middle East respiratory syndrome

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; COMMUNICABLE DISEASE; CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS; GENETICS; HUMAN; MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS; MORTALITY; VIROLOGY; VIRUS GENOME; ZOONOSIS;

ANIMALS; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, EMERGING; CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS; GENOME, VIRAL; HUMANS; MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS; ZOONOSES;

EID: 84976504233     PISSN: 02531933     EISSN: 16080645     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.20506/rst.35.1.2427     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. World Health Organization (2013). - Closing remarks at the Sixty-sixth World Health Assembly, 27 May Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: www.who.int/ dg/speeches/2013/world-health-assembly-20130527/en/ (accessed on 14 March 2016).
2. World Health Organization (WHO) (2016). - Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) - Saudi Arabia. Disease outbreak news, 4 January 2016. Available at: www.who.int/csr/don/4-january-2016-mers-saudi-arabia/en/ (accessed on 11 January 2016).
3. Lau S.K., Woo EC, Li K.S., Huang Y., Tsoi H.W, Wong B.H., Wong S.S., Leung S.Y., Chan K.H. & Yuen KY. (2005). -Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats. Proc. Natl Acad. Sri. USA, 102 (39), 14040-14045. doi:10.1073/pnas.0506735102.
4. Poon L.L., Chu D.K., Chan K.H., Wong O.K., Ellis L.M., Leung Y.H., Lau S.K., Woo EC, Suen K.Y, Yuen K.Y, Guan Y & Peiris J.S. (2005). - Identification of a novel coronavirus in bats. J. Virol, 79 (4), 2001-2009. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.4.2001-2009.2005.
5. Woo EC, Lau S.K., Chu CM., Chan K.H., Tsoi H.W, Huang Y., Wong B.H., Poon RW, Cai J.J., Luk WK., Poon L.L, Wong S.S., Guan Y., Peins J.S. & Yuen K.Y. (2005). - Characterization and complete genome sequence of a novel coronavirus, coronavirus HKU1, from patients with pneumonia. J. Virol, 79 (2), 884-895. doi: 10.1128/ JVI.79.2.884-895.2005.
6. Van der Hoek L, Pyre K. & Berkhout B. (2006). - Human coronavirus NL63, a new respiratory virus. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 30, 760-773. doi:10.1111/j.l574-6976.2006.00032.x.
7. Woo PC, Wang M., Lau S.K., Xu H., Poon RW, Guo R, Wong B.H., Gao K., Tsoi H.W, Huang Y, Li K.S., Lam C.S., Chan K.H., Zheng BJ. & Yuen K.Y. (2007). - Comparative analysis of twelve genomes of three novel group 2c and group 2d coronaviruses reveals unique group and subgroup features. J. Virol., 81 (4), 1574-1585. doi:10.1128/JVI.02182-06.
8. Mihindukulasuriya K.A., Wu C, St Léger J., Nordhausen RW. & Wang D. (2008). - Identification of a novel coronavirus from a beluga whale by using a panviral microarray. J. ViroL, 82 (10), 5084-5088. doi:10.1128/JVI.02722-07.
9. Lau S.K., Woo PC, Yip C.C., Fan R.Y, Huang Y, Wang M., Guo R., Lam C.S., Tsang A.K., Lai K.K., Chan K.H., Che X.Y., Zheng B.J. & Yuen K.Y. (2012).-Isolation and characterization of a novel Betacoronavirus subgroup A coronavirus, rabbit coronavirus HKU14, from domestic rabbits. J. ViroL, 86 (10), 5481-5496. doi: 10.1128/JVI.06927-11.
10. Woo PC, Lau S.K., Lam C.S., Tsang A.K., Hui S.W, Fan R.Y, Martelli R & Yuen K.Y. (2014). - Discovery of a novel bottlenose dolphin coronavirus reveals a distinct species of marine mammal coronavirus in Gammacoronavirus. J. Virol, 88 (2), 1318-1331. doi:10.1128/JVI.02351-13.
11. Woo PC, Lau S.K., Wernery U., Wong E.Y, Tsang A.K., Johnson B., Yip CC, Lau C.C., Sivakumar S., Cai J.P., Fan R.Y, Chan K.H., Mareena R. & Yuen K.Y. (2014). -Novel betacoronavirus in dromedaries of the Middle East, 2013. Emerg. Inject. Dis., 20 (4), 560-572. doi:10.3201/ eid2004.131769.
12. Lau S.K., Woo EC, Li K.S., Tsang A.K., Fan R.Y, Luk H.K., Cai J.R, Chan K.H., Zheng B.J., Wang M. & Yuen K.Y. (2015). - Discovery of a novel coronavirus, China Rattus coronavirus HKU24, from Norway rats supports the murine origin of Betacoronavirus 1 and has implications for the ancestor of Betacoronavirus lineage A. J. ViroL, 89 (6), 3076-3092. doi:10.1128/JVL02420-14.
13. Woo PC, Lau S.K., Lam C.S., Lai K.K., Huang Y, Lee R, Luk G.S., Dyrtmg K.C., Chan K.H. & Yuen K.Y. (2009). -Comparative analysis of complete genome sequences of three avian coronaviruses reveals a novel group 3c coronavirus. J. ViroL, 83 (2), 908-917. doi:10.1128/JVI.01977-08.
14. Woo PC, Lau S.K., Lam C.S., Lau CC, Tsang A.K., Lau J.H., Bai R., Teng J.L, Tsang CC, Wang M., Zheng B.J., Chan K.H. & Yuen K.Y. (2012). - Discovery of seven novel mammalian and avian coronaviruses in the genus Deltacoronavirus supports bat coronaviruses as the gene source of Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus and avian coronaviruses as the gene source of Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus. J. Virol, 86 (7), 3995-4008. doi:10..l 128/JVI.06540-11.
15. Woo EC, Lau S.K., Huang Y & Yuen K.Y. (2009). -Coronavirus diversity, phylogeny and interspecies jumping. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood), 234 (10), 1117-1127. doi:10.3181/0903-MR-94.
16. Duffy S., Shackelton LA. & Holmes E.C (2008). - Rates of evolutionary change in viruses: patterns and determinants. Nat. Rev. Genet., 9, 267-276. doi:10.1038/nrg2323.
17. Jenkins G.M., Rambaut A., Pybus O.G. & Holmes E.C. (2002). - Rates of molecular evolution in RNA viruses: a quantitative phylogenetic analysis. J. Molec. Evol, 54 (2), 156-165. doi:10.1007/s00239-001-0064-3.
18. Pasternak A.O., Spaan WJ. & Snijder EJ. (2006). - Nidovirus transcription: how to make sense...? J. Gen. Virol, 87, 1403-1421. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.81611-0.
19. Lai M.M. (1992). - RNA recombination in animal and plant viruses. Microbiol. Rev., 56 (1), 61-79.
20. Vijgen L, Keyaerts E., Moës E., Thoelen I., Wollants E., Lemey E.Vandamme A.M. Sr, VanRanst M. (2005).-Complete genomic sequence of human coronavirus OC43: molecular clock analysis suggests a relatively recent zoonotic coronavirus transmission event. J. ViroL, 79 (3), 1595-1604. doi:10.1128/ JVI.79.3.1595-1604.2005.
21. Van Boheemen S., de Graaf M., Lauber C, Bestebroer T.M., Raj VS., Zaki A.M., Osterhaus A.D., Haagmans B.L., Gorbalenya A.E., Snijder E.J. & Fouchier RA. (2012). -Genomic characterization of a newly discovered coronavirus associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome in humans. MBio, 3 (6), e00473-12. doi:10..1 128/mBio.00473-12.
22. Zaki A.M., van Boheemen S., Bestebroer T.M., Osterhaus A.D. & Fouchier RA. (2012). - Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N. Engl. J. Med., 367, 1814-1820. doi:10.1056/NEJMoal211721.
23. Saad M., Omrani A.S., Baig K., Bahloul A., Elzein F, Matin MA., Selim MA., Al Mutairi M., AI Nakhli D., Al Aidaroos A.Y, Al Sherbeeni N., Al-Khashan H.I., Memish ZA. & Albarrak A.M. (2014). - Clinical aspects and outcomes of 70 patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a single-center experience in Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Inject. Dis. 29, 301-306. doi:10.1016/j. ijid.2014.09.003.
24. European Centre for Disease Frevention and Control (ECDC) (2012). - Communicable Disease Threats Report, Week 18, 29 April-5 May 2012. Severe respiratory disease of unknown origin -Jordan - outbreak in ICU. Available at: ecdc.europa. eu/en/publications/Publications/CDTR%20°nline%20 version%204%20May%202012.pdf (accessed on 11 January 2016).
25. Bermingham A., Chand M.A., Brown C.S., Aarons E., Tong C, Langrish C, Hoschler K., Brown K., Galiano M., Myers R., Pebody R.G., Green H.K., Boddington N.L., Gopal R., Price N., Newsholme W, Drosten C, Fouchier RA. & Zambon M. (2012), - Severe respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus, in a patient transferred to the United Kingdom from the Middle East, September 2012. Eurosurveillance, 17 (40), 20290.
26. Guery B., Poissy J., el Mansouf L, Séjourne C, Ettahar N., Lemaire X., Vuotto E, Goffard A., Behillil S., Enouf V, Caro V, Mailles A., Che D., Manuguerra J.C., Mathieu D., Fontanet A. & van der Werf S. (2013). - Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission.'Lancet, 381 (9885), 2265-2272. doi:10.1016/ S0140-6736(13)60982-4.
27. Mailles A., Blanckaert K., Chaud P., van der Werf S., Lina B., Caro V, Campese C, Guéry B., Prouvost PL, Lemaire X., Paty M.C., Haeghebaert S., Antoine D., Ettahar N., Noel H., Behillil S., Hendricx S., Manuguerra J.C, Enouf V, La Ruche G, Semaille C, Coignard B., Lévy-Bruhl D., Weber F, Saura C. & Che D. (2013). - First cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in France, investigations and implications for the prevention of human-to-human transmission, France, May 2013. Eurosurveillance, 18 (24), 20502.
28. Health Protection Agency (United Kingdom) (2013). -Evidence of person-to-person transmission within a family cluster of novel coronavirus infections, United Kingdom, February 2013. Eurosurveillance, 18 (11), 20427.
29. Abroug E, Slim A., Ouanes-Besbes L., Hadj Kacem M.-A., Dachraoui F, Ouanes L, Lu X., Tao Y., Paden C, Caidi H., Miao C, Al-Hajri M.M., Zorraga M., Ghaouar W, BenSalah A., Gerber S.I. & the World Health Organization Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus International Investigation Team (2014). - Family cluster of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections, Tunisia, 2013. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 20 (9), 1527-1530. doi:10.3201/ eid2009.140378.
30. Bialek S.R., Allen D., Alvarado-Ramy E, Arthur R., Balajee A., Bell D., Best S., Blackmore C, Breakwell L., Cannons A., Brown C, Cetron M., Chea N., Chommanard C, Cohen N., Conover C, Crespo A., Creviston J., Curns A.T., Dahl R., Dearth S., DeMaria A., Echols E, Erdman D.D., Feikin D., Frias M., Gerber S.I., Gulati R., Hale C, Haynes L.M., Heberlein-Larson L., Holton K., Ijaz K., Kapoor M., Kohl K., Kuhar D.T., Kumar A.M., Kundich M., Lippold S., Liu L., Lovchik J.C., Madoff L, Martell S., Matthews S., Moore J., Murray L.R., Onofrey S., Pallansch M.A., Pesik N., Pham H., Pillai S., Pont ones P, Pringle K., Pritchard S., Rasmussen S., Richards S., Sandoval M., Schneider E., Schuchat A., Sheedy K., Sherin K., Swerdlow D.L., Tappero JW, Vernon M.O., Watkins S. & Watson J. (2014). - First confirmed cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in the United States, updated information on the epidemiology of MERS-CoV infection, and guidance for the public, clinicians, and public health authorities - May 2014. MMWR, 63(19), 431-436.
31. Guberina H., Witzke O., Timm J., Dittmer U., Muller M.A., Drosten C. & Bonin E (2014). - A patient with severe respiratory failure caused by novel human coronavirus. Injection, 42 (1), 203-206. doi:10.1007/sl5010-013-0509-9.
32. Kapoor M., Pringle K., Kumar A., Dearth S., Liu L, Lovchik J., Perez O., Pontones E, Richards S., Yeadon-Fagbohun J., Breakwell L., Chea N., Cohen N.J., Schneider E., Erdman D., Haynes L., Pallansch M., Tao Y, Tong S., Gerber S., Swerdlow D. & Feikin D.R. (2014). -Clinical and laboratory findings of the first imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus to the United States. Clin. Infect. Dis., 59, 1511-1518. doi:10.1093/cid/ ciu635.
33. Premila Devi J., Noraini W, Norhayati R., Chee Kheong C, Badrul A.S., Zamah S., Fadzilah K, Hirman I., Lokman Hakim S. & Noor Hisham A. (2014). -Laboratory-confirmed case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in Malaysia: preparedness and response, April 2014. Eurosurveillance, 19 (18), 20797.doi:10.2807/1560-7917ES2014.19.18.20797.
34. Lee S.S. & Wong N.S. (2015). - Probable transmission chains of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and the multiple generations of secondary infection in South Korea. Int. J. Infect. Dis., 38, 65-67. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2015.07.014.
35. Ling Y., Qu R. & Luo Y. (2015). - Clinical analysis of the first patient with imported Middle East respiratory syndrome in China [in Chinese J. Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing ]i fiu Yi Xue, 27 (8), 630-634.
36. Arabi Y.M., Anfi A.A., Balkhy H.H., Najm H., Aldawood A.S., Ghabashi A., Hawa H, Alothman A., Khaldi A. & Al Raiy B. (2014). - Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. Ann. Intern. Med., 160 (6), 389-397. doi:10.7326/M13-2486.
37. Xiang N., Lin D., An G, Sui H., Yang Z., Li D., Zhao J., Ma T, Wang Y, Ren R, Zhang X., Ni D, Zhang Y. & Li Q. (2015). - Epidemiological characteristics of Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak in the Republic of Korea [in Chinese], Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi, 36 (8), 836-841.
38. World Health Organization (WHO) (2015). - Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) - Republic of Korea. Disease outbreak news, 14 July 2015. Available at: www.who .int/csr/don/14-july-2015-mers-korea/en/ (accessed on 11 January 2016).
39. Chen Y., Rajashankar K.R., Yang Y, Agnihothram S.S., Liu C, Lin Y.L., Baric R.S. & Li F. (2013). - Crystal structure of the receptor-binding domain from newly emerged Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J. Virol., 87 (19), 10777-10783. doi:10.1128/JVI.01756-13.
40. Wang N., Shi X., Jiang L, Zhang S., Wang D., Tong P., Guo D., Fu L, Cui Y, Liu X., Arledge K.C., Chen Y.H., Zhang L. & Wang X. (2013). - Structure of MERS-CoV spike receptor-binding domain complexed with human receptor DPP4. Cell Res., 23, 986-993. doi:10.1038/cr.2013.92.
41. Wang Q., Qi J, Yuan Y., Xuan Y, Han P, Wan Y, Ji W, Li Y, Wu Y, Wang J., Iwamoto A., Woo EC, Yuen K.Y., Yan J., Lu G. & Gao G.E (2014).-Bat origins of MERS-CoV supported by bat coronavirus HKU4 usage of human receptor CD26. Cell Host Microbe, 16 (3), 328-337. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2014.08.009.
42. Yang Y, Du L, Liu C, Wang L, Ma C, Tang J., Baric R.S., Jiang S. & Li E (2014). - Receptor usage and cell entry of bat coronavirus HKU4 provide insight into bat-to-human transmission of MERS coronavirus. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 111 (34), 12516-12521. doi:10.1073/pnas.l405889111.
43. Corman VM., Eckerle I., Bleicker T., Zaki A., Landt O., Eschbach-Bludau M., van Boheemen S., Gopal R., Ballhause M., Bestebroer T.M., Muth D., Muller M.A., Drexler J.E, Zambon M., Osterhaus A.D., Fouchier R.M. & Drosten C. (2012). - Detection of a novel human coronavirus by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Eurosurveillance, 17 (39), 20285.
44. Corman VM., Muller M.A., Costabel U., Timm J., Binger T., Meyer B., Kreher P., Lattwein E., Eschbach-Bludau M., Nitsche A., Bleicker T., Landt O., Schweiger B., Drexler J.E, Osterhaus A.D., Haagmans B.L., Dittmer U., Bonin E, Wolff T. & Drosten C. (2012). - Assays for laboratory confirmation of novel human coronavirus (hCoV-EMC) infections. Eurosurveillance, 17 (49), 20334.
45. Lau S.K., Li K.S., Tsang A.K., Lam C.S., Ahmed S., Chen H., Chan K.H., Woo PC. & Yuen K.Y (2013). - Genetic characterization of Betacoronavirus lineage C viruses in bats reveals marked sequence divergence in the spike protein of Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5 in Japanese pipistrelle: implications for the origin of the novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J. Virol, 87 (15), 8638-8650. doi:10.1128/JV1.01055-13.
46. Woo PC, Lau S.K., Li K.S., Tsang A.K. & Yuen K.Y. (2012). - Genetic relatedness of the novel human group C betacoronavirus to Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4 and Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 1, e35.doi:10.1038/emi.2012.45.
47. Niemeyer D., Zillinger T, Muth D., Zielecki E, Horvath G, Suliman T, Barchet W, Weber E, Drosten C. & Muller M.A. (2013). - Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus accessory protein 4a is a type I interferon antagonist. J. Virol., 87 (22), 12489-12495. doi:10.1128/JVl.01845-13.
48. Siu K.L., Yeung M.L., Kok K.H., Yuen K.S., Kew C, Lui PY, Chan C.R, Tse EL, Woo EC, Yuen K.Y. & Jin DY. (2014). - Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus 4a protein is a double-stranded RNA-binding protein that suppresses PACT-induced activation of RIG-I and MDA5 in the innate antiviral response. J. Virol., 88 (9), 4866-4876. doi:10.1128/ JVI.03649-13.
49. Yang Y, Zhang L, Geng H., Deng Y, Huang B., Guo Y, Zhao Z. & Tan W (2013). - The structural and accessory proteins M, ORF 4a, ORF 4b, and ORF 5 of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) are potent interferon antagonists. Protein. Cell, 4 (12), 951-961. doi:10.1007/sl3238-013-3096-8.
50. Matthews K.L., Coleman CM., van der Meer Y, Snijder E.J. & Frieman M.B. (2014). - The ORF4b-encoded accessory proteins of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and two related bat coronaviruses localize to the nucleus and inhibit innate immune signalling, j. Gen. Virol, 95, 874-882. doi:10.1099/vir.0.062059-0.
51. Annan A., Baldwin H.J., Corman VM., Klose S.M., Owusu M., Nkrumah E.E., Badu E.K., Ami R, Agbenyega O., Meyer B., Oppong S., Sarkodie Y.A., Kalko E.K., Lina PH., Godlevska E.V, Reusken C, Seebens A., Gloza-Rausch E, Vallo E, Tschapka M., Drosten C. & Drexler J.E (2013). -Human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012-related viruses in bats, Ghana and Europe. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 19 (3), 456-459. doi:10.3201/eidl903.121503.
52. Lelli D., Papetti A., Sabelli C, Rosti E., Moreno A. & Boniotti M.B. (2013). - Detection of coronaviruses in bats of various species in Italy. Viruses, 5 (11), 2679-2689. doi:10.3390/v5112679.
53. Memish Z.A., Mishra N., Olival K.J., Fagbo S.E, Kapoor V, Epstein J.H., Alhakeem R., Durosinloun A., Al Asmari M., Islam A., Kapoor A., Briese T., Daszak R, Al Rabeeah A.A. & Lipkin WI. (2013). - Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in bats, Saudi Arabia. Emerg. Inject. Dis., 19 (11), 1819-1823. doi: 10.3201/eidl911.131172.
54. Yang L, Wu Z., Ren X., Yang E, Zhang J., He G, Dong J., Sun L, Zhu Y, Zhang S. & Jin Q. (2014). - MERS-related betacoronavirus in Vespertilio superans bats, China. Emerg. Inject. Dis., 20 (7), 1260-1262. doi:10.3201/eid.2006.140318.
55. Corman VM., Ithete N.L., Richards L.R., Schoeman M.C., Preiser W, Drosten C. & Drexler J.E (2014). - Rooting the phylogenetic tree of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus by characterization of a conspecific virus from an Afncan bat. J. Virol., 88 (19), 11297-11303. doi:10.1128/ JVI.01498-14.
56. Corman VM., Kallies R., Philipps H., Gopner G, Muller M.A., Eckerle I., Brunink S., Drosten C. & Drexler J.E (2014). - Characterization of a novel betacoronavirus related to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in European hedgehogs. J. Virol., 88 (1), 717-724. doi:10.1128/JVL01600-13.
57. Cotten M., Watson S.J., Kellam P., Al-Rabeeah A.A., Makhdoom H.Q., Assiri A., Al-Tawfiq J.A., Alhakeem R.E, Madani H., AIRabiah EA., Al Hajjar S., Al-nassir WN, Albarrak A., Flemban H., Balkhy H.H., Alsubaie S., Palser A.L., Gall A., Bashford-Rogers R., Rambaut A., Zumla A.I. & Memish Z.A. (2013). - Transmission and evolution of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Saudi Arabia: a descriptive genomic study. Lancet, 382 (9909), 1993-2002. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61887-5.
58. Cotten M., Watson S.J., Zumla A.I., Makhdoom H.Q., Palser A.L., Ong S.H., Al Rabeeah A.A., Alhakeem R.E, Assiri A., Al-Tawfiq J.A., Albarrak A., Barry M., Shibl A., Alrabiah F.A., Hajjar S., Balkhy H.H., Flemban H., Rambaut A., Kellam R & Memish ZA. (2014). -Spread, circulation, and evolution of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. MBio, 5 (1). doi:10.1128/ mBio. 01062-13.
59. Alagaili A.N., Briese T., Mishra N., Kapoor V, Sameroff S.C., Burbelo ED., de Wit E., Munster VJ., Hensley L.E., Zalmout IS., Kapoor A., Epstein J.H., Karesh W.B., Daszak P., Mohammed O.B. & Lipkin Wl. (2014). - Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia. MBio, 5 (2), e00884-14. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00884-14 and doi:10.1128/ mBio.01002-14 [author correctionJ.
60. Chu D.K., Poon L.L., Gomaa M.M., Shehata M.M., Perera R.A., Abu Zeid D., El Rifay A.S., Siu L.Y., Guan Y., Webby R.J., Ali M.A., Peiris M. & Kayali G. (2014). - MERS coronaviruses in dromedary camels, Egypt. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 20 (6), 1049-1053. doi:10.3201/eid2006.140299.
61. Haagmans B.L., Al Dhahiry S.H., Reusken C.B., Raj VS., Galiano M., Myers R., Godeke G.J., Jonges M., Farag E., Diab A., Ghobashy H., Alhajri E, Al-Thani M., Al-Marri S.A., Al Romaihi H.E., Al Khal A., Bermingham A., Osterhaus A.D., AlHajri M.M. & Koopmans M.R (2014). -Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: an outbreak investigation. Lancet Infect. Dis., 14 (2), 140-145. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70690-X.
62. Sabir J.S., Lam T.T., Ahmed M.M., Li L, Shen Y., Abo-Aba S.E., Qureshi M.I., Abu-Zeid M., Zhang Y, Khryami M.A., Alharbi N.S., Hajrah N.H., Sabir M.J., Mutwakil M.H., Kabli S.A., Alsulaimany FA., Obaid AY., Zhou B., Smith D.K., Holmes E.C., Zhu H. & Guan Y (2016). - Co-circulation of three camel coronavirus species and recombination of MERS-CoVs in Saudi Arabia. Science, 351 (6268), 81-84. doi:10.1126/science.aac8608.
63. Memish Z.A., Cotten M., Watson S.J., Kellam P., Zumla A., Alhakeem R.E, Assiri A., Rabeeah A.A. & Al-Tawfiq J A. (2014). - Community case clusters of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Hafr Al-Batin, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a descriptive genomic study. Int. J. Infect. Dis., 23, 63-68. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2014.03.1372.
64. Wernery U., Corman VM., Wong E.Y., Tsang A.K., Muth D., Lau S.K., Khazanehdari K., Zirkel E, Ali M., Nagy R, Juhasz J., Wernery R., Joseph S., Syriac G, Elizabeth S.K., Patteril N.A., Woo RC. & Drosten C. (2015). - Acute Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in livestock dromedaries, Dubai, 2014. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 21 (6), 1019-1022. doi:10.3201/eid2106.150038.
65. Wernery U., Rasoul I.E., Wong E.Y., Joseph M., Chen Y, Jose S., Tsang A.K., Patteril N.A., Chen H., Elizabeth S.K., Yuen K.Y, Joseph S., Xia N., Wernery R., Lau S.K. & Woo PC. (2015). - A phylogenetically distinct Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus detected in a dromedary calf from a closed dairy herd in Dubai with rising seroprevalence with age. Emerg. Microbes Infect, 4, e74. doi:10.1038/emi.2015.74.
66. Reusken C.B., Haagmans B.L., Muller M.A., Gutierrez C, Godeke G.J., Meyer B., Muth D., Raj VS., Smits-De Vries L, Corman VM., Drexler J.E, Smits S.L., El Tahir Y.E., De Sousa R., van Beek J., Nowotny N., van Maanen K., Hidalgo-Hermoso E., Bosch B.J., Rottier P, Osterhaus A., Gortázar-Schmidt C, Drosten C. & Koopmans M.R (2013). - Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study. Lancet Infect. Dis., 13 (10), 859-866. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70164-6.
67. Corman VM., Jores J., Meyer B., Younan M., Liljander A., Said M.Y., Gluecks I., Lattwein E., Bosch B.J., Drexler J.E, Bornstein S., Drosten C. & Muller MA. (2014). - Antibodies against MERS coronavirus in dromedary camels, Kenya, 1992-2013. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 20 (8), 1319-1322. doi:10.3201/ eid2008.140596.
68. Meyer B., Muller M.A., Corman VM., Reusken C.B., Ritz D., Godeke G.J., Lattwein E., Rallies S., Siemens A., van Beek J., Drexler J.E, Muth D., Bosch B.J., Wernery U., Koopmans M.P, Wernery R. & Drosten C. (2014). - Antibodies against MERS coronavirus in dromedary camels, United Arab Emirates, 2003 and 2013. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 20 (4), 552-559. doi:10.3201/ eid2004.131746.
69. Muller M.A., Corman VM., Jores J., Meyer B., Younan M., Liljander A., Bosch B.J., Lattwein E., Hilali M., Musa B.E., Bornstein S. & Drosten C. (2014). - MERS coronavirus neutralizing antibodies in camels, Eastern Africa, 1983-1997. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 20 (12), 2093-2095. doi:10.3201/ eid2012.141026.
70. Lau S.K.R, Feng Y, Chen H.L., Luk H.K.H., Yang WFL, Li K.S.M., Zhang Y.Z., Huang Y, Song Z.Z., Chow W.N., Fan R.Y.Y, Ahmed S.S., Yeung H.C., Lam C.S.F, Cai J.R, Wong S.S.Y, Chan J.EW, Yuen K.Y, Zhang H.L. & Woo P.C.Y. (2015). - Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus ORF8 protein is acquired from SARS-related coronavirus from greater horseshoe bats through recombination. J. Virol, 89 (20), 10532-10547. doi:10.1128/ JVI.01048-15.
71. Chan S.M., Damdinjav B., Perera R.A., Chu D.K., Khishgee B., Enkhbold B., Poon L.L. & Peins M. (2015). -Absence of MERS-coronavirus in bactrian camels, southern Mongolia, November 2014. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 21 (7), 1269-1271. doi:10.3201/eid2107.150178.
72. Mackay l.M. & Arden K.E. (2015). - MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission. Virol. J., 12, 222. doi:10.1186/sl2985-015-0439-5.
73. Perera R.A., Wang R, Gomaa M.R., El-Shesheny R., Kandeil A., Bagato O., Siu L.Y., Shehata M.M., Kayed A.S., Moatasim Y, Li M., Poon L.L., Guan Y, Webby R.J., Ali M.A., Peiris J.S. & Kayali G. (2013). - Seroepidemiology for MERS coronavirus using microneutralisation and pseudoparticle virus neutralisation assays reveal a high prevalence of antibody in dromedary camels in Egypt. Eurosurveillance, 18 (36), 20574. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES2013.18.36.20574.
74. Hemida M.G., Perera R.A., Al Jassim R.A., Kayali G., Siu L.Y., Wang E, Chu K.W., Perlman S., Ali M.A., Alnaeem A., Guan Y., Poon L.L., Saif L. & Peiris M. (2014). -Seroepidemiology of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus in Saudi Arabia (1993) and Australia (2014) and characterisation of assay specificity. Eurosurveillance, 19 (23), 20828. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.23.20828.
75. Azhar E.I., El-Kafrawy S.A., Farraj S.A., Hassan A.M., Al-Saeed M.S., Hashem A.M. & Madam TA. (2014). - Evidence for camel-to-human transmission of MERS coronavirus. N. Engl. J. Med., 370, 2499-2505. doi:10.1056/ NEJMoal401505.
76. Assiri A., McGeer A., Perl T.M., Price C.S., Al Rabeeah A.A., Cummings DA., Alabdullatif Z.N., Assad M., Almulhim A., Makhdoom H., Madani H., Alhakeem R., Al-Tawfiq J.A., Cotten M., Watson S.J., Kellam P., Zumla A.I. & Memish Z.A. (2013). - Hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. N. Engl. J. Med., 369, 407-416. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa 1306742.
77. Oboho I.K., Tomczyk S.M., Al-Asmari A.M., Banjar A.A., Al-Mugti H., Aloraini M.S., Alkhaldi K.Z., Almohammadi E.L., Alraddadi B.M., Gerber S.I., Swerdlow D.L., Watson J.T. & Madani TA. (2015). - 2014 MERS-CoV outbreak in Jeddah: a link to health care facilities. N. Engl. J. Med. 372, 846-854. doi:10.1056/NEJMoal408636.
78. Cowling B.J., Park M., Fang V.J., Wu P, Leung G.M. & Wu J.T. (2015). - Preliminary epidemiological assessment of MERS-CoV outbreak in South Korea, May to June 2015. Eurosurveillance, 20 (25), 21163. doi:10.2807/1560-7917. ES2015.20.25.21163.
79. Bin S.Y., Heo J.Y., Song M.S., Lee J., Kim E.H., Park S.J., Kwon H.I., Kim S.M., Kim Y.L, Si Y.J., Lee I.W, Baek Y.H., Choi WS., Min J., Jeong H.W & Choi Y.K. (2015). -Environmental contamination and viral shedding in MERS patients during MERS-CoV outbreak in South Korea. Clin. Inject. Dis., 62 (6), 755-760. doi:10.1093/cid/civl020.
80. Wernery U. (2014). - Some epidemiological studies on MERS coronavirus in dromedaries in the United Arab Emirates: a short communication. J. Camel Pract. Res., 21 (1), 1-4. doi:10.5958/2277-8934.2014.00001.0.
81. Adney D.R., van Doremalen N., Brown V.R., Bushmaker T., Scott D., de Wit E., Bowen R.A. & Munster VJ. (2014). -Replication and shedding of MERS-CoV in upper respiratory tract of inoculated dromedary camels. Emerg. Inject. Dis., 20 (12), 1999-2005. doi:10.3201/eid2012.141280.
82. Wernery U., Kinne J. & Schuster R.E (2014). - Neonatal diarrhoea. Chapter 2.1.13. In Camelid infectious disorders. World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris, 283-295.