Beyond ejection fraction: An integrative approach for assessment of cardiac structure and function in heart failure

European Heart Journal

Volumn 37, Issue 21, 2016, Pages 1642-1650

  Cikes, Maja ^a   Solomon, Scott D ^b  

^a KBC Zagreb   (Croatia)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Deformation imaging; Echocardiography; Ejection fraction; Heart failure; Outcomes; Risk assessment

Indexed keywords

ADVERSE OUTCOME; CARDIAC IMAGING; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART LEFT ATRIUM; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE CONTRACTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE EJECTION FRACTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FUNCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE PRESSURE; HEART SIZE; HUMAN; LEFT ATRIAL SIZE; LEFT VENTRICULAR SYSTOLIC FUNCTION; MITRAL VALVE REGURGITATION; MYOCARDIAL DEFORMATION IMAGING; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH; VALVULAR HEART DISEASE; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE FUNCTION; HEART STROKE VOLUME; HEART VENTRICLE; HEART VENTRICLE PRESSURE; ORGAN SIZE; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; RISK FACTOR;

CARDIAC IMAGING TECHNIQUES; DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; HEART FAILURE; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VENTRICLES; HUMANS; ORGAN SIZE; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS; STROKE VOLUME; VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, LEFT; VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, RIGHT; VENTRICULAR PRESSURE;

EID: 84973334467     PISSN: 0195668X     EISSN: 15229645     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv510     Document Type: Review

References (73)

1. Folse R, Barunwald E. Determination of fraction of left ventricular volume ejected per beat and of ventricular end-diastolic and residual volumes. Experimental and clinical observations with a precordial dilution technic. Circulation 1962;25: 674-685.
2. McMurray JJ, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, Auricchio A, Böhm M, Dickstein K, Falk V, Filippatos G, Fonseca C, Gomez-Sanchez MA, Jaarsma T, Køber L, Lip GY, Maggioni AP, Parkhomenko A, Pieske BM, Popescu BA, Rønnevik PK, Rutten FH, Schwitter J, Seferovic P, Stepinska J, Trindade PT, Voors AA, Zannad F, Zeiher A; Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology, Bax JJ, Baumgartner H, Ceconi C, Dean V, Deaton C, Fagard R, Funck-Brentano C, Hasdai D, Hoes A, Kirchhof P, Knuuti J, Kolh P, McDonagh T, Moulin C, Popescu BA, Reiner Z, Sechtem U, Sirnes PA, Tendera M, Torbicki A, Vahanian A, Windecker S, McDonagh T, Sechtem U, Bonet LA, Avraamides P, Ben Lamin HA, Brignole M, Coca A, Cowburn P, Dargie H, Elliott P, Flachskampf FA, Guida GF, Hardman S, Iung B, Merkely B, Mueller C, Nanas JN, Nielsen OW, Orn S, Parissis JT, Ponikowski P; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail 2012;14:803-869.
3. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE Jr, Drazner MH, Fonarow GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi JL, Johnson MR, Kasper EK, Levy WC, Masoudi FA, McBride PE, McMurray JJ, Mitchell JE, Peterson PN, Riegel B, Sam F, Stevenson LW, Tang WH, Tsai EJ, Wilkoff BL; American College of Cardiology Foundation; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:e147-e239.
4. Solomon SD, Anavekar N, Skali H, McMurray JJ, Swedberg K, Yusuf S, Granger CB, Michelson EL, Wang D, Pocock S, Pfeffer MA; Candesartan in Heart Failure Reduction in Mortality (CHARM) Investigators. Influence of ejection fraction on cardiovascular outcomes in a broad spectrum of heart failure patients. Circulation 2005; 112:3738-3744.
5. Solomon SD, Skali H, Anavekar NS, Bourgoun M, Barvik S, Ghali JK, Warnica JW, Khrakovskaya M, Arnold JM, Schwartz Y, Velazquez EJ, Califf RM, McMurray JV, Pfeffer MA. Changes in ventricular size and function in patients treated with valsartan, captopril, or both after myocardial infarction. Circulation 2005;111:3411-3419.
6. Pocock SJ, Wang D, Pfeffer MA, Yusuf S, McMurray JJ, Swedberg KB, Ostergren J, Michelson EL, Pieper KS, Granger CB. Predictors of mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2006;27:65-75.
7. Seidman A, Hudis C, Pierri MK, Shak S, Paton V, Ashby M, Murphy M, Stewart SJ, Keefe D. Cardiac dysfunction in the trastuzumab clinical trials experience. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:1215-1221.
8. Telli ML, Hunt SA, Carlson RW, Guardino AE. Trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity: calling into question the concept of reversibility. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:3525-3533.
9. Lewis EF, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, Sacks FM, Arnold JM, Warnica JW, Flaker GC, Braunwald E, Pfeffer MA; CARE Study. Predictors of late development of heart failure in stable survivors of myocardial infarction: the CARE study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:1446-1453.
10. Wong M, Staszewsky L, Latini R, Barlera S, Glazer R, Aknay N, Hester A, Anand I, Cohn JN. Severity of left ventricular remodeling defines outcomes and response to therapy in heart failure: Valsartan heart failure trial (Val-HeFT) echocardiographic data. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:2022-2027.
11. Curtis JP, Sokol SI, Wang Y, Rathore SS, Ko DT, Jadbabaie F, Portnay EL, Marshalko SJ, Radford MJ, Krumholz HM. The association of left ventricular ejection fraction, mortality, and cause of death in stable outpatients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:736-742.
12. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Higgins SL, Klein H, Levine JH, Saksena S, Waldo AL, Wilber D, Brown MW, Heo M. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1933-1940.
13. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole JE, Packer DL, Boineau R, Domanski M, Troutman C, Anderson J, Johnson G, McNulty SE, Clapp-Channing N, Davidson- Ray LD, Fraulo ES, Fishbein DP, Luceri RM, Ip JH. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure.NEngl JMed 2005;352:225-237.
14. Stecker EC, Vickers C, Waltz J, Socoteanu C, John BT, Mariani R, McAnulty JH, Gunson K, Jui J, Chugh SS. Population-based analysis of sudden cardiac death with and without left ventricular systolic dysfunction: two-year findings from the Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:1161-1166.
15. Gorgels AP, Gijsbers C, de Vreede-Swagemakers J, Lousberg A, Wellens HJ. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest-the relevance of heart failure. The Maastricht Circulatory Arrest Registry. Eur Heart J 2003;24:1204-1209.
16. Dagres N, Hindricks G. Risk stratification after myocardial infarction: is left ventricular ejection fraction enough to prevent sudden cardiac death? Eur Heart J 2013;34:1964-1971.
17. Narayanan K, Reinier K, Uy-Evanado A, Teodorescu C, Chugh H, Marijon E, Gunson K, Jui J, Chugh SS. Frequency and determinants of implantable cardioverter defibrillator deployment among primary prevention candidates with subsequent sudden cardiac arrest in the community. Circulation 2013;128:1733-1738.
18. Bailey JJ, Berson AS, Handelsman H, Hodges M. Utility of current risk stratification tests for predicting major arrhythmic events after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:1902-1911.
19. Myerburg RJ. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2008:359:2245-2253.
20. Hillege HL, Nitsch D, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, McMurray JJ, Yusuf S, Granger CB, Michelson EL, Ostergren J, Cornel JH, de Zeeuw D, Pocock S, van Veldhuisen DJ; Candesartan in Heart Failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity (CHARM) Investigators. Renal function as a predictor of outcome in a broad spectrum of patients with heart failure. Circulation 2006;113:671-678.
21. Schou M, Torp-Pedersen C, Gustafsson F, Abdulla J, Kober L. Wall motion index, estimated glomerular filtration rate and mortality risk in patients with heart failure or myocardial infarction: a pooled analysis of 18, 010 patients. Eur J Heart Fail 2008; 10:682-688.
22. Shah AM, Uno H, Køber L, Velazquez EJ, Maggioni AP, MacDonald MR, Petrie MC, McMurray JJ, Califf RM, Pfeffer MA, Solomon SD. The inter-relationship of diabetes and left ventricular systolic function on outcome after high-risk myocardial infarction. Eur J Heart Fail 2010;12:1229-1237.
23. Shah AM, Solomon SD. Myocardial deformation imaging: current status and future directions. Circulation 2012;125:e244-e248.
24. Cikes M, Sutherland GR, Anderson LJ, Bijnens BH. The role of echocardiographic deformation imaging in hypertrophic myopathies. Nat Rev Cardiol 2010;7:384-396.
25. Sharma S, Merghani A, Mont L. Exercise and the heart: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Eur Heart J 2015;36:1445-1453.
26. Solomon SD. Atlas of echocardiography. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Springer; 2008.
27. Greenbaum RA, Ho SY, Gibson DG, Becker AE, Anderson RH. Left ventricular fibre architecture in man. Br Heart J 1981;45:248-263.
28. Aurigemma GP, Silver KH, Priest MA, Gaasch WH. Geometric changes allow normal ejection fraction despite depressed myocardial shortening in hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:195-202.
29. Kraigher-Krainer E, Shah AM, Gupta DK, Santos A, Claggett B, Pieske B, Zile MR, Voors AA, Lefkowitz MP, Packer M, McMurray JJ, Solomon SD; PARAMOUNT Investigators. Impaired systolic function by strain imaging in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:447-456.
30. Mizuguchi Y, Oishi Y, Miyoshi H, Iuchi A, Nagase N, Oki T. The functional role of longitudinal, circumferential, and radial myocardial deformation for regulating the early impairment of left ventricular contraction and relaxation in patients with cardiovascular risk factors: a study with two-dimensional strain imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2008;21:1138-1144.
31. Fang ZY, Leano R, Marwick TH. Relationship between longitudinal and radial contractility in subclinical diabetic heart disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2004;106:53-60.
32. Shah AM, Solomon SD. Phenotypic and pathophysiological heterogeneity in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur Heart J 2012;33:1716-1717.
33. Urheim S, Edvardsen T, Torp T, Angelsen B, Smiseth OA. Myocardial strain by Doppler echocardiography. Validation of a new method to quantify regional myocardial function. Circulation 2000;102:1158-1164.
34. Weidemann F, Jamal F, Sutherland GR, Claus P, Kowalski M, Hatle L, De Scheerder I, Bijnens B, Rademakers FE. Myocardial function defined by strain rate and strain during alterations in inotropic states and heart rate. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002;283:H792-H799.
35. Dokainish H, Sengupta R, Pillai M, Bobek J, Lakkis N. Assessment of left ventricular systolic function using echocardiography in patients with preserved ejection fraction and elevated diastolic pressures. Am J Cardiol 2008;101:1766-1771.
36. Tan YT, Wenzelburger F, Lee E, Heatlie G, Leyva F, Patel K, Frenneaux M, Sanderson JE. The pathophysiology of heart failure with normal ejection fraction: exercise echocardiography reveals complex abnormalities of both systolic and diastolic ventricular function involving torsion, untwist, and longitudinal motion. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:36-46.
37. Voigt JU, Pedrizzetti G, Lysyansky P, Marwick TH, Houle H, Baumann R, Pedri S, Ito Y, Abe Y, Metz S, Song JH, Hamilton J, Sengupta PP, Kolias TJ, d'Hooge J, Aurigemma GP, Thomas JD, Badano LP. Definitions for a common standard for 2D speckle tracking echocardiography: consensus document of the EACVI/ASE/ Industry Task Force to standardize deformation imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015;16:1-11.
38. Modesto KM, Cauduro S, Dispenzieri A, Khandheria B, Belohlavek M, Lysyansky P, Friedman Z, Gertz M, Abraham TP. Two-dimensional acoustic pattern derived strain parameters closely correlate with one-dimensional tissue Doppler derived strain measurements. Eur J Echocardiogr 2006;7:315-321.
39. Stanton T, Leano R, Marwick TH. Prediction of all-cause mortality from global longitudinal speckle strain: comparison with ejection fraction and wall motion scoring. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2009;2:356-364.
40. Hung CL, Verma A, Uno H, Shin SH, Bourgoun M, Hassanein AH, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, Kober L, Pfeffer MA, Solomon SD; VALIANT investigators. Longitudinal and circumferential strain rate, left ventricular remodeling, and prognosis after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:1812-1822.
41. Shin SH, Hung CL, Uno H, Hassanein AH, Verma A, Bourgoun M, Køber L, Ghali JK, Velazquez EJ, Califf RM, Pfeffer MA, Solomon SD; Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial (VALIANT) Investigators. Mechanical dyssynchrony after myocardial infarction in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, heart failure, or both. Circulation 2010;121:1096-1103.
42. Haugaa KH, Smedsrud MK, Steen T, Kongsgaard E, Loennechen JP, Skjaerpe T, Voigt JU, Willems R, Smith G, Smiseth OA, Amlie JP, Edvardsen T. Mechanical dispersion assessed by myocardial strain in patients after myocardial infarction for risk prediction of ventricular arrhythmia. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2010;3:247-256.
43. Herrmann S, Bijnens B, Störk S, Niemann M, Hu K, Liu D, Kettner R, Rau D, Strotmann J, Voelker W, Ertl G, Weidemann F. Using simple imaging markers to predict prognosis in patients with aortic valve stenosis and unacceptable high risk for operation. Am J Cardiol 2013;112:1819-1827.
44. Aurigemma GP, Zile MR, Gaasch WH. Contractile behavior of the left ventricle in diastolic heart failure: with emphasis on regional systolic function. Circulation 2006; 113:296-304.
45. Vinereanu D, Lim PO, Frenneaux MP, Fraser AG. Reduced myocardial velocities of left ventricular long-axis contraction identify both systolic and diastolic heart failureda comparison with brain natriuretic peptide. Eur J Heart Fail 2005;7:512-519.
46. Bruch C, Gradaus R, Gunia S, Breithardt G, Wichter T. Doppler tissue analysis of mitral annular velocities: evidence for systolic abnormalities in patients with diastolic heart failure. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2003;16:1031-1036.
47. Yip GW, Zhang Q, Xie JM, Liang YJ, Liu YM, Yan B, Lam YY, Yu CM. Resting global and regional left ventricular contractility in patients with heart failure and normal ejection fraction: insights from speckle-tracking echocardiography. Heart 2011; 97:287-294.
48. Wang J, Khoury DS, Yue Y, Torre-Amione G, Nagueh SF. Preserved left ventricular twist and circumferential deformation, but depressed longitudinal and radial deformation in patients with diastolic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2008;29:1283-1289.
49. Shah AM, Claggett B, Sweitzer NK, Shah SJ, Anand IS, Liu L, Pitt B, Pfeffer MA, Solomon SD. Prognostic Importance of Impaired Systolic Function in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction and the Impact of Spironolactone. Circulation 2015;132:402-414.
50. Verma A, Meris A, Skali H, Ghali JK, Arnold JM, Bourgoun M, Velazquez EJ, McMurray JJ, Kober L, Pfeffer MA, Califf RM, Solomon SD. Prognostic implications of left ventricular mass and geometry following myocardial infarction: the VALIANT (VALsartan In Acute myocardial iNfarcTion) Echocardiographic Study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2008;1:582-591.
51. Zile MR, Gottdiener JS, Hetzel SJ, McMurray JJ, Komajda M, McKelvie R, Baicu CF, Massie BM, Carson PE; I-PRESERVE Investigators. Prevalence and significance of alterations in cardiac structure and function in patients with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction. Circulation 2011;124:2491-2501.
52. Di Salvo TG, Mathier M, Semigran MJ, Dec GW. Preserved right ventricular ejection fraction predicts exercise capacity and survival in advanced heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:1143-1153.
53. Ghio S, Gavazzi A, Campana C, Inserra C, Klersy C, Sebastiani R, Arbustini E, Recusani F, Tavazzi L. Independent and additive prognostic value of right ventricular systolic function and pulmonary artery pressure in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:183-188.
54. Zornoff LA, Skali H, Pfeffer MA, St John Sutton M, Rouleau JL, Lamas GA, Plappert T, Rouleau JR, Moyé LA, Lewis SJ, Braunwald E, Solomon SD; SAVE Investigators. Right ventricular dysfunction and risk of heart failure and mortality after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:1450-1455.
55. Anavekar NS, Skali H, Bourgoun M, Ghali JK, Kober L, Maggioni AP, McMurray JJ, Velazquez E, Califf R, Pfeffer MA, Solomon SD. Usefulness of right ventricular fractional area change to predict death, heart failure, and stroke following myocardial infarction (from the VALIANT ECHO Study). Am J Cardiol 2008;101:607-612.
56. Carr JG, Stevenson LW, Walden JA, Heber D. Prevalence and hemodynamic correlates of malnutrition in severe congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1989;63:709-713.
57. Melenovsky V, Hwang SJ, Lin G, Redfield MM, Borlaug BA. Right heart dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur Heart J 2014;35: 3452-3462.
58. Rudski LG, Lai WW, Afilalo J, Hua L, Handschumacher MD, Chandrasekaran K, Solomon SD, Louie EK, Schiller NB. Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography endorsed by the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010;23:685-713.
59. Anavekar NS, Gerson D, Skali H, Kwong RY, Yucel EK, Solomon SD. Twodimensional assessment of right ventricular function: an echocardiographic-MRI correlative study. Echocardiography 2007;24:452-456.
60. Blume GG, Mcleod CJ, Barnes ME, Seward JB, Pellikka PA, Bastiansen PM, Tsang TS. Left atrial function: physiology, assessment, and clinical implications. Eur J Echocardiogr 2011;12:421-423.
61. Meris A, Amigoni M, Uno H, Thune JJ, Verma A, Køber L, Bourgoun M, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, Maggioni AP, Ghali J, Arnold JM, Zelenkofske S, Pfeffer MA, Solomon SD. Left atrial remodelling in patients with myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both: the VALIANT Echo study. Eur Heart J 2009;30:56-65.
62. Donal E, Raud-Raynier P, De Place C, Gervais R, Rosier A, Roulaud M, Ingels A, Carre F, Daubert JC, Denjean A. Resting echocardiographic assessments of left atrial function and filling pressure interest in the understanding of exercise capacity in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2008;21: 703-710.
63. Tan YT, Wenzelburger F, Lee E, Nightingale P, Heatlie G, Leyva F, Sanderson JE. Reduced left atrial function on exercise in patients with heart failure and normal ejection fraction. Heart 2010;96:1017-1023.
64. Melenovsky V, Borlaug BA, Rosen B, Hay I, Ferruci L, Morell CH, Lakatta EG, Najjar SS, Kass DA. Cardiovascular features of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction versus nonfailing hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy in the urban Baltimore community: the role of atrial remodeling/dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:198-207.
65. Sanchis L, Gabrielli L, Andrea R, Falces C, Duchateau N, Perez-Villa F, Bijnens B, Sitges M. Left atrial dysfunction relates to symptom onset in patients with heart failure and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015;16:62-67.
66. Tsang TS, Abhayaratna WP, Barnes ME, Miyasaka Y, Gersh BJ, Bailey KR, Cha SS, Seward JB. Prediction of cardiovascular outcomes with left atrial size: is volume superior to area or diameter? J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:1018-1023.
67. Benjamin EJ, D'Agostino RB, Belanger AJ, Wolf PA, Levy D. Left atrial size and the risk of stroke and death. The Framingham Heart-Study. Circulation 1995;92: 835-841.
68. Møller JE, Hillis GS, Oh JK, Seward JB, Reeder GS, Wright RS, Park SW, Bailey KR, Pellikka PA. Left atrial volume. A powerful predictor of survival after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2003;107:2207-2212.
69. Santos AB, Kraigher-Krainer E, Gupta DK, Claggett B, Zile MR, Pieske B, Voors AA, Lefkowitz M, Bransford T, Shi V, Packer M, McMurray JJ, Shah AM, Solomon SD; PARAMOUNT Investigators. Impaired left atrial function in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2014;16:1096-1103.
70. Grigioni F, Enriquez-Sarano M, Zehr KJ, Bailey KR, Tajik AJ. Ischemic mitral regurgitation: long-term outcome and prognostic implications with quantitative Doppler assessment. Circulation 2001;103:1759-1764.
71. Amigoni M, Meris A, Thune JJ, Mangalat D, Skali H, Bourgoun M, Warnica JW, Barvik S, Arnold JM, Velazquez EJ, Van de Werf F, Ghali J, McMurray JJ, Køber L, Pfeffer MA, Solomon SD. Mitral regurgitation in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both: prognostic significance and relation to ventricular size and function. Eur Heart J 2007;28: 326-333.
72. Verma A, Pfeffer MA, Skali H, Rouleau J, Maggioni A, McMurray JJ, Califf RM, Velazquez EJ, Solomon SD. Incremental value of echocardiographic assessment beyond clinical evaluation for prediction of death and development of heart failure after high-risk myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2011;161:1156-1162.
73. Shah AM, Claggett B, Sweitzer NK, Shah SJ, Anand IS, O'Meara E, Desai AS, Heitner JF, Li G, Fang J, Rouleau J, Zile MR, Markov V, Ryabov V, Reis G, Assmann SF, McKinlay SM, Pitt B, Pfeffer MA, Solomon SD. Cardiac structure and function and prognosis in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: findings from the echocardiographic study of the Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure with an Aldosterone Antagonist (TOPCAT) Trial. Circ Heart Fail 2014;7:740-751.