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Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 265-302

The supercollider: The Texas days: A personal recollection of its short life and demise

Author keywords

Accelerator; Congress; DOE; SSC; Supercollider; Texas

Indexed keywords

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; PARTICLE ACCELERATORS;

EID: 84973171632     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1142/9789814299350_0013     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (12)

References (170)
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    • The pre-Waxachachie SSC-related events are described in: S. Wojcicki, “The Supercollider — the pre-Texas days, World Scientific
    • The pre-Waxachachie SSC-related events are described in: S. Wojcicki, “The Supercollider — the pre-Texas days, Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology (World Scientific, 2008), Vol. 1, pp. 259-302.
    • (2008) Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology , vol.1 , pp. 259-302
  • 5
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    • interviews at the CDG (from the Cornell archives) and comments made to the author by some of the interviewees
    • McDaniel’s handwritten notes from the September 27,1988, interviews at the CDG (from the Cornell archives) and comments made to the author by some of the interviewees.
    • (1988)
  • 6
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    • Letter from R. Schwitters to M. Tigner, dated September 19
    • Letter from R. Schwitters to M. Tigner, dated September 19, 1988.
    • (1988)
  • 7
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    • Memorandum from Edward A. Knapp, URA President, to the staff of the URA/SSC Central Design Group, dated January 25
    • Memorandum from Edward A. Knapp, URA President, to the staff of the URA/SSC Central Design Group, dated January 25, 1989.
    • (1989)
  • 8
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    • Wojcicki’s response of August 31
    • Letter from R. Schwitters to S. Wojcicki dated August 23, 1989, and Wojcicki’s response of August 31.
    • (1989)
  • 9
    • 84973120793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Everyone I talked to who was at the SSC during its early Texas days agreed that the Sverdrup partnership was a disaster. A generous way to summarize their opinions about Sverdrup staff at the SSC would be to say that they were not very competent and rather uninterested
    • Everyone I talked to who was at the SSC during its early Texas days agreed that the Sverdrup partnership was a disaster. A generous way to summarize their opinions about Sverdrup staff at the SSC would be to say that they were not very competent and rather uninterested.
  • 10
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    • It was this organization that was presented to HEPAP at HEPAP’s first meeting on the SSC site, on January 4 and 5, 1991
    • It was this organization that was presented to HEPAP at HEPAP’s first meeting on the SSC site, on January 4 and 5, 1991.
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    • Science 251, 1551 (1991).
    • (1991) , vol.251
  • 12
    • 0039246835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a detailed discussion on the two-culture syndrome at the SSCL, see M. Riordan, Part 1
    • For a detailed discussion on the two-culture syndrome at the SSCL, see M. Riordan, Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 32, Part 1, 125 (2001).
    • (2001) Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences , vol.32
  • 13
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    • June
    • Report of the SSC Collider Dipole Review Panel, eds. G. Voss and T. Kirk (June 1989, SSC-SR-1040).
    • (1989)
  • 16
    • 84973157755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SSC Laboratory report SSC-SR-1040
    • SSC Laboratory report SSC-SR-1040.
  • 21
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    • Accelerator design status. Presentation by Don Edwards at the HEPAP Meeting, Jan. 4
    • Accelerator design status. Presentation by Don Edwards at the HEPAP Meeting, Jan. 4, 1991.
    • (1991)
  • 22
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    • Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on SSC Physics, SSC-250/Rev., Dec. 1989, revised: Apr., This report did not make a very strong case for the need to go to 40TeV. It stated that “total energy anywhere in the range from 30 to 40TeV would provide an enormous increase in physics capability.” The loss in the rate for production of heavy particles was estimated at 25% for each 5 TeV decrease
    • Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on SSC Physics, SSC-250/Rev., Dec. 1989 (revised: Apr. 1990). This report did not make a very strong case for the need to go to 40TeV. It stated that “total energy anywhere in the range from 30 to 40TeV would provide an enormous increase in physics capability.” The loss in the rate for production of heavy particles was estimated at 25% for each 5 TeV decrease.
    • (1990)
  • 23
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    • Minutes of the BOO’s Executive Committee meeting on November 21, 1989.
    • (1989)
  • 24
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    • Report of the 1990 HEPAP Subpanel on SSC Physics, DOE-ER-0434, Jan
    • Report of the 1990 HEPAP Subpanel on SSC Physics (DOE-ER-0434, Jan. 1990).
    • (1990)
  • 25
    • 84973089300 scopus 로고
    • Full-scale super collider urged despite rise in cost
    • Jan. 11
    • R. J. Smith, Full-scale super collider urged despite rise in cost, The Washington Post Jan. 11 (1990).
    • (1990) The Washington Post
    • Smith, R.J.1
  • 27
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    • SSCL-SR-1056, July
    • SSCL Site-Specific Conceptual Design (SSCL-SR-1056, July 1990).
    • (1990)
  • 28
    • 84973090380 scopus 로고
    • D0E/ER-0464P, July
    • Report of the HEPAP Subpanel on SSC cost estimate oversight (D0E/ER-0464P, July 1990).
    • (1990)
  • 29
    • 84973089305 scopus 로고
    • DOE/ER-0463P, Sept
    • Report of the DOE Office of Energy Research Review Committee on the Site-Specific Conceptual Design of the Superconducting Super Collider (DOE/ER-0463P, Sept. 1990).
    • (1990)
  • 30
    • 84973089307 scopus 로고
    • DOE/ER-0468P, Jan
    • DOE Report on the SSC cost and schedule baseline (DOE/ER-0468P, Jan. 1991).
    • (1991)
  • 32
    • 84973169439 scopus 로고
    • Personal conversation with Panofsky and minutes of the Joint Informational Meeting of the URA Board of Trustees and the SSC Board of Overseers, Arlington, Virginia, USA; Dec. 19
    • Personal conversation with Panofsky and minutes of the Joint Informational Meeting of the URA Board of Trustees and the SSC Board of Overseers (Arlington, Virginia, USA; Dec. 19, 1989).
    • (1989)
  • 34
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    • Jan./Feb
    • CERN Courier (Jan./Feb. 1992), p. 12.
    • (1992)
  • 35
    • 84973085960 scopus 로고
    • This account of these issues and events is based on minutes of the BOO’s meetings in, Panofsky’s memos to the BOO file, and Panofsky-McDaniel correspondence (in the Cornell archives)
    • This account of these issues and events is based on minutes of the BOO’s meetings in 1989, Panofsky’s memos to the BOO file, and Panofsky-McDaniel correspondence (in the Cornell archives).
    • (1989)
  • 36
    • 84973139954 scopus 로고
    • Oct. 4-5
    • Minutes of the Meeting of the SSC Board of Overseers (Oct. 4-5, 1989).
    • (1989)
  • 37
    • 84973089302 scopus 로고
    • May
    • Interview with Joe Cipriano, Super Collider News (May 1991), pp. 3-7.
    • (1991) Super Collider News , pp. 3-7
  • 38
    • 84973089203 scopus 로고
    • High energy physics research and the Superconducting Super Collider: DOE policies and practices. DOE document, Aug
    • High energy physics research and the Superconducting Super Collider: DOE policies and practices. DOE document, Aug. 1992.
    • (1992)
  • 40
    • 84973085951 scopus 로고
    • Office of Inspector General, Special Report on the Department of Energy’s Superconducting Super Collider Program, DOE-IG-0291, Nov. 16
    • Office of Inspector General, Special Report on the Department of Energy’s Superconducting Super Collider Program (DOE-IG-0291, Nov. 16, 1990).
    • (1990)
  • 41
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    • GAO Report GAO/RCED-91-116, Apr
    • Status of DOE’s Superconducting Super Collider, (GAO Report GAO/RCED-91-116, Apr. 1991).
    • (1991)
  • 42
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    • Letter from Secretary Watkins to Jamie L. Whitten, Chairman, House Committee on Appropriations, dated May 8
    • Letter from Secretary Watkins to Jamie L. Whitten, Chairman, House Committee on Appropriations, dated May 8, 1991.
    • (1991)
  • 43
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    • Letter from S. Wojcicki, HEPAP chair, to Hensen Moore, Deputy Secretary of DOE, dated Oct. 4
    • Letter from S. Wojcicki, HEPAP chair, to Hensen Moore, Deputy Secretary of DOE, dated Oct. 4, 1990.
    • (1990)
  • 44
    • 84973089221 scopus 로고
    • July 28
    • Minutes of the Meeting of the SSC Board of Overseers, BNL (July 28, 1989).
    • (1989)
  • 45
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    • Letter from R. Schwitters to the US HEP community, dated Apr. 10
    • Letter from R. Schwitters to the US HEP community, dated Apr. 10, 1989.
    • (1989)
  • 46
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    • Snowmass, Colorado, USA; July, The need to have two new general purpose detectors at the start was not held universally. The SPCrecommended at least one general purpose detector. Leon Lederman argued for “recycling” one of the Fermilab Tevatron detectors
    • Summary of the Meeting and Recommendations of the Superconducting Super Collider Program Advisory Committee (Snowmass, Colorado, USA; July 1990). The need to have two new general purpose detectors at the start was not held universally. The SPC recommended at least one general purpose detector. Leon Lederman argued for “recycling” one of the Fermilab Tevatron detectors.
    • (1990)
  • 50
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    • The perspective is one from the L* point of view but a number of relevant documents, discussed here, are included there
    • The history of the L* Collaboration is detailed in “Report to the L* Collaboration,” by Hans Hofer, Deputy Spokesman, and Samuel C. C. Ting, Spokesman, dated May 15, 1991. The perspective is one from the L* point of view but a number of relevant documents, discussed here, are included there.
    • (1991)
  • 51
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    • meeting of the SSCL PAC
    • Report of the Mar. 10-12, 1991, meeting of the SSCL PAC.
    • (1991)
  • 53
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    • Letter from R. F. Schwitters to the US HEP community, dated May 10
    • Letter from R. F. Schwitters to the US HEP community, dated May 10, 1991.
    • (1991)
  • 58
    • 84973089065 scopus 로고
    • Oct
    • House vote cooled international ardor for GEM, Super Collider News (Oct. 1992), p. 3.
    • (1992) Super Collider News
  • 59
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    • presentation to HEPAP on the SSC Experimental Program on June 4
    • F. Gilman, presentation to HEPAP on the SSC Experimental Program on June 4, 1991.
    • (1991)
    • Gilman, F.1
  • 60
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    • HEPAP meeting at the SSCL
    • Presentation by M. Gilchriese at the January 4-5, 1991, HEPAP meeting at the SSCL.
    • (1991)
  • 61
    • 84973089235 scopus 로고
    • (Oct. 1518
    • Proc. Symp. Detector Research and Development for the Superconducting Super Collider (Oct. 1518, 1990; Fort Worth, Texas, USA) (World Scientific), eds. T. Dombeck, V. Kelly and G. Yost.
    • (1990)
  • 62
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    • Presentation by G. Mitsel-makher at the Sept. 11, HEPAP meeting
    • Texas Test Rig Project, Presentation by G. Mitsel-makher at the Sept. 11, 1992, HEPAP meeting.
    • (1992)
  • 63
    • 84973154321 scopus 로고
    • HEPAP meeting
    • High energy physics research and the Superconducting Super Collider: DOE policies and practices (DOE/ER, Aug. 1992), distributed at the Sept. 1112, 1992, HEPAP meeting.
    • (1992)
  • 64
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    • Aug. 6-12, Dallas, Texas, USAed. J. Sanford
    • For a summary of the SSC’s technical status in Aug. 1992, see: R. F. Schwitters, Proc. XXVI Int. Conf. High Energy Physics (Aug. 6-12, 1992; Dallas, Texas, USA), ed. J. Sanford, pp. 306-320.
    • (1992) Proc. XXVI Int. Conf. High Energy Physics , pp. 306-320
  • 65
    • 84973139999 scopus 로고
    • Apr, eds. G. F. Dugan and J. R. Sanford
    • Superconducting Super Collider: A Retrospective Summary 1989-1993 (Apr. 1994), eds. G. F. Dugan and J. R. Sanford.
    • (1994)
  • 66
    • 84973089065 scopus 로고
    • Aug
    • ‘Tail wagging dog’ overrun picture drawn by IG, Super Collider News (Aug. 1992), p. 3.
    • (1992) Super Collider News
  • 67
    • 84973154277 scopus 로고
    • Pb/mk contractors severely criticized
    • URA, May
    • URA, PB/MK contractors severely criticized, Super Collider News (May 1992), p. 3.
    • (1992) Super Collider News
  • 68
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    • June
    • Tunneling records broken, SSC News (June 1993), p. 4.
    • (1993) SSC News
  • 70
    • 84973154274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RFP SSC-90-A-01701
    • SSC magnet (RFP SSC-90-A-01701).
  • 71
    • 84973154275 scopus 로고
    • Gd, westinghouse beat out grumman
    • Magnets, Nov
    • Magnets: GD, Westinghouse beat out Grumman, Super Collider News (Nov. 1990), p. 1.
    • (1990) Super Collider News
  • 72
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    • July 19
    • SSCL news release (July 19, 1991).
    • (1991)
  • 73
    • 84973159682 scopus 로고
    • July 31
    • SSCL news release (July 31, 1991).
    • (1991)
  • 74
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    • Mar
    • Russians to supply LEB accelerator magnets, Super Collider News (Mar. 1992), p. 1.
    • (1992) Super Collider News
  • 75
    • 84973085757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chap. 8. of Ref. 65
    • R. Meinke et al., Chap. 8. of Ref. 65.
    • Meinke, R.1
  • 77
  • 78
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    • Letter from C. Rubbia to F. Low, dated July 31
    • Letter from C. Rubbia to F. Low, dated July 31, 1989.
    • (1989)
  • 81
    • 84973089061 scopus 로고
    • signed by Erich Vogt and Roy Schwitters, August 22
    • Memorandum of Understanding between TRIUMF and the SSC Laboratory, signed by Erich Vogt and Roy Schwitters, August 22, 1991.
    • (1991)
  • 86
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    • I am grateful to M. Riordan for bringing Bromley’s memoirs to my attention
    • J. Mervis, Science 265, 1357 (1994). I am grateful to M. Riordan for bringing Bromley’s memoirs to my attention.
    • (1994) Science , vol.265
    • Mervis, J.1
  • 87
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    • Feb
    • US/Japan SSC working group being formed, Super Collider News (Feb. 1992), p. 1.
    • (1992) Super Collider News
  • 88
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    • May
    • Japan’s interest is strong but path is not clear, Super Collider News (May 1992), p. 1.
    • (1992) Super Collider News
  • 95
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    • Science and technology
    • Potentially dire consequences of this action for the SSC were emphasized by Rep. George Brown, chair of the House Committee on Space
    • Potentially dire consequences of this action for the SSC were emphasized by Rep. George Brown, chair of the House Committee on Space, Science and Technology: Phys. Today 45, 45 (1992).
    • (1992) Phys. Today , vol.45
  • 98
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    • hearing of the House Committee on Science
    • Prepared statement of Sheila Widnall for the April 7, 1987, hearing of the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology.
    • (1987) Space and Technology
  • 99
    • 84973089606 scopus 로고
    • hearing of the House Committee on Science
    • Testimony of Daniel Kleppner at the April 7, 1987, hearing of the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology.
    • (1987) Space and Technology
  • 101
    • 84973089803 scopus 로고
    • GAO Report, Apr, GAO/RCED-91-116
    • Status of DOE’s Superconducting Super Collider (GAO Report, Apr. 1991, GAO/RCED-91-116).
    • (1991)
  • 102
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    • Letter from Secretary Watkins to Jamie Whitten, dated May 8, 1991.
    • (1991)
  • 103
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    • Yes, big science. But which projects?
    • May 20
    • Yes, big science. But which projects? The New York Times (May 20, 1988).
    • (1988) The New York Times
  • 106
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    • editorial Mar. 21
    • The New York Times editorial (Mar. 21, 1990).
    • (1990)
  • 107
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    • editorial titled “Europe 3, U.S. not even zero”June 8
    • The New York Times editorial titled “Europe 3, U.S. not even zero” (June 8, 1983).
    • (1983)
  • 108
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    • It should be emphasized that the leadership of the HEP, in its formal statements and reports, did maintain a united front regarding the proposed new facilities. See for example the joint statement by the Directors John Peoples (Fermilab) and Roy Schwitters (SSCL) dated May 29, 1990.
    • (1990)
  • 110
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    • Clinton may trim ’94 collider funding
    • Feb. 4
    • A. Reifenberg, Clinton may trim ’94 collider funding, The Dallas Morning News (Feb. 4, 1993).
    • (1993) The Dallas Morning News
    • Reifenberg, A.1
  • 111
    • 84973086333 scopus 로고
    • (DOE/ER-0468P); for a detailed breakdown of the costs at different stages of the project see: T. Elioff, A Chronicle of costs
    • The DOE summary of the early cost history is discussed in “Report on the Superconducting Super Collider cost and schedule baseline” (DOE/ER-0468P); for a detailed breakdown of the costs at different stages of the project see: T. Elioff, A Chronicle of costs (SSCL-SR-1242, Apr. 1994).
    • (1994) Report on the Superconducting Super Collider Cost and Schedule Baseline
  • 112
    • 84973128972 scopus 로고
    • GAO/RCED-86-79, Apr. 9
    • Nuclear science: information on DOE accelerators should be better disclosed in the budget (GAO/RCED-86-79, Apr. 9, 1986).
    • (1986)
  • 113
    • 84973159772 scopus 로고
    • BOO claimed that the appropriate figure should have been US$6.243 billion, the difference being due to the DOE’s failure to apply proper escalation to the R&D component of the project and to take into account the extra cost in management expenses due to the stretch-out, minutes of the BOO Executive Committee meeting, Nov. 21
    • BOO claimed that the appropriate figure should have been US$6.243 billion, the difference being due to the DOE’s failure to apply proper escalation to the R&D component of the project and to take into account the extra cost in management expenses due to the stretch-out (minutes of the BOO Executive Committee meeting, Nov. 21, 1989).
    • (1989)
  • 114
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    • signed on Nov. 9, by Henson Moore and Morton Meyerson, Chairman of the TNRLC
    • Memorandum of Understanding between the DOE and the TNRLC, signed on Nov. 9, 1990, by Henson Moore and Morton Meyerson, Chairman of the TNRLC.
    • (1990)
  • 115
    • 84973086295 scopus 로고
    • The out year guidance given to the DOE for Federal Budget Authority for FY94-FY98 was US$640 million, US$551 million, US$570 million, US$591 million and US$812 million (Robert Diebold’s presentation at the Apr. 7, HEPAP meeting). It is not clear whether the project could converge at that rate (see quote in Ref. 117)
    • The out year guidance given to the DOE for Federal Budget Authority for FY94-FY98 was US$640 million, US$551 million, US$570 million, US$591 million and US$812 million (Robert Diebold’s presentation at the Apr. 7, 1993, HEPAP meeting). It is not clear whether the project could converge at that rate (see quote in Ref. 117).
    • (1993)
  • 117
  • 119
    • 84973086302 scopus 로고
    • SSC-SR-1005, Apr
    • Report of the Task Force on SSC Commissioning and Operations (SSC-SR-1005, Apr. 1985).
    • (1985)
  • 120
    • 84973107776 scopus 로고
    • to the Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight of the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, quoted an estimate of the annual operating cost of US$380 million in FY92 dollars
    • Reference 94 and SSCL-SR-1216; Garry Gibbs, in his testimony on May 9, 1991, to the Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight of the House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, quoted an estimate of the annual operating cost of US$380 million in FY92 dollars.
    • (1991)
  • 121
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    • letter to Secretary John S. Harrington, dated February 19, quoted in I. Goodwin
    • J. Krumhansl, letter to Secretary John S. Harrington, dated February 19, 1987; quoted in I. Goodwin, Phys. Today 40, 50 (1987).
    • (1987) Phys. Today , vol.40
    • Krumhansl, J.1
  • 126
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    • For example, 40 prominent physicists signed strong pro-SSC letters sent on July 15 to both President Bush and Senator Johnston; subsequently 2032 other scientists added their signatures — I. Goodwin, Aug
    • For example, 40 prominent physicists signed strong pro-SSC letters sent on July 15 to both President Bush and Senator Johnston; subsequently 2032 other scientists added their signatures — I. Goodwin, Phys. Today (Aug. 1992) 59.
    • (1992) Phys. Today
  • 127
    • 0040753043 scopus 로고
    • President to rally support for collider with Thursday visit, July 28, during his visit to the Waxahachie site Bush described the SSC in rather glowing terms: “And when you talk basic research, this is the Louvre, the Pyramids, Niagara Falls all rolled into one,” quoted in: I. Goodwin, Phys. Today (1992), 55
    • A. McKenzie, President to rally support for collider with Thursday visit, Dallas Morning News (July 28, 1992); during his visit to the Waxahachie site Bush described the SSC in rather glowing terms: “And when you talk basic research, this is the Louvre, the Pyramids, Niagara Falls all rolled into one,” quoted in: I. Goodwin, Phys. Today (1992), 55.
    • (1992) Dallas Morning News
    • Mc Kenzie, A.1
  • 130
    • 84973128953 scopus 로고
    • Energy dept official urges firing super collider chief
    • Aug. 2
    • S. LaFraniere, Energy dept official urges firing super collider chief, The Washington Post (Aug. 2, 1993).
    • (1993) The Washington Post
    • La Franiere, S.1
  • 131
    • 85032849678 scopus 로고
    • Scientist at work: Roy f. Schwitters; Building a behemoth against great odds
    • Mar. 23
    • M. Browne, Scientist at work: Roy F. Schwitters; building a behemoth against great odds, The New York Times (Mar. 23, 1993, C11).
    • (1993) The New York Times
    • Browne, M.1
  • 135
    • 84973107658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “audit questions supercollider costs as project faces crucial house vote
    • 23 June
    • C. Frampton, “Audit questions supercollider costs as project faces crucial House vote, The Wall Street Journal (23 June, 1993).
    • The Wall Street Journal
    • Frampton, C.1
  • 138
    • 84973107634 scopus 로고
    • Letter from Sen. David Pryor, member of the Senate Committee on Government Affairs, to John Layton, Inspector General of the US Department of Energy, dated August 3
    • Letter from Sen. David Pryor, member of the Senate Committee on Government Affairs, to John Layton, Inspector General of the US Department of Energy, dated August 3, 1993.
    • (1993)
  • 139
    • 84973177682 scopus 로고
    • Sept. 1
    • Report of the DOE Review Committee on the baseline validation of the Superconducting Super Collider (Sept. 1, 1993).
    • (1993)
  • 140
    • 84973128941 scopus 로고
    • DOE press release: Secretary O’Leary announces plan for containing costs of Superconducting Super Collider, Sep. 1
    • DOE press release: Secretary O’Leary announces plan for containing costs of Superconducting Super Collider (Sep. 1, 1993).
    • (1993)
  • 141
    • 84973146587 scopus 로고
    • For example Roy F. Schwitters [150]; memo from W. K. H. Panofsky to SSC staff dated Juky 27, 1993 and R. Schwitters’ All hands talk on July 21, 1993, SSC publicationMar. 11, “Comments on the draft Inspector General report on SSC Laboratory subcontractor expenditures (SSC press release, June 23, 1993)
    • For example Roy F. Schwitters [150]; memo from W. K. H. Panofsky to SSC staff dated Juky 27, 1993 and R. Schwitters’ All hands talk on July 21, 1993; “Some comments on the SSC costs and the GAO report,” SSC publication (Mar. 11, 1993); “Comments on the draft Inspector General report on SSC Laboratory subcontractor expenditures (SSC press release, June 23, 1993).
    • (1993) Some Comments on the SSC Costs and the GAO Report
  • 142
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    • Letter from James Decker, to S. Wojcicki, HEPAP chair, dated Sept. 20
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    • One such anti-SSC coalition was Organizations Opposing the Super Collider (OOPS), aiming to stop SSC construction. Some of the participating organizations were the Council for Citizens Against Government Waste, Friends of the Earth, National Taxpayers Union, and Citizens for a Sound Economy.
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    • Letter from President Clinton to William Natcher, Chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations (June 16, 1993).
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    • testimony before the Senate Committee on, and the Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development of the Senate Committee on ApropriationsAug. 4
    • R. Schwitters’ testimony before the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources and the Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development of the Senate Committee on Apropriations, (Aug. 4, 1993).
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    • The supercollider’s demise disrupts many lives and rattles a profession
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    • M. Browne, The Supercollider’s demise disrupts many lives and rattles a profession, The New York Times (Nov. 14, 1993).
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    • Report on the closure of the Superconducting Super Collider Laboratory (URA document, Sept. 30, 1995).
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    • (1994)
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    • The CERN Council approved the LHC in a “1/3 missing magnets” configuration on Dec. 16, 1994 (CERN Courier, Jan./Feb. 1995, p. 1). The US participation was approved by Congress in 1995.
    • (1995)
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    • See for example Nature 365, 771 (1993).
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    • J. D. Watkins, letter to George E. Brown dated January 14, 1993.
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    • Watkins, J.D.1
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    • Sid Drell argued for full internationalization of the SSC, both for construction funding and for management, just before the SSC was killed. This would be in the spirit of my model (2): S. Drell
    • Sid Drell argued for full internationalization of the SSC, both for construction funding and for management, just before the SSC was killed. This would be in the spirit of my model (2): S. Drell, Phys. Today 46, 73 (1993).
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    • The united states has a history of failing to meet certain commitments to international partners for particular megaprojects that have long time horizons
    • This difficulty was pointed out by the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology Panel on Megaprojects, chaired by Harold Shapiro and John McTague (Dec. 1992). One of its findings was, A broad range of negative repercussions from a potential SSC cancelation was eloquently described by Will Happer at the time of his departure from OER — quoted in: I. Goodwin
    • This difficulty was pointed out by the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology Panel on Megaprojects, chaired by Harold Shapiro and John McTague (Dec. 1992). One of its findings was: “The United States has a history of failing to meet certain commitments to international partners for particular megaprojects that have long time horizons.” A broad range of negative repercussions from a potential SSC cancelation was eloquently described by Will Happer at the time of his departure from OER — quoted in: I. Goodwin, Phys. Today 46, 90 (1993).
    • (1993) Phys. Today , vol.46
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    • Lausanne, Switzerland, Sept. 12-14, eds. M. Jacob and H. Schopper (World Scientific)
    • Such a “basket” approach, advocated by Burt Richter, was discussed at the 5th EPS International Conference on Large Facilities in Physics (Lausanne, Switzerland, Sept. 12-14, 1994), eds. M. Jacob and H. Schopper (World Scientific), pp. 457-461.
    • (1994) Basket , pp. 457-461


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.