Prevention of type 2 diabetes; a systematic review and meta-analysis of different intervention strategies

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism

Volumn 16, Issue 8, 2014, Pages 719-727

  Merlotti, C ^a   Morabito, A ^a   Pontiroli, A E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

Author keywords

Bariatric surgery; Lifestyle modifications; Meta analysis; Prevention; Type 2 diabetes

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; ALPHA GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITOR; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BEZAFIBRATE; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ESTROGEN; GLITAZONE DERIVATIVE; GLUCOSE; METFORMIN; RAMIPRIL; SULFONYLUREA DERIVATIVE; TETRAHYDROLIPSTATIN; TRACE ELEMENT; VITAMIN; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; ANTIOBESITY AGENT; CARDIOVASCULAR AGENT;

ARTICLE; BARIATRIC SURGERY; BODY MASS; COFFEE; DIET THERAPY; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; META ANALYSIS; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PATIENT EDUCATION; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; POST HOC ANALYSIS; PUBLISHING; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DRUG EFFECTS; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; LIFESTYLE; LOW CALORY DIET; MOTOR ACTIVITY; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; OBESITY, MORBID; OVERWEIGHT; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ANTI-OBESITY AGENTS; BARIATRIC SURGERY; CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIET, REDUCING; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; LIFE STYLE; MOTOR ACTIVITY; OBESITY; OBESITY, MORBID; OVERWEIGHT; WEIGHT LOSS;

EID: 84904388492     PISSN: 14628902     EISSN: 14631326     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/dom.12270     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. American Diabetes Association. Total prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes. American Association website. Available form URL: http://www.diabetes.org/diabetesstatistics/prevalence.jsp. Accessed 15 May 2008.
2. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Haffner SM, Solomon CG, Willett WC, Manson JE. Elevated risk of cardiovascular disease prior to clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 1129-1134.
3. Haffner SM, Mykkanen L, Festa A, Burke JP, Stern MP. Insulin resistant prediabetic subjects have more atherogenic risk factors than insulin sensitive prediabetic subjects: implications for preventing coronary heart disease during prediabetic state. Circulation 2000; 101: 975-980.
4. Qiao Q, Tuomilehto J, Moltchanova E et al. Is the current definition for diabetes relevant to mortality risk from all causes and cardiovascular and non cardiovascular disease? Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 688-696.
5. Selvin E, Marinopoulos S, Berkenblit G et al. Meta-analysis: glycosilated haemoglobin and cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141: 421-431.
6. Khaw KT, Wareman N, Bingham S, Luben R, Welch A, Day N. Association of hemoglobin A(1c) with cardiovascular disease and mortality in adults: the european prospective investigation into cancer in Norfolk. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141: 413-420.
7. Hirai FE, Moss SE, Klein BE, Klein R. Relationship of glycemic control, exogenous insulin, and C-peptide levels to ischemic heart disease mortality over a 16-year period in people with older-onset diabetes: the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy (WESDR). Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 493-497.
8. Garber AJ, Handelsman Y, Einhorn D. Diagnosis and management of prediabetes in the continuum of hyperglycemia: when do the risk of diabetes begin? A consensus statement from the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Endocr Pract 2008; 14: 933-946.
9. Southwood RL. Have clinical studies demonstrated diabetes prevention or delay of diabetes through early treatment? Am J Ther 2010; 17: 201-209.
10. Zanolla L, Vassanelli C. Reducing diabetes incidence through the inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system: a strategy for reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity? J Cardiovasc Med 2007; 8: 473-482.
11. Progetto Cuore. Istituto Superiore di Sanità. Available from URL: http://www.cuore.iss.it/fattori/glicemia.asp. Accessed13 June 2012.
12. Whiting DR, Guariguata L, Weil C, Shaw J. IDF Diabetes Atlas: global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011; 94: 311-321.
13. Phung OJ, Sood NA, Sill BE, Coleman CI. Oral anti-diabetic drugs for the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2011; 28: 948-964.
14. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2010. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: S11-S61.
15. Eriksson KF, Lindgärde F. Prevention of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus by diet and physical exercise. The 6-year Malmö feasibility study. Diabetologia 1991; 34: 891-898.
16. Pan XR, Li GW, Hu YH et al. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance: the Da Quin IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 537-544.
17. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001; 18: 1343-1350.
18. Liao D, Asberry PJ, Shofer JB et al. Improvement of BMI, body composition, and body fat distribution with lifestyle modification in Japanese Americans with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 1504-1510.
19. Simmons D, Voyle A, Fou F, Feo S, Leakehe L. Tale of two churches: differential impact of a church-based diabetes control programme among Pacific Islands people in New Zealand. Diabet Med 2004; 21: 122-128.
20. Knowler WC, Hamman RF, Edelstein SL et al. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Prevention of type 2 diabetes with troglitazone in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabetes 2005; 54: 1150-1156.
21. Oldroyd JC, Unwin NC, White M, Mathers JC, Alberti KGMM. Randomised controlled trial evaluating lifestyle interventions in people with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2006; 72: 117-127.
22. Bo S, Ciccone G, Baldi C et al. Effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention on metabolic syndrome. A randomized controlled trial. J Gen Intern Med 2007; 22: 1695-1703.
23. Li G, Zhang P, Wang J et al. The long-term effect of lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes in the China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a 20-year follow-up study. Lancet 2008; 371: 1783-1789.
24. Roumen C, Corpeleijn E, Feskens EJ, Mensink M, Saris WH, Blaak EE. Impact of 3-year lifestyle intervention on postprandial glucose metabolism: the SLIM study. Diabet Med 2008; 25: 597-605.
25. Penn L, White M, Oldroyd J et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes in adults with impaired glucose tolerance: the European Diabetes Prevention RCT in Newcastle upon Tyne. UK BMC Public Health 2009; 9: 342.
26. Saito T, Watanabe N, Nishida J, Izumi T et al. Lifestyle modification and prevention of type 2 diabetes in overweight japanese with impaired fasting glucose levels. Arch Intern Med 2011; 171: 1352-1360.
27. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE et al. for the Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 393-403.
28. Kosaka K, Noda M, Kuzuya T. Prevention of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: a Japanese trial in IGT males. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005; 67: 152-162.
29. Smith GD, Bracha Y, Svendsen KH et al. Incidence of type 2 diabetes in the randomized multiple risk factor intervention trial. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142: 313-322.
30. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Mary S et al. for the Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme (IDPP). The Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme shows that lifestyle modification and metformin prevent type 2 diabetes in Asian Indian subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IDPP-1). Diabetologia 2006; 49: 289-297.
31. Hu G, Jousilahti PJ, Peltonen M, Bidel S, Tuolmilehto J. Joint association of coffee consumption and other factors to the risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study in Finland. Int J Obes 2006; 30: 1742-1749.
32. Fossum E, Gleim GW, Kjeldsen SE et al. The effect of baseline physical activity on cardiovascular outcomes and new-onset diabetes in patients treated for hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study. J Intern Med 2007; 262: 439-448.
33. Ratner RE, Christophi CA, Metzger BE et al. The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Prevention of diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes: effects of metformin and lifestyle interventions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 4774-4779.
34. Kawavara T, Takahashi K, Inazu T et al. Reduced progression to type 2 diabetes from impaired glucose tolerance after a 2-day in-hospital diabetes educational program The Joetsu Diabetes Prevention Trial. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 1949-1954.
35. Knowler WC, Fowler SE, Hamman RF et al. for the Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet 2009; 374: 1677-1686.
36. Sartor G, Scherstén B, Carlström S, Melander A, Norden A, Persson G. Ten-year follow-up of subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: prevention of diabetes by tolbutamide and diet regulation. Diabetes 1980; 29: 41-49.
37. Wein P, Beischer N, Harris C, Permezel M. A trial of simple versus intensified dietary modification for prevention of progression to diabetes mellitus in women with impaired glucose tolerance. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1999; 39: 162-166.
38. Salaa-Salvadò J, Bullò M, Babio N et al. for the PREDIMED study investigators. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with the Mediterranean diet. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 14-19.
39. Mayer Davis EJ, Costacou T, King I, Zaccaro DJ, Bell RA. Plasma and dietary vitamin E in relation to incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 2172-2177.
40. Liu S, Lee IM, Song Y et al. Vitamin E and risk of type 2 diabetes in the women's health study randomized controlled trial. Diabetes 2006; 55: 2856-2862.
41. Stranges S, Marshall JR, Natarajan R et al. Effects of long-term selenium supplementation on the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147: 217-223.
42. de Boer HI, Tinker LF, Connelly S et al. for the Women's Health Initiative Investigator. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of incident diabetes in the Women's Health Initiative. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 701-707.
43. Kataja-Tuomola MJR, Sundell JR, Männistö S et al. Effect of α-tocopherol and β-carotene supplementation on the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2008; 51: 47-53.
44. Avenell A, Cook JA, Maclennan GS et al. for the RECORD trial group. Vitamin D supplementation and type 2 diabetes: a substudy of a randomised placebo-controlled trial in older people (RECORD trial, ISRCTN 51647438) doi:10.1093/ageing/afp058. Published electronically 12 May 2009.
45. de Vegt F, Dekker JM, Groeneveld WJ et al. Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with lower risk for incident diabetes and mortality: the Hoorn Study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2002; 57: 53-60.
46. Djoussé L, Biggs ML, Mukamal KJ, Siscovick DS. Alcohol consumption and type 2 diabetes among older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Obesity 2007; 15: 1758-1765.
47. Buchanan TA, Xiang AH, Peters RK et al. Preservation of pancreatic β-cell function and prevention of type 2 diabetes by pharmacological treatment of insulin resistance in high-risk Hispanic women. Diabetes 2002; 51: 2796-2803.
48. Bennett SMA, Agrawal A, Elasha H et al. Rosiglitazone improves insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance and ambulatory blood pressure in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabet Med 2004; 21: 415-422.
49. Durbin RJ. Thiazolidinedione therapy in the prevention/delay of type 2 diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Diabetes Obes Metab 2004; 6: 280-285.
50. Xiang AH, Peters RK, Kjos SL et al. Effect of pioglitazone on pancreatic-cell function and diabetes risk in Hispanic women with prior gestational diabetes. Diabetes 2006; 55: 517-522.
51. Gerstein HC, Yusuf S, Bosch J et al. for the The Dream Trial Investigators. Effect of rosi-glitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006; 368: 1096-1105.
52. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Mary S et al. Pioglitazone does not enhance the effectiveness of lifestyle modification in preventing conversion of impaired glucose tolerance to diabetes in Asian Indians: results of the Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme-2 (IDPP-2). Diabetologia 2009; 52: 1019-1026.
53. Zinman B, Harris SB, Neuman J et al. Low-dose combination therapy with rosiglitazone and metformin to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus (CANOE trial): a double-blind randomised controlled study. Lancet 2010; 376: 103-111.
54. DeFronzo RA, Tripathy D, Schwenke DC et al. for the ACT NOW Study. Pioglitazone for diabetes prevention in impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 1104-1115.
55. Gerstein HC, Mohan V, Avezum A et al. for the DREAM On (Diabetes reduction assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone medication ongoing Follow-up) Investigators. Long-term effect of rosiglitazone and/or ramipril on the incidence of diabetes. Diabetologia 2011; 54: 487-495.
56. Jarrett RJ, Keen H, Fuller JH, McCartney M. Worsening to diabetes in men with impaired glucose tolerance ("borderline diabetes"). Diabetologia 1979; 161: 25-30.
57. Li CL, Pan CY, Lu JM et al. Effect of metformin on patients with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabet Med 1999; 16: 477-481.
58. Eriksson JG, Lehtovirta M, Ehrnstrom B, Salmela S, Groop L. Long-term beneficial effects of glipizide treatment on glucose tolerance in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. J Intern Med 2006; 259: 553-560.
59. Holman RR, Haffner SM, McMurray JJ et al. for the the NAVIGATOR Study Group. Effect of nateglinide on the incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 1463-1476.
60. Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R et al. Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the STOP-NIDDM randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 359: 2072-2077.
61. Pan CY, Gao Y, Chen JW et al. Efficacy of acarbose in Chinese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2003; 61: 183-190.
62. Kawamori R, Tajima N, Iwamoto Y et al. on behalf of the Voglibose Ph-3 Study Group. Voglibose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomised, double-blind trial in Japanese individuals with impaired glucose tolerance. Lancet 2009; 373: 1607-1614.
63. Torgerson JS, Hauptman J, Boldrin MN, Sjostrom L. XENical in the Prevention of Diabetes in Obese Subjects (XENDOS) Study. A randomized study of orlistat as an adjunct to lifestyle changes for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in obese patients. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 155-161.
64. Tenenbaum A, Motro M, Fisman EZ et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligand bezafibrate for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 2004; 109: 2197-2202.
65. Tenenbaum A, Motro M, Fisman EZ et al. Effect of bezafibrate on incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in obese patients. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 2032-2038.
66. Flory JH, Ellemberg S, Szapary PO, Strom BL, Hennessy S. Antidiabetic action of bezafibrate in a large observational database. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 547-551.
67. Long SD, O'Brien K, MacDonald KG et al. Weight loss in severely obese subjects prevents progression of impaired glucose tolerance to type II diabetes. A longitudinal interventional study. Diabetes Care 1994; 17: 372-375.
68. Sjöström L, Lindroos AK, Peltonen M et al. for the Swedish Obese Subjects Study Scientific Group. Lifestyle, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors 10 years after bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2683-2693.
69. Pontiroli AE, Folli F, Paganelli M et al. Laparoscopic gastric banding prevents type 2 diabetes and arterial hypertension and induces their remission in morbid obesity. A 4-year case-controlled study. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2703-2709.
70. Carlsson LM, Peltonen M, Ahlin S et al. Bariatric surgery and prevention of type 2 diabetes in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 695-704.
71. Yusuf S, Gernstein H, Hoogwerf B et al. Ramipril and the development of diabetes. JAMA 2001; 286: 1882-1885.
72. Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen S et al. for the LIFE study group. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002; 359: 995-1003.
73. Yusuf S, Ostergren JB, Gerstein HC et al. on behalf of the Candesartan in Heart Failure-Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity Program (CHARM) Investigators. Effects of Candesartan on the development of a new diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in patients with heart failure. Circulation 2005; 112: 48-53.
74. Bosch J, Lonn E, Pogue J et al. for the HOPE/HOPE-TOO Study Investigators. Long-term effects of ramipril on cardiovascular events and on diabetes results of the HOPE study extension. Circulation 2005; 112: 1339-1346.
75. Barzilay JI, Davis BR, Cutler JA et al. for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Fasting glucose levels and incident diabetes mellitus in older non diabetic adults randomized to receive 3 different classes of antihypertensive treatment. A report from the Anti-hyper tensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 2191-2201.
76. Bosch J, Yusuf S, Gerstein HC et al. for the Dream Trial Investigators. Effect of ramipril on the incidence of diabetes. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1551-1562.
77. Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Mancia G et al. for the VALUE Trial Investigators. Effects of valsartan compared to amlodipine on preventing type 2 diabetes in high-risk hypertensive patients: the VALUE trial. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 1405-1412.
78. Black HR, Davis B, Barzilay JI et al. Metabolic and clinical outcomes in non diabetic individuals with the metabolic syndrome assigned to chlorthalidone, amlodipine, or lisinopril as initial treatment for hypertension A report from the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 353-360.
79. McMurray JJ, Holman RR, Haffner SM et al. for the NAVIGATOR Study Group. Effect of valsartan on the incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 1477-1490.
80. Mancia G, Brown M, Castaigne A et al. Outcomes with nifedipine GITS or co-amilozide in hypertensive diabetics and non diabetics in intervention as a goal in hypertension (INSIGHT). Hypertension 2003; 41: 431-436.
81. Dahlöf B, Sever PS, Poulter NR et al. for the ASCOT investigators. Prevention of cardio-vascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 895-906.
82. Cooper-DeHoff R, Cohen JD, Bakris GL et al. for the INVEST Investigators. Predictors of development of diabetes mellitus in patients with coronary artery disease taking antihy-pertensive medications (Findings from the INternational VErapamil SR-Trandolapril STudy [INVEST]). Am J Cardiol 2006; 98: 890-894.
83. Kanaya AM, Herrington D, Vittinghoff E et al. Glycemic effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy: the Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138: 1-9.
84. Rossi R, Origliani G, Modena MG. Transdermal 17 Beta-estradiol and risk of developing type 2 diabetes in a population of healthy, non obese postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 645-649.
85. Bonds DE, Lasser N, Qi L et al. The effect of conjugated equine oestrogen on diabetes incidence: the Women's Health Initiative randomised trial. Diabetologia 2006; 49: 459-468.
86. Yamaoka K, Tango T. Efficacy of lifestyle education to prevent type 2 diabetes. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2780-2786.
87. Norris SL, Zhang X, Avenell A et al. Long term effectiveness of weight-loss interventons in adults with pre-diabetes. A review. Am J Prev Med 2005; 28: 126-139.
88. Lloret-Linares C, Greenfield JR, Czernichow S. Effect of weight reducing agents on glycaemic parameters and progression to type 2 diabetes: a review. Diabet Med 2008; 25: 1142-1150.
89. Yates T, Khunti K, Bull F et al. The role of physical activity in the management of impaired glucose tolerance: a systematic review. Diabetologia 2007; 50: 1116-1126.
90. Anderson DC. Pharmacologic prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Pharmacother 2005; 39: 102-109.
91. Padwal R, Majumdar SR, Johnson JA et al. A systematic review of drug therapy to delay or prevent type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 736-744.
92. Abuissa H, Jones PG, Marso SP, O'Keefe JH Jr. Angiotensin-Converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers for prevention of type 2 diabetes. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46: 821-826.
93. Andraws R, Brown DL. Effect of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system on the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (meta-analysis of randomized trials). Am J Cardiol 2007; 99: 1006-1012.
94. Abuissa H, O'Keefe J. The role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system-based therapy in diabetes prevention and cardiovascular and renal protection. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008; 10: 1157-1166.
95. Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials 1996; 17: 1-12.
96. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DGPRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 2009; 6: e1000097.
97. DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials 1986; 7: 177-180.
98. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003; 327: 557-560.
99. Easterbrook PJ, Berlin JA, Gopalan R, Matthews DR. Publication bias in clinical research. Lancet 1991; 337: 867-872.
100. Harbord RM, Harris RJ, Sterne JAC. Updated tests for small-study effects in meta-analyses. STATA J 2009; 9: 197-210.
101. Lim E, Ali Z, Ali A et al. Indirect comparison meta-analysis of aspirin therapy after coronary surgery. BMJ 2007; 327: 1-5.
102. Buchwald H, Estok R, Fahrbach K et al. Weight and type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med 2009; 122: 248-256.
103. Pontiroli AE. Bariatric surgery for obese type 2 diabetes: do we have enough information? Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22: e24-e25.
104. Sattar N, Preiss D, Murray HM et al. Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials. Lancet 2010; 375: 735-742.
105. Scheen AJ. Antidiabetic agents in subjects with mild dysglycaemia: prevention or early treatment of type 2 diabetes? Diabetes Metab 2007; 33: 3-12.
106. Arterburn DE, Bogart A, Sherwood NE et al. A multisite study of long-term remission and relapse of type 2 diabetes mellitus following gastric bypass. Obes Surg 2013; 23: 93-102.
107. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Effects of withdrawal from metformin on the development of diabetes in the diabetes prevention program. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 977-980.
108. Tenenbaum A, Medvedofsky D, Fisman EZ et al. Cardiovascular events in patients received combined fibrate/statin treatment versus statin monotherapy: acute Coronary Syndrome Israeli Surveys data. PLoS One 2012; 7: e35298.