Type 2 diabetes: A 21st century epidemic

Best Practice and Research: Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

Volumn 30, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 331-343

  Jaacks, Lindsay M ^a   Siegel, Karen R ^a   Gujral, Unjali P ^a   Narayan, K M Venkat ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

impaired fasting glucose; impaired glucose tolerance; incidence; obesity; prevalence; type 2 diabetes

Indexed keywords

HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; MORBIDITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; PANCREAS ISLET BETA CELL; PANCREAS ISLET DISEASE; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2;

DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; HUMANS; MORBIDITY; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84971635763     PISSN: 1521690X     EISSN: 15321908     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2016.05.003     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. [1] International Diabetes Federation, IDF diabetes Atlas. 7th ed., 2015, International Diabetes Federation, Brussels.
2. [2] Abdul-Ghani, M.A., Tripathy, D., DeFronzo, R.A., Contributions of β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance to the pathogenesis of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose. Diabetes Care 29 (2006), 1130–1139.
3. Nathan, D.M., Davidson, M.B., DeFronzo, R.A., et al. Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance: implications for care. Diabetes Care 30 (2007), 753–759.
4. [4] Williams, J.W., Zimmet, P.Z., Shaw, J.E., et al. Gender differences in the prevalence of impaired fasting glycaemia and impaired glucose tolerance in Mauritius. Does sex matter?. Diabet Med 20 (2003), 915–920.
5. [5] Cowie, C.C., Rust, K.F., Ford, E.S., et al. Full accounting of diabetes and pre-diabetes in the US population in 1988–1994 and 2005–2006. Diabetes Care 32 (2009), 287–294.
6. [6] World Health Organization, Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia. 2006, World Health Organization, Geneva.
7. [7] McCarty, D.J., Zimmet, P., Diabetes 1994 to 2010: global estimates and projections. 1994, International Diabetes Institute, St. Louis Park, MN.
8. [8] King, H., Aubert, R.E., Herman, W.H., Global burden of diabetes, 1995–2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care 21 (1998), 1414–1431.
9. [9] Amos, A.F., McCarty, D.J., Zimmet, P., The rising global burden of diabetes and its complications: estimates and projections to the year 2010. Diabet Med 14 (1997), S7–S85.
10. [10] International Diabetes Federation, IDF diabetes Atlas. 1st ed., 2000, International Diabetes Federation, Brussels.
11. Danaei, G., Finucane, M.M., Lu, Y., et al. National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2·7 million participants. Lancet 378 (2011), 31–40.
12. [12] NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants. Lancet 387 (2016), 1513–1530.
13. International Diabetes Federation, IDF diabetes Atlas. 6th ed., 2013, International Diabetes Federation, Brussels.
14. [14] Merlotti, C., Morabito, A., Pontiroli, A., Prevention of type 2 diabetes; a systematic review and meta-analysis of different intervention strategies. Diabetes, Obes Metabolism 16 (2014), 719–727.
15. [15] Geiss, L.S., Wang, J., Cheng, Y.J., et al. Prevalence and incidence trends for diagnosed diabetes among adults aged 20 to 79 years, United States, 1980-2012. J Am Med Assoc 312 (2014), 1218–1226.
16. Nichols, G.A., Schroeder, E.B., Karter, A.J., et al. Trends in diabetes incidence among 7 million insured adults, 2006–2011 the SUPREME-DM Project. Am J Epidemiol 181 (2015), 32–39.
17. [17] Abraham, T.M., Pencina, K.M., Pencina, M.J., et al. Trends in diabetes incidence: the Framingham Heart study. Diabetes Care 38 (2015), 482–487.
18. [18] Karter, A.J., Schillinger, D., Adams, A.S., et al. Elevated rates of diabetes in Pacific Islanders and Asian Subgroups The Diabetes Study of Northern California (DISTANCE). Diabetes Care 36 (2013), 574–579.
19. [19] Pavkov, M.E., Hanson, R.L., Knowler, W.C., et al. Changing patterns of type 2 diabetes incidence among Pima Indians. Diabetes Care 30 (2007), 1758–1763.
20. Holden, S., Barnett, A.H., Peters, J.R., et al. The incidence of type 2 diabetes in the United Kingdom from 1991 to 2010. Diabetes, Obes Metabolism 15 (2013), 844–852.
21. Carstensen, B., Kristensen, J.K., Ottosen, P., et al. The Danish National Diabetes Register: trends in incidence, prevalence and mortality. Diabetologia 51 (2008), 2187–2196.
22. [22] Monesi, L., Baviera, M., Marzona, I., et al. Prevalence, incidence and mortality of diagnosed diabetes: evidence from an Italian population-based study. Diabet Med 29 (2012), 385–392.
23. [23] Lipscombe, L.L., Hux, J.E., Trends in diabetes prevalence, incidence, and mortality in Ontario, Canada 1995–2005: a population-based study. Lancet 369 (2007), 750–756.
24. [24] Chevreul, K., Berg Brigham, K., Bouché, C., The burden and treatment of diabetes in France. Glob Health, 10, 2014, 6.
25. [25] Thunander, M., Petersson, C., Jonzon, K., et al. Incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults and children in Kronoberg, Sweden. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 82 (2008), 247–255.
26. [26] Valdés, S., Botas, P., Delgado, E., et al. Population-based incidence of type 2 diabetes in Northern Spain The Asturias Study. Diabetes Care 30 (2007), 2258–2263.
27. [27] Soriguer, F., Rojo-Martínez, G., Almaraz, M., et al. Incidence of type 2 diabetes in southern Spain (Pizarra Study). Eur J Clin Investigation 38 (2008), 126–133.
28. [28] Ricci, P., Blotière, P.-O., Weill, A., et al. Diabète traité: quelles évolutions entre 2000 et 2009 en France. Bull Epidemiol Hebd 42 (2010), 425–431 [French].
29. [29] Wang, C., Li, J., Xue, H., et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence in Chinese: contributions of overweight and obesity. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 107 (2015), 424–432.
30. [30] González-Villalpando, C., Dávila-Cervantes, C.A., Zamora-Macorra, M., et al. Incidence of type 2 diabetes in Mexico: results of the Mexico City Diabetes Study after 18 years of follow-up. Salud Pública México 56 (2014), 11–17.
31. [31] Mohan, V., Deepa, M., Anjana, R., et al. Incidence of diabetes and pre-diabetes in a selected urban south Indian population (CUPS-19). J Assoc Physicians India 56 (2008), 152–157.
32. [32] Koopman, R.J., Mainous, A.G., Diaz, V.A., et al. Changes in age at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the United States, 1988 to 2000. Ann Fam Med 3 (2005), 60–63.
33. [33] Kitagawa, T., Owada, M., Urakami, T., et al. Epidemiology of type 1 (insulin-dependent) and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in Japanese children. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 24 (1994), S7–S13.
34. Dabelea, D., Mayer-Davis, E.J., Saydah, S., et al. Prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents from 2001 to 2009. J Am Med Assoc 311 (2014), 1778–1786.
35. [35] Khanam, P.A., Mahtab, H., Ahmed, A.U., et al. In Bangladesh diabetes starts earlier now than 10 years back: a BIRDEM Study. Ibrahim Med Coll J 2 (2008), 1–3.
36. [36] Hillier, T.A., Pedula, K.L., Complications in young adults with early-onset type 2 diabetes losing the relative protection of youth. Diabetes Care 26 (2003), 2999–3005.
37. [37] Group TS, A clinical trial to maintain glycemic control in youth with type 2 diabetes. N. Engl J Med 366 (2012), 2247–2256.
38. [38] Maskarinec, G., Grandinetti, A., Matsuura, G., et al. Diabetes prevalence and body mass index differ by ethnicity: the Multiethnic Cohort. Ethn Dis 19 (2009), 49–55.
39. [39] Rooney, D., Lye, W.K., Tan, G., et al. Body mass index and retinopathy in Asian populations with diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol 52 (2014), 73–80.
40. [40] Chan, W.B., Tong, P.C., Chow, C.C., et al. The associations of body mass index, C-peptide and metabolic status in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients. Diabet Med 21 (2004), 349–353.
41. [41] Oza-Frank, R., Ali, M.K., Vaccarino, V., et al. Asian Americans: diabetes prevalence across US and World Health Organization weight classifications. Diabetes Care 32 (2009), 1644–1646.
42. [42] Taylor, R., Holman, R.R., Normal weight individuals who develop type 2 diabetes: the personal fat threshold. Clin Sci 128 (2015), 405–410.
43. [43] Steven, S., Hollingsworth, K.G., Al-Mrabeh, A., et al. Very low-calorie diet and 6 months of weight stability in type 2 diabetes: pathophysiological changes in responders and nonresponders. Diabetes Care 39 (2016), 808–815.
44. [44] Sairenchi, T., Iso, H., Irie, F., et al. Underweight as a predictor of diabetes in older adults a large cohort study. Diabetes Care 31 (2008), 583–584.
45. [45] Sakurai, M., Miura, K., Takamura, T., et al. J-shaped relationship between waist circumference and subsequent risk for type 2 diabetes: an 8-year follow-up of relatively lean Japanese individuals. Diabet Med 26 (2009), 753–759.
46. [46] Hales, C.N., Barker, D.J., Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Diabetologia 35 (1992), 595–601.
47. [47] Heianza, Y., Kato, K., Fujihara, K., et al. Role of sleep duration as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes among adults of different ages in Japan: the Niigata Wellness Study. Diabet Med 31 (2014), 1363–1367.
48. [48] Dzhambov, A.M., Long-term noise exposure and the risk for type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Noise Health 17 (2015), 23–33.
49. [49] Taylor, K.W., Novak, R.F., Anderson, H.A., et al. Evaluation of the association between persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and diabetes in epidemiological studies: a National Toxicology Program Workshop Review. Environ Health Perspect 121 (2013), 774–783.
50. [50] Siegel, K.R., McKeever Bullard, K., Ali, M.K., et al. The contribution of subsidized food commodities to total energy intake among US adults. Public Health Nutr, 2015 Sep 1, 1–10 [Epub ahead of print].
51. [51] Simmons, R., Unwin, N., Griffin, S., International Diabetes Federation: an update of the evidence concerning the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 87 (2010), 143–149.
52. [52] Hu, F.B., Manson, J.E., Stampfer, M.J., et al. Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. N. Engl J Med 345 (2001), 790–797.
53. Narayan, K.M., Boyle, J.P., Thompson, T.J., et al. Effect of BMI on lifetime risk for diabetes in the US. Diabetes Care 30 (2007), 1562–1566.
54. [54] Ford, E.S., Williamson, D.F., Liu, S., Weight change and diabetes incidence: findings from a national cohort of US adults. Am J Epidemiol 146 (1997), 214–222.
55. [55] González, E.M., Johansson, S., Wallander, M.-A., et al. Trends in the prevalence and incidence of diabetes in the UK: 1996–2005. J Epidemiol Community Health 63 (2009), 332–336.
56. [56] Yajnik, C., Fall, C., Coyaji, K., et al. Neonatal anthropometry: the thin–fat Indian baby. The Pune maternal nutrition study. Int J Obes 27 (2003), 173–180.
57. [57] Yajnik, C., Lubree, H., Rege, S., et al. Adiposity and hyperinsulinemia in Indians are present at birth. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism 87 (2002), 5575–5580.
58. [58] Bhargava, S.K., Sachdev, H.S., Fall, C.H., et al. Relation of serial changes in childhood body-mass index to impaired glucose tolerance in young adulthood. N. Engl J Med 350 (2004), 865–875.
59. [59] Li, Y., Ley, S.H., Tobias, D.K., et al. Birth weight and later life adherence to unhealthy lifestyles in predicting type 2 diabetes: prospective cohort study. Br Med J, 351, 2015, h3672.
60. [60] Ashcroft, F.M., Rorsman, P., Diabetes mellitus and the β cell: the last ten years. Cell 148 (2012), 1160–1171.
61. [61] Ferrannini, E., Gastaldelli, A., Miyazaki, Y., et al. beta-Cell function in subjects spanning the range from normal glucose tolerance to overt diabetes: a new analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism 90 (2005), 493–500.
62. [62] Staimez, L.R., Weber, M.B., Ranjani, H., et al. Evidence of reduced beta-cell function in Asian Indians with mild dysglycemia. Diabetes Care 36 (2013), 2772–2778.
63. [63] Crowther, N.J., Trusler, J., Cameron, N., et al. Relation between weight gain and beta-cell secretory activity and non-esterified fatty acid production in 7-year-old African children: results from the Birth to Ten study. Diabetologia 43 (2000), 978–985.
64. Gregg, E.W., Cheng, Y.J., Saydah, S., et al. Trends in death rates among U.S. adults with and without diabetes between 1997 and 2006: findings from the National Health Interview Survey. Diabetes Care 35 (2012), 1252–1257.
65. Gregg, E.W., Li, Y., Wang, J., et al. Changes in diabetes-related complications in the United States, 1990–2010. N. Engl J Med 370 (2014), 1514–1523.
66. [66] Thorpe, K.E., Florence, C.S., Howard, D.H., et al. The impact of obesity on rising medical spending. 2004, Health Affairs (Millwood) Suppl Web Exclusives:W4-480-6.
67. [67] Sudharsanan, N., Ali, M.K., Mehta, N.K., et al. Population aging, macroeconomic changes, and global diabetes prevalence, 1990–2008. Popul Health Metrics, 13, 2015, 1.