Aspirin for the prevention of cancer incidence and mortality: Systematic evidence reviews for the U.S. preventive services task force

Annals of Internal Medicine

Volumn 164, Issue 12, 2016, Pages 814-825

  Chubak, Jessica ^a   Whitlock, Evelyn P ^b   Williams, Selvi B ^c   Kamineni, Aruna ^a   Burda, Brittany U ^c   Buist, Diana S M ^a   Anderson, Melissa L ^a  

^a GROUP HEALTH RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b PATIENT CENTERED OUTCOMES RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c CENTER FOR HEALTH RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; PLACEBO; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT;

CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RISK; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COLORECTAL CANCER; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CANCER; DRUG MEGADOSE; FOLLOW UP; GASTROINTESTINAL CARCINOMA; HUMAN; LOW DRUG DOSE; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SOLID TUMOR; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; ADULT; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; INCIDENCE; MORTALITY; NEOPLASMS; UNITED STATES;

ADULT; ANTICARCINOGENIC AGENTS; ASPIRIN; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; NEOPLASMS; PRIMARY PREVENTION; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84975256623     PISSN: 00034819     EISSN: 15393704     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7326/M15-2117     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. American Cancer Society. Lifetime Risk of Developing or Dying From Cancer. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2014. Accessed at www.cancer.org/cancer/cancerbasics/lifetime-probability-of -developing-or-dying-from-cancer on 24 February 2015.
2. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Cancer. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2016. Accessed at https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/cancer on 24 February 2015.
3. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figure 2016. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2016.
4. Steward WP, Brown K. Cancer chemoprevention: a rapidly evolving field. Br J Cancer. 2013;109:1-7. [PMID: 23736035] doi: 10.1038/bjc.2013.280
5. Gray J, Mao JT, Szabo E, Kelley M, Kurie J, Bepler G; American College of Chest Physicians. Lung cancer chemoprevention: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd Edition). Chest. 2007;132:56S-68S. [PMID: 17873160]
6. Spechler SJ, Sharma P, Souza RF, Inadomi JM, Shaheen NJ; American Gastroenterological Association. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on the management of Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology. 2011;140:1084-91. [PMID: 21376940] doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.01.030
7. Allum WH, Blazeby JM, Griffin SM, Cunningham D, Jankowski JA, Wong R; Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland, the British Society of Gastroenterology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology. Guidelines for the management of oesophageal and gastric cancer. Gut. 2011;60:1449-72. [PMID: 21705456] doi: 10.1136/gut.2010.228254
8. Cuzick J, Otto F, Baron JA, Brown PH, Burn J, Greenwald P, et al. Aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for cancer prevention: an international consensus statement. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10: 501-7. [PMID: 19410194] doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70035-X
9. Perk J, De Backer G, Gohlke H, Graham I, Reiner Z, Verschuren M, et al; European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur Heart J. 2012;33:1635-701. [PMID: 22555213] doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs092
10. American Gastroenterological Association. Lynch Syndrome: Guidelines on Genetic Evaluation and Management of Lynch Syndrome: A Consensus Statement by the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Bethesda, MD: American Gastroenterological Association; 2015. Accessed at www.gastro.org/guidelines/2015/03/26/lynch-syndrome on 17 May 2015.
11. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Routine aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the primary prevention of colorectal cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:361-4. [PMID: 17339621] doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00008
12. Chubak J, Kamineni A, Buist DSM, Anderson ML, Whitlock EP. Aspirin Use for the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer: An Updated Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Evidence Synthesis No. 133. AHRQ Publication No. 15-05228- EF-1. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2015.
13. Whitlock EP, Williams SB, Burda BU, Feightner A, Beil T. Aspirin Use in Adults: Cancer, All-Cause Mortality and Harms. A Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Evidence Synthesis No. 132. AHRQ Publication No. 13-05193-EF-1. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2015: 217.
14. Guirguis-Blake JM, Evans CV, Senger CA, Rowland MG,O'Connor E, Whitlock EP. Aspirin for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Evidence Synthesis No. 131. AHRQ Publication No. 13-05195-EF-1. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2015.
15. Dehmer SP, Maciosek MV, Flottemesch TJ. Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: A Decision Analysis. AHRQ Publication No. 15-05229-EF-1. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2015.
16. Guirguis-Blake JM, Evans CV, Senger CA, O'Connor EA, Whitlock EP. Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164:804-13. doi: 10.7326/M15-2113
17. Whitlock EP, Burda BU, Williams SB, Guirguis-Blake JM, Evans CV. Bleeding risks with aspirin use for primary prevention in adults: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164:826-35. doi: 10.7326/M15-2112
18. Rothwell PM, Fowkes FG, Belch JF, Ogawa H, Warlow CP, Meade TW. Effect of daily aspirin on long-term risk of death due to cancer: analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2011;377:31-41. [PMID: 21144578] doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62110-1
19. Rothwell PM, Price JF, Fowkes FG, Zanchetti A, Roncaglioni MC, Tognoni G, et al. Short-term effects of daily aspirin on cancer incidence, mortality, and non-vascular death: analysis of the time course of risks and benefits in 51 randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2012;379:1602-12. [PMID: 22440946] doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61720-0
20. Dubé C, Rostom A, Lewin G, Tsertsvadze A, Barrowman N, Code C, et al; U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. The use of aspirin for primary prevention of colorectal cancer: a systematic review prepared for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:365-75. [PMID: 17339622] doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00009
21. Wolff T, Miller T, Ko S. Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events: an update of evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2009.
22. Human Development Report 2013. The Risk of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World. New York: United Nations Development Program; 2013.
23. Harris RP, Helfand M, Woolf SH, Lohr KN, Mulrow CD, Teutsch SM, et al; Methods Work Group, Third US Preventive Services Task Force. Current methods of the US Preventive Services Task Force: a review of the process. Am J Prev Med. 2001;20:21-35. [PMID: 11306229]
24. Shea BJ, Grimshaw JM, Wells GA, Boers M, Andersson N, Hamel C, et al. Development of AMSTAR: a measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2007;7:10. [PMID: 17302989]
25. The Canadian Cooperative Study Group. A randomized trial of aspirin and sulfinpyrazone in threatened stroke. N Engl J Med. 1978; 299:53-9. [PMID: 351394]
26. High-dose acetylsalicylic acid after cerebral infarction. A Swedish Cooperative Study. Stroke. 1987;18:325-34. [PMID: 2882626]
27. Bentham P, Gray R, Sellwood E, Hills R, Crome P, Raftery J; AD2000 Collaborative Group. Aspirin in Alzheimer's disease (AD2000): a randomised open-label trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7: 41-9. [PMID: 18068522]
28. Bousser MG, Eschwege E, Haguenau M, Lefaucconnier JM, Thibult N, Touboul D, et al. "AICLA" controlled trial of aspirin and dipyridamole in the secondary prevention of athero-thrombotic cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 1983;14:5-14. [PMID: 6401878]
29. Breddin K, Loew D, Lechner K, Uberla K, Walter E. Secondary prevention of myocardial infarction: a comparison of acetylsalicylic acid, placebo and phenprocoumon. Haemostasis. 1980;9:325-44. [PMID: 7005035]
30. Choi CK, Kim N, Choi JW, Park YS, Kim JW, Jeong SH, et al. Effect of low-dose, enteric coated aspirin on gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with coronary artery disease. Gut Liver. 2008;2:99-104. [PMID: 20485618] doi: 10.5009/gnl.2008.2.2.99
31. Cleland JG, Findlay I, Jafri S, Sutton G, Falk R, Bulpitt C, et al. The Warfarin/Aspirin Study in Heart failure (WASH): a randomized trial comparing antithrombotic strategies for patients with heart failure. Am Heart J. 2004;148:157-64. [PMID: 15215806]
32. Catalano M, Born G, Peto R; Critical Leg Ischaemia Prevention Study (CLIPS) Group. Prevention of serious vascular events by aspirin amongst patients with peripheral arterial disease: randomized, double-blind trial. J Intern Med. 2007;261:276-84. [PMID: 17305650]
33. Elwood PC, Cochrane AL, Burr ML, Sweetnam PM, Williams G, Welsby E, et al. A randomized controlled trial of acetyl salicylic acid in the secondary prevention of mortality from myocardial infarction. Br Med J. 1974;1:436-40. [PMID: 4593555]
34. Elwood PC, Sweetnam PM. Aspirin and secondary mortality after myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1979;2:1313-5. [PMID: 92668]
35. Fields WS, Lemak NA, Frankowski RF, Hardy RJ. Controlled trial of aspirin in cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 1977;8:301-14. [PMID: 324036]
36. Fields WS, Lemak NA, Frankowski RF, Hardy RJ. Controlled trial of aspirin in cerebral ischemia. Part II: surgical group. Stroke. 1978; 9:309-19. [PMID: 354098]
37. Gent M, Barnett HJ, Sackett DL, Taylor DW. A randomized trial of aspirin and sulfinpyrazone in patients with threatened stroke. Results and methodologic issues. Circulation. 1980;62:V97-105. [PMID: 7002357]
38. Hess H, Mietaschk A, Deichsel G. Drug-induced inhibition of platelet function delays progression of peripheral occlusive arterial disease. A prospective double-blind arteriographically controlled trial. Lancet. 1985;1:415-9. [PMID: 2857803]
39. Hirata Y, Kataoka H, Shimura T, Mizushima T, Mizoshita T, Tanida S, et al. Incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cardiovascular disease: buffered aspirin versus enteric-coated aspirin. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2011;46:803-9. [PMID: 21501103] doi: 10.3109/00365521.2011.568522
40. Kretschmer G, Pratschner T, Prager M, Wenzl E, Polterauer P, Schemper M, et al. Antiplatelet treatment prolongs survival after carotid bifurcation endarterectomy. Analysis of the clinical series followed by a controlled trial. Ann Surg. 1990;211:317-22. [PMID: 2178566]
41. Lee I, Manson C, Hennekens C. Low-dose aspirin and risk of cancer: the Physicians' Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;141.
42. Posada IS, Barriales V. Alternate-day dosing of aspirin in atrial fibrillation. LASAF Pilot Study Group. Am Heart J. 1999;138:137-43. [PMID: 10385777]
43. Sorensen PS, Pedersen H, Marquardsen J, Petersson H, Heltberg A, Simonsen N, et al. Acetylsalicylic acid in the prevention of stroke in patients with reversible cerebral ischemic attacks. A Danish cooperative study. Stroke. 1983;14:15-22. [PMID: 6337425]
44. WASH. The WASH study (Warfarin/Aspirin Study in Heart failure) rationale, design and end-points. Eur J Heart Fail. 1999;1:95-9. [PMID: 10937986]
45. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Final Research Plan: Aspirin to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer. Rockville, MD: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force; 2013. Accessed at www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/final-research-plan-aspirin-to-prevent-cancer/aspirin-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-and-cancer on 5 November 2015.
46. Fu R, Gartlehner G, Grant M, Shamliyan T, Sedrakyan A, Wilt TJ, et al. Conducting quantitative synthesis when comparing medical interventions: AHRQ and the Effective Health Care Program. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:1187-97. [PMID: 21477993] doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.08.010
47. The DAMAD Study Group. Effect of aspirin alone and aspirin plus dipyridamole in early diabetic retinopathy. A multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial. Diabetes. 1989;38:491-8. [PMID: 2647556]
48. de Gaetano G; Collaborative Group of the Primary Prevention Project. Low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in people at cardiovascular risk: a randomised trial in general practice. Collaborative Group of the Primary Prevention Project. Lancet. 2001;357:89-95. [PMID: 11197445]
49. ETDRS Investigators. Aspirin effects on mortality and morbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report 14. JAMA. 1992;268:1292-300. [PMID: 1507375]
50. Fowkes FG, Price JF, Stewart MC, Butcher I, Leng GC, Pell AC, et al; Aspirin for Asymptomatic Atherosclerosis Trialists. Aspirin for prevention of cardiovascular events in a general population screened for a low ankle brachial index: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;303:841-8. [PMID: 20197530] doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.221
51. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, Dahlöf B, Elmfeldt D, Julius S, et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and lowdose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study Group. Lancet. 1998;351:1755-62. [PMID: 9635947]
52. Thrombosis Prevention Trial: randomised trial of low-intensity oral anticoagulation with warfarin and low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease in men at increased risk. The Medical Research Council's General Practice Research Framework. Lancet. 1998;351:233-41. [PMID: 9457092]
53. Ogawa H, Nakayama M, Morimoto T, Uemura S, Kanauchi M, Doi N, et al; Japanese Primary Prevention of Atherosclerosis With Aspirin for Diabetes (JPAD) Trial Investigators. Low-dose aspirin for primary prevention of atherosclerotic events in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;300:2134-41.[PMID: 18997198] doi: 10.1001/jama.2008.623
54. Peto R, Gray R, Collins R, Wheatley K, Hennekens C, Jamrozik K, et al. Randomised trial of prophylactic daily aspirin in British male doctors. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1988;296:313-6. [PMID: 3125882]
55. Belch J, MacCuish A, Campbell I, Cobbe S, Taylor R, Prescott R, et al; Prevention of Progression of Arterial Disease and Diabetes Study Group. The prevention of progression of arterial disease and diabetes (POPADAD) trial: factorial randomised placebo controlled trial of aspirin and antioxidants in patients with diabetes and asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease. BMJ. 2008;337:a1840. [PMID: 18927173] doi: 10.1136/bmj.a1840
56. Cook NR, Lee IM, Gaziano JM, Gordon D, Ridker PM, Manson JE, et al. Low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of cancer: the Women's Health Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005; 294:47-55. [PMID: 15998890]
57. Steering Committee of the Physicians' Health Study Research Group. Final report on the aspirin component of the ongoing Physicians' Health Study. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:129-35. [PMID: 2664509]
58. The Coronary Drug Project Research Group. Aspirin in coronary heart disease. Circulation. 1980;62:V59-62. [PMID: 7002353]
59. European Stroke Prevention Study 2. Efficacy and safety data. J Neurol Sci. 1997;151 Suppl:S1-77. [PMID: 9276859]
60. EAFT (European Atrial Fibrillation Trial) Study Group. Secondary prevention in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke. Lancet. 1993;342:1255-62. [PMID: 7901582]
61. The SALT Collaborative Group. Swedish Aspirin Low-Dose Trial (SALT) of 75 mg aspirin as secondary prophylaxis after cerebrovascular ischaemic events. Lancet. 1991;338:1345-9. [PMID: 1682734]
62. Brighton TA, Eikelboom JW, Mann K, Mister R, Gallus A, Ockelford P, et al; ASPIRE Investigators. Low-dose aspirin for preventing recurrent venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1979-87. [PMID: 23121403] doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1210384
63. The Persantine-Aspirin Reinfarction Study Research Group. Persantine and aspirin in coronary heart disease. Circulation. 1980;62:449-61. [PMID: 7398002]
64. Farrell B, Godwin J, Richards S, Warlow C. The United Kingdom transient ischaemic attack (UK-TIA) aspirin trial: final results. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991;54:1044-54. [PMID: 1783914]
65. A randomized, controlled trial of aspirin in persons recovered from myocardial infarction. JAMA. 1980;243:661-9. [PMID:6985998]
66. Juul-Möller S, Edvardsson N, Jahnmatz B, Rosén A, Sorensen S, Omblus R. Double-blind trial of aspirin in primary prevention of myocardial infarction in patients with stable chronic angina pectoris. The Swedish Angina Pectoris Aspirin Trial (SAPAT) Group. Lancet. 1992; 340:1421-5. [PMID: 1360557]
67. Flossmann E, Rothwell PM; British Doctors Aspirin Trial and the UK-TIA Aspirin Trial. Effect of aspirin on long-term risk of colorectal cancer: consistent evidence from randomised and observational studies. Lancet. 2007;369:1603-13. [PMID: 17499602]
68. Rothwell PM, Wilson M, Elwin CE, Norrving B, Algra A, Warlow CP, et al. Long-term effect of aspirin on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: 20-year follow-up of five randomised trials. Lancet. 2010;376:1741-50. [PMID: 20970847] doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61543-7
69. Cook NR, Lee IM, Zhang SM, Moorthy MV, Buring JE. Alternateday, low-dose aspirin and cancer risk: long-term observational follow-up of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159: 77-85. [PMID: 23856681] doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-159-2-201307160-00002
70. Stürmer T, Glynn RJ, Lee IM, Manson JE, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. Aspirin use and colorectal cancer: post-trial follow-up data from the Physicians' Health Study. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128: 713-20. [PMID: 9556464] doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-128-9-199805010-00003
71. Seshasai SR, Wijesuriya S, Sivakumaran R, Nethercott S, Erqou S, Sattar N, et al. Effect of aspirin on vascular and nonvascular outcomes: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med.2012;172:209-16.[PMID:22231610]doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.628
72. Cuzick J, Thorat MA, Bosetti C, Brown PH, Burn J, Cook NR, et al. Estimates of benefits and harms of prophylactic use of aspirin in the general population. Ann Oncol. 2015;26:47-57. [PMID: 25096604] doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdu225
73. Sutcliffe P, Connock M, Gurung T, Freeman K, Johnson S, Kandala NB, et al. Aspirin for prophylactic use in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: a systematic review and overview of reviews. Health Technol Assess. 2013;17:1-253. [PMID: 24074752] doi: 10.3310/hta17430
74. Algra AM, Rothwell PM. Effects of regular aspirin on long-term cancer incidence and metastasis: a systematic comparison of evidence from observational studies versus randomised trials. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:518-27. [PMID: 22440112] doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70112-2
75. Bosetti C, Rosato V, Gallus S, Cuzick J, La Vecchia C. Aspirin and cancer risk: a quantitative review to 2011. Ann Oncol. 2012;23:1403-15. [PMID: 22517822] doi: 10.1093/annonc/mds113
76. Ye X, Fu J, Yang Y, Chen S. Dose-risk and duration-risk relationships between aspirin and colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of published cohort studies. PLoS One. 2013;8:e57578. [PMID: 23451245] doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057578
77. Nelson MR, Reid CM, Ames DA, Beilin LJ, Donnan GA, Gibbs P, et al. Feasibility of conducting a primary prevention trial of low-dose aspirin for major adverse cardiovascular events in older people in Australia: results from the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) pilot study. Med J Aust. 2008;189:105-9. [PMID:18637782]
78. ASCEND: A Study of Cardiovascular Events iN Diabetes [clinical trial]. Accessed at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00135226on 21 April 2015.
79. De Berardis G, Sacco M, Evangelista V, Filippi A, Giorda CB, Tognoni G, et al; ACCEPT-D Study Group. Aspirin and Simvastatin Combination for Cardiovascular Events Prevention Trial in Diabetes (ACCEPT-D): design of a randomized study of the efficacy of lowdose aspirin in the prevention of cardiovascular events in subjects with diabetes mellitus treated with statins. Trials. 2007;8:21. [PMID: 17725825]
80. A Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Enteric-Coated Acetylsalicylic Acid in Patients at Moderate Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (ARRIVE) [clinical trial]. Accessed at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00501059 on 21 April 2015.
81. Henderson N, Smith T. Aspirin for the next generation. Ecancermedicalscience. 2013;7:300. [PMID: 23589729] doi: 10.3332/ecancer.2013.300
82. Fink SP, Yamauchi M, Nishihara R, Jung S, Kuchiba A, Wu K, et al. Aspirin and the risk of colorectal cancer in relation to the expression of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (HPGD). Sci Transl Med. 2014;6:233re2. [PMID: 24760190] doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008481
83. Nan H, Hutter CM, Lin Y, Jacobs EJ, Ulrich CM, White E, et al; CCFR. Association of aspirin and NSAID use with risk of colorectal cancer according to genetic variants. JAMA. 2015;313:1133-42.[PMID: 25781442] doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.1815
84. Hoffmeister M, Chang-Claude J, Brenner H. Individual and joint use of statins and low-dose aspirin and risk of colorectal cancer: a population-based case-control study. Int J Cancer. 2007;121:1325-30. [PMID: 17487832]
85. Chan AT, Tranah GJ, Giovannucci EL, Hunter DJ, Fuchs CS. Genetic variants in the UGT1A6 enzyme, aspirin use, and the risk of colorectal adenoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:457-60. [PMID: 15770010]
86. Andersen V, Vogel U. Systematic review: interactions between aspirin, and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and polymorphisms in relation to colorectal cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;40:147-59. [PMID: 24889212] doi: 10.1111/apt.12807
87. Baron JA, Cole BF, Sandler RS, Haile RW, Ahnen D, Bresalier R, et al. A randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colorectal adenomas. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:891-9. [PMID: 12621133]
88. Logan RF, Grainge MJ, Shepherd VC, Armitage NC, Muir KR; ukCAP Trial Group. Aspirin and folic acid for the prevention of recurrent colorectal adenomas. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:29-38. [PMID: 18022173]