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Volumn 2, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 411-425

The Demise of the Superconducting Super Collider

Author keywords

Big science; High energy physics; International collaboration; Science policy; Superconducting magnets

Indexed keywords


EID: 0039751868     PISSN: 14226944     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s000160050053     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (24)

References (64)
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    • October 26, which is a journalist's account based mainly upon interviews with key supporters and opponents
    • Several previously published accounts have attempted to provide reasons for the demise of the SSC: G. Taubes, "The Supercollider: How Big Science Lost Favor and Fell," The New York Times, October 26, 1993, pp. B5-10, which is a journalist's account based mainly upon interviews with key supporters and opponents; L. Lederman, "What Can We Learn from the Super Collider's Demise?" The Scientist (November 29, 1993), 12; D. Ritson, "Demise of the Texas Supercollider," Nature 366 (December 26, 1993), 607-610, which tells the story of the SSC largely from the viewpoint of a physicist directly involved in the project; W. K. H. Panofsky, "The SSC's End. What Happened? And What Now?" Physics Today 47 (March 1994), 13-15, which assails micromanagement of the project by the Department of Energy; and D. J. Kevles, "The Death of the Superconducting Super Collider in the Life of American Physics," preface to the 2nd edition of The Physicists: The History of a Scientific Community in Modern America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), pp. ix-xlii, which focuses on political aspects of the project, particularly events in Congress. For a Congressional viewpoint, see the report by the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigation, Committee on Energy and Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives, Out of Control: Lessons Learned from the Superconducting Super Collider (Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, December 1994).
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    • What Can We Learn from the Super Collider's Demise?
    • November 29
    • Several previously published accounts have attempted to provide reasons for the demise of the SSC: G. Taubes, "The Supercollider: How Big Science Lost Favor and Fell," The New York Times, October 26, 1993, pp. B5-10, which is a journalist's account based mainly upon interviews with key supporters and opponents; L. Lederman, "What Can We Learn from the Super Collider's Demise?" The Scientist (November 29, 1993), 12; D. Ritson, "Demise of the Texas Supercollider," Nature 366 (December 26, 1993), 607-610, which tells the story of the SSC largely from the viewpoint of a physicist directly involved in the project; W. K. H. Panofsky, "The SSC's End. What Happened? And What Now?" Physics Today 47 (March 1994), 13-15, which assails micromanagement of the project by the Department of Energy; and D. J. Kevles, "The Death of the Superconducting Super Collider in the Life of American Physics," preface to the 2nd edition of The Physicists: The History of a Scientific Community in Modern America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), pp. ix-xlii, which focuses on political aspects of the project, particularly events in Congress. For a Congressional viewpoint, see the report by the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigation, Committee on Energy and Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives, Out of Control: Lessons Learned from the Superconducting Super Collider (Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, December 1994).
    • (1993) The Scientist , pp. 12
    • Lederman, L.1
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    • Demise of the Texas Supercollider
    • December 26, which tells the story of the SSC largely from the viewpoint of a physicist directly involved in the project
    • Several previously published accounts have attempted to provide reasons for the demise of the SSC: G. Taubes, "The Supercollider: How Big Science Lost Favor and Fell," The New York Times, October 26, 1993, pp. B5-10, which is a journalist's account based mainly upon interviews with key supporters and opponents; L. Lederman, "What Can We Learn from the Super Collider's Demise?" The Scientist (November 29, 1993), 12; D. Ritson, "Demise of the Texas Supercollider," Nature 366 (December 26, 1993), 607-610, which tells the story of the SSC largely from the viewpoint of a physicist directly involved in the project; W. K. H. Panofsky, "The SSC's End. What Happened? And What Now?" Physics Today 47 (March 1994), 13-15, which assails micromanagement of the project by the Department of Energy; and D. J. Kevles, "The Death of the Superconducting Super Collider in the Life of American Physics," preface to the 2nd edition of The Physicists: The History of a Scientific Community in Modern America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), pp. ix-xlii, which focuses on political aspects of the project, particularly events in Congress. For a Congressional viewpoint, see the report by the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigation, Committee on Energy and Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives, Out of Control: Lessons Learned from the Superconducting Super Collider (Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, December 1994).
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    • The SSC's End. What Happened? And What Now?
    • March which assails micromanagement of the project by the Department of Energy
    • Several previously published accounts have attempted to provide reasons for the demise of the SSC: G. Taubes, "The Supercollider: How Big Science Lost Favor and Fell," The New York Times, October 26, 1993, pp. B5-10, which is a journalist's account based mainly upon interviews with key supporters and opponents; L. Lederman, "What Can We Learn from the Super Collider's Demise?" The Scientist (November 29, 1993), 12; D. Ritson, "Demise of the Texas Supercollider," Nature 366 (December 26, 1993), 607-610, which tells the story of the SSC largely from the viewpoint of a physicist directly involved in the project; W. K. H. Panofsky, "The SSC's End. What Happened? And What Now?" Physics Today 47 (March 1994), 13-15, which assails micromanagement of the project by the Department of Energy; and D. J. Kevles, "The Death of the Superconducting Super Collider in the Life of American Physics," preface to the 2nd edition of The Physicists: The History of a Scientific Community in Modern America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), pp. ix-xlii, which focuses on political aspects of the project, particularly events in Congress. For a Congressional viewpoint, see the report by the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigation, Committee on Energy and Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives, Out of Control: Lessons Learned from the Superconducting Super Collider (Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, December 1994).
    • (1994) Physics Today , vol.47 , pp. 13-15
    • Panofsky, W.K.H.1
  • 5
    • 33745992920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Death of the Superconducting Super Collider in the Life of American Physics
    • preface to the 2nd edition of Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, which focuses on political aspects of the project, particularly events in Congress
    • Several previously published accounts have attempted to provide reasons for the demise of the SSC: G. Taubes, "The Supercollider: How Big Science Lost Favor and Fell," The New York Times, October 26, 1993, pp. B5-10, which is a journalist's account based mainly upon interviews with key supporters and opponents; L. Lederman, "What Can We Learn from the Super Collider's Demise?" The Scientist (November 29, 1993), 12; D. Ritson, "Demise of the Texas Supercollider," Nature 366 (December 26, 1993), 607-610, which tells the story of the SSC largely from the viewpoint of a physicist directly involved in the project; W. K. H. Panofsky, "The SSC's End. What Happened? And What Now?" Physics Today 47 (March 1994), 13-15, which assails micromanagement of the project by the Department of Energy; and D. J. Kevles, "The Death of the Superconducting Super Collider in the Life of American Physics," preface to the 2nd edition of The Physicists: The History of a Scientific Community in Modern America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), pp. ix-xlii, which focuses on political aspects of the project, particularly events in Congress. For a Congressional viewpoint, see the report by the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigation, Committee on Energy and Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives, Out of Control: Lessons Learned from the Superconducting Super Collider (Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, December 1994).
    • (1997) The Physicists: The History of a Scientific Community in Modern America
    • Kevles, D.J.1
  • 6
    • 0347709992 scopus 로고
    • Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, December
    • Several previously published accounts have attempted to provide reasons for the demise of the SSC: G. Taubes, "The Supercollider: How Big Science Lost Favor and Fell," The New York Times, October 26, 1993, pp. B5-10, which is a journalist's account based mainly upon interviews with key supporters and opponents; L. Lederman, "What Can We Learn from the Super Collider's Demise?" The Scientist (November 29, 1993), 12; D. Ritson, "Demise of the Texas Supercollider," Nature 366 (December 26, 1993), 607-610, which tells the story of the SSC largely from the viewpoint of a physicist directly involved in the project; W. K. H. Panofsky, "The SSC's End. What Happened? And What Now?" Physics Today 47 (March 1994), 13-15, which assails micromanagement of the project by the Department of Energy; and D. J. Kevles, "The Death of the Superconducting Super Collider in the Life of American Physics," preface to the 2nd edition of The Physicists: The History of a Scientific Community in Modern America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), pp. ix-xlii, which focuses on political aspects of the project, particularly events in Congress. For a Congressional viewpoint, see the report by the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigation, Committee on Energy and Commerce, U.S. House of Representatives, Out of Control: Lessons Learned from the Superconducting Super Collider (Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, December 1994).
    • (1994) Out of Control: Lessons Learned from the Superconducting Super Collider
  • 7
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    • The First Large-Scale Application of Superconductivity: The Fermilab Energy Doubler, 1972-83
    • On the development of superconducting magnet technology at Fermilab, see L. Hoddeson, "The First Large-Scale Application of Superconductivity: The Fermilab Energy Doubler, 1972-83," Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 18 (1987), 25-54.
    • (1987) Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences , vol.18 , pp. 25-54
    • Hoddeson, L.1
  • 8
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    • Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
    • On the establishment of the Standard Model as the dominant theory of particle physics, see A. Pickering, Constructing Quarks: A Sociological History of Particle Physics (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1984); and Lillian Hoddeson, Laurie Brown, Michael Riordan, and Max Dresden, ed., The Rise of the Standard Model: Particle Physics in the 1960s and 1970s (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), especially the introductory survey article by Laurie Brown, Michael Riordan, Max Dresden and Lillian Hoddeson, "The Rise of the Standard Model: 1964-79," pp. 3-35.
    • (1984) Constructing Quarks: A Sociological History of Particle Physics
    • Pickering, A.1
  • 9
    • 0004240473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York: Cambridge University Press
    • On the establishment of the Standard Model as the dominant theory of particle physics, see A. Pickering, Constructing Quarks: A Sociological History of Particle Physics (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1984); and Lillian Hoddeson, Laurie Brown, Michael Riordan, and Max Dresden, ed., The Rise of the Standard Model: Particle Physics in the 1960s and 1970s (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), especially the introductory survey article by Laurie Brown, Michael Riordan, Max Dresden and Lillian Hoddeson, "The Rise of the Standard Model: 1964-79," pp. 3-35.
    • (1997) The Rise of the Standard Model: Particle Physics in the 1960s and 1970s
    • Hoddeson, L.1    Brown, L.2    Riordan, M.3    Dresden, M.4
  • 10
    • 0004240473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the establishment of the Standard Model as the dominant theory of particle physics, see A. Pickering, Constructing Quarks: A Sociological History of Particle Physics (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1984); and Lillian Hoddeson, Laurie Brown, Michael Riordan, and Max Dresden, ed., The Rise of the Standard Model: Particle Physics in the 1960s and 1970s (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), especially the introductory survey article by Laurie Brown, Michael Riordan, Max Dresden and Lillian Hoddeson, "The Rise of the Standard Model: 1964-79," pp. 3-35.
    • The Rise of the Standard Model: 1964-79 , pp. 3-35
    • Brown, L.1    Riordan, M.2    Dresden, M.3    Hoddeson, L.4
  • 11
    • 0345818235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Summer of Discontent: Snowmass, 1982
    • Riordan et al., to appear
    • M. Riordan, "The Summer of Discontent: Snowmass, 1982," in Riordan et al., Tunnel Visions (to appear).
    • Tunnel Visions
    • Riordan, M.1
  • 12
    • 0345818235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Summer of Discontent: Snowmass, 1982
    • Ibid. See also R. Diebold et al., "'Conventional' 20-TeV, 10-Tesla, p±p Colliders," in R. Donaldson, R. Gustafson and F. Paige, eds., Proceedings of the 1982 DPF Summer Study on Elementary Particle Physics and Future Facilities, June 28-July 16, 1982, Snowmass, CO (Batavia, IL: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, 1983), pp. 307-314; and R. Huson et al, "20-TeV Colliding Beam Facilities: New, Low-Cost Approaches," ibid., pp. 315-321.
    • Tunnel Visions
    • Riordan, M.1
  • 13
    • 0345818230 scopus 로고
    • 'Conventional' 20-TeV, 10-Tesla, p±p Colliders
    • R. Donaldson, R. Gustafson and F. Paige, eds., June 28-July 16, 1982, Snowmass, CO Batavia, IL: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
    • Ibid. See also R. Diebold et al., "'Conventional' 20-TeV, 10-Tesla, p±p Colliders," in R. Donaldson, R. Gustafson and F. Paige, eds., Proceedings of the 1982 DPF Summer Study on Elementary Particle Physics and Future Facilities, June 28-July 16, 1982, Snowmass, CO (Batavia, IL: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, 1983), pp. 307-314; and R. Huson et al, "20-TeV Colliding Beam Facilities: New, Low-Cost Approaches," ibid., pp. 315-321.
    • (1983) Proceedings of the 1982 DPF Summer Study on Elementary Particle Physics and Future Facilities , pp. 307-314
    • Diebold, R.1
  • 14
    • 0347079676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 20-TeV Colliding Beam Facilities: New, Low-Cost Approaches
    • June 28-July 16, 1982, Snowmass, CO Batavia, IL: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
    • Ibid. See also R. Diebold et al., "'Conventional' 20-TeV, 10-Tesla, p±p Colliders," in R. Donaldson, R. Gustafson and F. Paige, eds., Proceedings of the 1982 DPF Summer Study on Elementary Particle Physics and Future Facilities, June 28-July 16, 1982, Snowmass, CO (Batavia, IL: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, 1983), pp. 307-314; and R. Huson et al, "20-TeV Colliding Beam Facilities: New, Low-Cost Approaches," ibid., pp. 315-321.
    • Proceedings of the 1982 DPF Summer Study on Elementary Particle Physics and Future Facilities , pp. 315-321
    • Huson, R.1
  • 15
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    • The Mirage of the World Accelerator for World Peace and the Origins of the SSC
    • A. Kolb and L. Hoddeson, "The Mirage of the World Accelerator for World Peace and the Origins of the SSC," Historical Studies in the Physicsal and Biological Sciences 24 (1993), 101-124; "The World Accelerator and the Desertron, 1953-83," in Riordan et al., Tunnel Visions (to appear).
    • (1993) Historical Studies in the Physicsal and Biological Sciences , vol.24 , pp. 101-124
    • Kolb, A.1    Hoddeson, L.2
  • 16
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    • The World Accelerator and the Desertron, 1953-83
    • to appear
    • A. Kolb and L. Hoddeson, "The Mirage of the World Accelerator for World Peace and the Origins of the SSC," Historical Studies in the Physicsal and Biological Sciences 24 (1993), 101-124; "The World Accelerator and the Desertron, 1953-83," in Riordan et al., Tunnel Visions (to appear).
    • Tunnel Visions
    • Riordan1
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    • 0347079660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The World Accelerator and the Desertron, 1953-83
    • Ibid., and Riordan, "The Summer of Discontent"; N. Douglas Pewitt, oral history interview by M. Riordan; George Keyworth, oral history interview by L. Hoddeson.
    • Tunnel Visions
    • Riordan1
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    • N. Douglas Pewitt, oral history interview by M. Riordan; George Keyworth, oral history interview by L. Hoddeson
    • Ibid., and Riordan, "The Summer of Discontent"; N. Douglas Pewitt, oral history interview by M. Riordan; George Keyworth, oral history interview by L. Hoddeson.
    • The Summer of Discontent
    • Riordan1
  • 19
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    • Magnet Failures Imperil New Accelerator
    • November 21
    • On the problems of Isabelle, see W. J. Broad, "Magnet Failures Imperil New Accelerator," Science 210 (November 21, 1980), 875-878; and "Accelerator Superconducting Magnets Give Headaches," Physics Today 34 (April 1981), 17-20.
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  • 20
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    • Accelerator Superconducting Magnets Give Headaches
    • April
    • On the problems of Isabelle, see W. J. Broad, "Magnet Failures Imperil New Accelerator," Science 210 (November 21, 1980), 875-878; and "Accelerator Superconducting Magnets Give Headaches," Physics Today 34 (April 1981), 17-20.
    • (1981) Physics Today , vol.34 , pp. 17-20
  • 21
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    • The SSC's Frontier Outpost: The Central Design Group, 1983-88
    • Riordan et al., to appear
    • SSC Central Design Group, "Conceptual Design Report of the Superconducting Super Collider, Report No. SSC-SR-2020 (Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, March 1986). See also L. Hoddeson and A. Kolb, "The SSC's Frontier Outpost: The Central Design Group, 1983-88," in Riordan et al., Tunnel Visions (to appear).
    • Tunnel Visions
    • Hoddeson, L.1    Kolb, A.2
  • 22
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    • Reagan Endorses the SSC, a Colossus among Colliders
    • March
    • I. Goodwin, "Reagan Endorses the SSC, a Colossus among Colliders," Physics Today 40 (March 1987), 48-49.
    • (1987) Physics Today , vol.40 , pp. 48-49
    • Goodwin, I.1
  • 23
    • 84953678922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DOE Picks Texas for 'Gippertron' amid Political and Managerial Collisions
    • February
    • I. Goodwin, "DOE Picks Texas for 'Gippertron' amid Political and Managerial Collisions," Physics Today 42 (February 1989), 96; G. Sandiford, "Reason and Rationality in the SSC Site Selection, 1987-88," in Riordan et al., Tunnel Visions (to appear).
    • (1989) Physics Today , vol.42 , pp. 96
    • Goodwin, I.1
  • 24
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    • Reason and Rationality in the SSC Site Selection, 1987-88
    • Riordan et al., to appear
    • I. Goodwin, "DOE Picks Texas for 'Gippertron' amid Political and Managerial Collisions," Physics Today 42 (February 1989), 96; G. Sandiford, "Reason and Rationality in the SSC Site Selection, 1987-88," in Riordan et al., Tunnel Visions (to appear).
    • Tunnel Visions
    • Sandiford, G.1
  • 25
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    • House Approves SSC Construction
    • July 7, As opposed to earlier estimates, this figure included the impact of inflation during construction
    • M. Crawford, "House Approves SSC Construction," Science 245 (July 7, 1989), 25-27. As opposed to earlier estimates, this figure included the impact of inflation during construction.
    • (1989) Science , vol.245 , pp. 25-27
    • Crawford, M.1
  • 26
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    • The SSC Gets Its (Official) Price Tag: S8.3 Billion
    • February 15
    • D. Hamilton, "The SSC Gets Its (Official) Price Tag: S8.3 Billion," Science 251 (February 15, 1991), 741.
    • (1991) Science , vol.251 , pp. 741
    • Hamilton, D.1
  • 27
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    • Senate Endorses Further Spending on Supercollider
    • August 4
    • C. Krauss, "Senate Endorses Further Spending on Supercollider," New York Times (August 4, 1992), p. 1; D. Hamilton, "Senate Issues a Stay of Execution," Science 257 (August 7, 1992), 737. The vote was 62-32 against an amendment offered by Senator Dale Bumpers to terminate the SSC.
    • (1992) New York Times , pp. 1
    • Krauss, C.1
  • 28
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    • Senate Issues a Stay of Execution
    • August 7, The vote was 62-32 against an amendment offered by Senator Dale Bumpers to terminate the SSC
    • C. Krauss, "Senate Endorses Further Spending on Supercollider," New York Times (August 4, 1992), p. 1; D. Hamilton, "Senate Issues a Stay of Execution," Science 257 (August 7, 1992), 737. The vote was 62-32 against an amendment offered by Senator Dale Bumpers to terminate the SSC.
    • (1992) Science , vol.257 , pp. 737
    • Hamilton, D.1
  • 29
    • 0347079682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • oral history interview with M. Riordan
    • J. Bennett Johnston and Proctor Jones, oral history interview with M. Riordan.
    • Bennett Johnston, J.1    Jones, P.2
  • 30
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    • SSC Falls victim to Congressional Austerity
    • July 1, The new Representatives voted 83 to 31 against the SSC
    • C. Macilwain, "SSC Falls victim to Congressional Austerity," Nature 364 (July 1, 1993), 6. The new Representatives voted 83 to 31 against the SSC.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.364 , pp. 6
    • Macilwain, C.1
  • 31
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    • House Votes to Kill Supercollider in What Looks Like Final Defeat
    • October 20
    • M. Wines, "House Votes to Kill Supercollider in What Looks Like Final Defeat," New York Times, October 20, 1993, p. 1.
    • (1993) New York Times , pp. 1
    • Wines, M.1
  • 32
  • 33
    • 0347079656 scopus 로고
    • Report No. GAO/RCED-93-87 Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, February
    • U.S. General Accounting Office, "Federal Research: Super Collider is Over Budget and Behind Schedule," Report No. GAO/RCED-93-87 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1993). Energy Department officials attempted to rebut this report in a February 24, 1993, letter from Secretary Hazel O'Leary to House Science Committee Chairman George E. Brown, Jr. (from files of Science Committee staffer Robert Palmer). The extent of public and media confusion on this issue can be grasped from reading C. Anderson, "University Consortium Faulted on Management, Accounting," Science 261 (July 9, 1993), 157, and C. Macilwain, "Barrage of Mud Fails to Stick on Sinking Super Collider, Nature 364 (July 8, 1993), 92. Discussions with John Toll, oral history interview with M. Riordan and S. Weiss, were also helpful.
    • (1993) Federal Research: Super Collider is over Budget and behind Schedule
  • 34
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    • University Consortium Faulted on Management, Accounting
    • July 9
    • U.S. General Accounting Office, "Federal Research: Super Collider is Over Budget and Behind Schedule," Report No. GAO/RCED-93-87 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1993). Energy Department officials attempted to rebut this report in a February 24, 1993, letter from Secretary Hazel O'Leary to House Science Committee Chairman George E. Brown, Jr. (from files of Science Committee staffer Robert Palmer). The extent of public and media confusion on this issue can be grasped from reading C. Anderson, "University Consortium Faulted on Management, Accounting," Science 261 (July 9, 1993), 157, and C. Macilwain, "Barrage of Mud Fails to Stick on Sinking Super Collider, Nature 364 (July 8, 1993), 92. Discussions with John Toll, oral history interview with M. Riordan and S. Weiss, were also helpful.
    • (1993) Science , vol.261 , pp. 157
    • Anderson, C.1
  • 35
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    • Barrage of Mud Fails to Stick on Sinking Super Collider
    • July 8, Discussions with John Toll, oral history interview with M. Riordan and S. Weiss, were also helpful
    • U.S. General Accounting Office, "Federal Research: Super Collider is Over Budget and Behind Schedule," Report No. GAO/RCED-93-87 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, February 1993). Energy Department officials attempted to rebut this report in a February 24, 1993, letter from Secretary Hazel O'Leary to House Science Committee Chairman George E. Brown, Jr. (from files of Science Committee staffer Robert Palmer). The extent of public and media confusion on this issue can be grasped from reading C. Anderson, "University Consortium Faulted on Management, Accounting," Science 261 (July 9, 1993), 157, and C. Macilwain, "Barrage of Mud Fails to Stick on Sinking Super Collider, Nature 364 (July 8, 1993), 92. Discussions with John Toll, oral history interview with M. Riordan and S. Weiss, were also helpful.
    • (1993) Nature , vol.364 , pp. 92
    • Macilwain, C.1
  • 37
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    • See, for example, S. LaFraniere, Washington Posts Super Collider Mired in Murky Cost Equations, September 6, 1993, p. A1 and G. Taubes, "The Supercollider."
    • The Supercollider
    • Taubes, G.1
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    • oral history interview with M. Riordan and S. Weiss
    • James D. Watkins, oral history interview with M. Riordan and S. Weiss.
    • Watkins, J.D.1
  • 39
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    • oral history interview with M. Riordan and S. Weiss
    • Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky, oral history interview with M. Riordan and S. Weiss.
    • Panofsky, W.K.H.1
  • 40
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    • and private communications
    • Taubes, "The Supercollider," p. B10, and private communications.
    • The Supercollider
    • Taubes1
  • 42
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    • private communications with M. Riordan
    • Burton Richter and Kasuke Takahashi, private communications with M. Riordan.
    • Richter, B.1    Takahashi, K.2
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    • (to appear) for more detail on these developments
    • The roots of this one-third non-federal requirement extend further back in history, to the Reagan Administration, in which the Office of Management and Budget was initially opposed to the SSC and suggested that such a level of outside contributions would be necessary. See Weiss, Colliding Fields (to appear) for more detail on these developments.
    • Colliding Fields
    • Weiss1
  • 44
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    • The Politics of Big Science: Washington and the World, 1989-93
    • Riordan et al., to appear
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