Have risks associated with the presence of synthetic organic contaminants in land-applied sewage sludges been adequately assessed?

New Solutions

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 371-386

  Hale, Robert C ^a   La Guardia, Mark J ^b  

^a VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84973653501     PISSN: 10482911     EISSN: 15413772     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2190/EG3A-P708-9A2L-BRF5     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. R. C. Hale and M. J. La Guardia. Emerging Contaminants of Concern in Coastal and Estuarine Environments. Chapter 3 in Risk Assessment in Coastal and Estuarine Environments, M. C. Newman, M. H. Roberts Jr., and R. C. Hale (eds.), pp. 41-72, 2002.
2. U.S. EPA, Biosolids Generation, Use, and Disposal in the United States, EPA530-R-99-009, 1999.
3. Municipal Solid Waste in the United States 1999 Facts and Figures. http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/msw99.htm.
4. U.S. EPA, The Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge, Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 503, 1993.
5. E. Z. Harrison, M. B. McBride, and D. R. Bouldin, Working Paper: The Case for Caution: Recommendations for Land Application of Sewage Sludges and an Appraisal of the U.S. EPA’s Part 503 Sludge Rules, Cornell Waste Management Institute, 1999.
6. U.S. EPA, A Guide to the Biosolids Risk Assessments for the EPA Part 503 Rule, Office of Wastewater Management, U.S. EPA/ 8332//B-93-005, 1995.
7. U.S. EPA, Fate of Priority Pollutants in Publicly Owned Treatment Works, EPA-440/1-82-303, 1982.
8. U.S. EPA, Proposed Rule Revising the Standards for Use and Disposal of Biosolids, EPA-822-F-99-005, 1999.
9. E. Silva, N. Rajapakse, and A. Kortenkamp, Something from “Nothing”—Eight Weak Estrogenic Chemicals Combined at Concentrations Below NOECs Produce Significant Mixture Effects, Environmental Science & Technology, 36, pp. 1751-1756, 2002.
10. Major Brominated Flame Retardants Volume Estimates, Brominated Science and Environmental Forum, http://www.bsef.com, 2001.
11. R. C. Hale, M. J. La Guardia, E. Harvey, and T. M. Mainor, The Potential Role of Fire Retardant-Treated Polyurethane Foam as a Source of Brominated Diphenyl Ethers to the U.S. Environment, Chemosphere, 46, pp. 729-735, 2002.
12. J. Peltola and L. Yla-Mononen, Pentabromodiphenyl Ether as a Global POP. TemaNord Nordic Council of Ministers, 2001.
13. M. L. Hardy, The Toxicology of the Three Commercial Polybrominated Diphenyl Oxide (Ether) Flame Retardants, Chemosphere, 46, pp. 757-777, 2002.
14. M. G. Ikonomou, S. Rayne, and R. F. Addison, Exponential Increases of the Brominated Flame Retardants, Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, in the Canadian Arctic from 1981-2000, Environmental Science & Technology, 36, pp. 1886-1892, 2002.
15. B. Strandberg, N. G. Dodder, I. Basu, and R. A. Hites, Concentrations and Spatial Variations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers And Other Organohalogen Compounds in Great Lakes Air, Environmental Science & Technology, 35, pp. 1078-1083, 2001.
16. R. C. Hale, M. J. La Guardia, E. P. Harvey, T. M. Mainor, W. H. Duff, and M. O. Gaylor, Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Flame Retardants in Virginia Freshwater Fishes (USA), Environmental Science & Technology, 35, pp. 4585-4591, 2001.
17. A. Sjodin, L. Hagmar, E. Klasson-Wehler, J. Bjork, and A. Bergman, Influence of the Consumption of Fatty Baltic Sea Fish on Plasma Levels of Halogenated Environmental Contaminants in Latvian and Swedish Men, Environmental Health Perspectives, 108, pp. 1035-1041, 2000.
18. K. S. Betts, Rapidly Rising PBDE Levels in North America, Environmental Science & Technology, 36, pp. 50A-52A, 2002.
19. R. Renner, What Fate for Brominated Fire Retardants? Environmental Science & Technology, 34, pp. 223-226A, 2000.
20. P. O. Darnerud, G. S. Eriksen, T. Johannesson, P. B. Larsen, and M. Viluksela, Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers: Occurrence, Dietary Exposure, and Toxicology, Environmental Health Perspectives, 109, pp. 49-68, 2001.
21. P. Eriksson, E. Jakobsson, and A. Fredriksson, Brominated Flame Retardants: A Novel Class of Developmental Neurotoxicants in Our Environment, Environmental Health Perspectives, 109, pp. 903-908, 2001.
22. C. Thomsen, E. Lundanes, and G. Becher, Brominated Flame Retardants in Archived Serum Samples from Norway: A Study on Temporal Trends and the Role of Age, Environmental Science & Technology, 36, pp. 1414-1418, 2002.
23. I. Meerts, J. J. van Zanden, E. A. C. Luijks, I. van Leeuwen-Bol, G. Marsh, E. Jakobsson, A. Bergman, and A. Brouwer, Potent Competitive Interactions of Some Brominated Flame Retardants and Related Compounds with Human Transthyretin in Vitro, Toxicological Science, 56, pp. 95-104, 2000.
24. H. M. Blanck, M. Marcus, P. E. Tolbert, C. Rubin, A. K. Henderson, V. S. Hertzberg, R. H. Zhang, and L. Cameron, Age at Menarche and Tanner Stage in Girls Exposed in Utero and Postnatally to Polybrominated Biphenyl, Epidemiology, 11, pp. 641-647, 2000.
25. T. Isobe, H. Nishiyama, A. Nakashima, and H. Takada, Distribution and Behavior of Nonylphenol, Octyphenol, and Nonylphenol Monoethoxylate in Tokyo Metropolitan Area: Their Association with Aquatic Particles and Sedimentary Distributions, Environmental Science & Technology, 35, pp. 1041-1049, 2001.
26. Chemical Profile: Nonylphenol, Chemical Market Reporter, 260, http://www.aperc.org/nonylphenol.pdf, 2001.
27. C. G. Naylor, Environmental Fate and Safety of Nonylphenol Ethoxylates, Textile Chemist & Colorist, 27, pp. 29-33, 1995.
28. R. Bettinetti, D. Cuccato, S. Galassi, and A. Provini, Toxicity of 4-Nonylphenol in Spiked Sediment to Three Populations of Chironomous Riparius, Chemosphere, 46, pp. 201-207, 2002.
29. S. R. Miles-Richardson, S. L. Pierens, K. M. Nichols, V. J. Kramer, E. M. Snyder, S. A. Snyder, J. A. Render, S. D. Fitzgerald, and J. P. Giesy, Effects of Waterborne Exposure to 4-Nonylphenol and Nonylphenol Ethoxylate on Secondary Sex Characteristics and Gonads of Fathead Minnows (Pimephales Promelas), Environmental Research, 80, pp. 122-137, 1999.
30. M. Ahel, W. Giger, and M. Koch, Behavior of Alkylphenol Polyethoxylate Surfactants in the Aquatic Environment—1. Occurrence and Transformation in Sewage Treatment, Water Research, 28, pp. 1131-1142, 1994.
31. R. C. Hale, C. L. Smith, P. O. de Fur, E. Harvey, E. O. Bush, M. J. La Guardia, and G. G. Vadas, Nonylphenols in Sediments and Effluents Associated with Diverse Virginia (USA) Wastewater Outfalls, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 19, pp. 946-952, 2000.
32. D. Y. Shang, R. W. MacDonald, and M. G. Ikonomou, Persistence of Nonylphenol Ethoxylate Surfactants and Their Primary Degradation Products in Sediments Obtained from Near a Municipal Outfall in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada, Environmental Science & Technology, 33, pp. 1366-1372, 1999.
33. A. M. Ferreira-Leach and E. M. Hill, Bioconcentration and Distribution of 4-Tert-Octylphenol Residues in Tissues of the Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Environmental Research, 51, pp. 75-89, 2001.
34. S. Jobling, M. Nolan, C. R. Tyler, G. Brighty, and J. P. Sumpter, Widespread Sexual Disruption in Wildfish, Environmental Science & Technology, 32, pp. 2498-2506, 1998.
35. W. L. Fairchild, E. O. Swansburg, J. T. Arsenault, and S. C. Brown, Does an Association between Pesticide Use and Subsequent Declines in Catch of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Represent a Case of Endocrine Disruption? Environmental Health Perspectives, 107, pp. 349-358, 1999.
36. R. C. Hale, M. J. La Guardia, E. Harvey, M. O. Gaylor, T. M. Mainor, and W. H. Duff, Flame Retardants: Persistent Pollutants in Land-Applied Sludges, Nature, 412, pp. 141-142, 2001.
37. M. J. La Guardia, R. C. Hale, E. Harvey, and T. M. Mainor, Alkylphenol Ethoxylate Degradation Products in Land Applied Sewage Sludges (Biosolids), Environmental Science & Technology, 35, pp. 4798-4804, 2001.
38. Danish Environment & Energy Newsletter, No. 11, Ministry of the Environment, 2001.
39. M. Hesselse, D. Jensen, K. Skals, T. Olesen, P. Moldrup, P. Roslev, G. Krog Mortensen, and K. Henriksen, Degradation of 4-Nonylphenol in Homogeneous and Nonhomogeneous Mixtures of Soil and Sewage Sludge, Environmental Science & Technology, 35, pp. 3695-3700, 2001.
40. J. Vikelsoe, M. Thomsen, E. Johansen, and L. Carsen, Phthalates and Nonylphenols in Soil: A Field Study of Different Soil Profiles, NERI Technical Report No. 268, Ministry of Environment and Energy, National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark, 1999.
41. R. A. Rudel, S. J. Melly, P. W. Geno, G. Sun, and J. G. Brody, Identification of Alkylphenols and Other Estrogenic Phenolic Compounds in Wastewater, Septage, and Groundwater on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, Environmental Science & Technology, 32, pp. 861-869, 1998.
42. L. B. Barber II, E. M. Thurman, and M. P. Schroeder, Long-Term Fate of Organic Micropollutants in Sewage-Contaminated Groundwater, Environmental Science & Technology, 22, pp. 205-211, 1988.
43. U.S. EPA, Office of Inspector General, Status Report: Land Application of Biosolids, Report No. 2002-S-000004, 2002
44. R. Rynk, Industries Respond to the Clopyralid Controversy, BioCycle, 42, pp. 66-67, 2001.
45. U.S. Composting Council Clopyralid Position Paper, October 30, 2001.
46. Disposal and Recycling Routes for Sewage Sludge, Synthesis Report for the European Commission DG Environment-B/2, 2002.
47. Use of Reclaimed Water and Sludge in Food Crop Production, National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1996.
48. K. Rehmann, K.-W. Schramm, and A. A. Kettrup, Applicability of a Yeast Oestrogen Screen for the Detection of Oestrogen-Like Activities in Environmental Samples, Chemosphere, 38, pp. 3303-3312, 1999.
49. Biosolids Applied to Land: Advancing Standards and Practice, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2002.