메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 94, Issue 6, 2016, Pages 613-619

New use of an old drug: Chloroquine reduces viral and ALT levels in HCV non-responders (a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial)

Author keywords

Autophagy; Chloroquine; Chronic hepatitis C; Non responsive; Pilot study

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; CHLOROQUINE; GENOMIC DNA; INTERLEUKIN 28; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA2A PLUS RIBAVIRIN; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA2B PLUS RIBAVIRIN; PLACEBO; ANTIVIRUS AGENT;

EID: 84971009697     PISSN: 00084212     EISSN: 12057541     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0507     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (33)

References (45)
  • 1
    • 70350464539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotype in Iranian multiply transfused patients with thalassemia
    • Alavian, S.M., Miri, S.M., Keshvari, M., Elizee, P.K., Behnava, B., Tabatabaei, S.V., et al. 2009. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotype in Iranian multiply transfused patients with thalassemia. Transfusion, 49(10): 2195–2199. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02252.x. PMID:19538541.
    • (2009) Transfusion , vol.49 , Issue.10 , pp. 2195-2199
    • Alavian, S.M.1    Miri, S.M.2    Keshvari, M.3    Elizee, P.K.4    Behnava, B.5    Tabatabaei, S.V.6
  • 2
    • 77955016528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C infection in hemodialysis patients in Iran: A systematic review
    • Alavian, S.M., Kabir, A., Ahmadi, A.B., Lankarani, K.B., Shahbabaie, M.A., and Ahmadzad-Asl, M. 2010. Hepatitis C infection in hemodialysis patients in Iran: a systematic review. Hemodial. Int. 14(3): 253–262. doi:10.1111/j.1542-4758.2010.00437.x. PMID:20491973.
    • (2010) Hemodial. Int , vol.14 , Issue.3 , pp. 253-262
    • Alavian, S.M.1    Kabir, A.2    Ahmadi, A.B.3    Lankarani, K.B.4    Shahbabaie, M.A.5    Ahmadzad-Asl, M.6
  • 3
    • 81555219121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virus-triggered autophagy in viral hepatitis - Possible novel strategies for drug development
    • Alavian, S.M., Ande, S.R., Coombs, K.M., Yeganeh, B., Davoodpour, P., Hashemi, M., et al. 2011. Virus-triggered autophagy in viral hepatitis - possible novel strategies for drug development. J. Viral Hepat. 18(12): 821–830. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2893.2011.01530.x. PMID:22093031.
    • (2011) J. Viral Hepat , vol.18 , Issue.12 , pp. 821-830
    • Alavian, S.M.1    E, S.R.2    Coombs, K.M.3    Yeganeh, B.4    Davoodpour, P.5    Hashemi, M.6
  • 4
    • 0027068086 scopus 로고
    • The natural history of community-acquired hepatitis C in the United States. The Sentinel Counties Chronic non-A, non-B Hepatitis Study Team
    • Alter, M.J., Margolis, H.S., Krawczynski, K., Judson, F.N., Mares, A., Alexander, W.J., et al. 1992. The natural history of community-acquired hepatitis C in the United States. The Sentinel Counties Chronic non-A, non-B Hepatitis Study Team. N. Engl. J. Med. 327(27): 1899–1905. PMID:1280771.
    • (1992) N. Engl. J. Med , vol.327 , Issue.27 , pp. 1899-1905
    • Alter, M.J.1    Margolis, H.S.2    Krawczynski, K.3    Judson, F.N.4    Mares, A.5    Alexander, W.J.6
  • 5
    • 79953858689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lysosomotropic agents as HCV entry inhibitors
    • Ashfaq, U.A., Javed, T., Rehman, S., Nawaz, Z., and Riazuddin, S. 2011. Lysosomotropic agents as HCV entry inhibitors. Virol. J. 8: 163. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-8-163. PMID:21481279.
    • (2011) Virol. J , vol.8
    • Ashfaq, U.A.1    Javed, T.2    Rehman, S.3    Nawaz, Z.4    Riazuddin, S.5
  • 6
    • 0142240117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twenty-four vs. Forty-eight weeks of re-therapy with interferon alpha 2b and ribavirin in interferon alpha monotherapy relapsers with chronic hepatitis C
    • August-Jorg, B.S., Borovicka, J., Dufour, J.F., Gonvers, J.J., Henz, S., Hermann, R., et al. 2003. Twenty-four vs. forty-eight weeks of re-therapy with interferon alpha 2b and ribavirin in interferon alpha monotherapy relapsers with chronic hepatitis C. Swiss Med. Wkly. 133(33–34): 455–460. PMID:14625812.
    • (2003) Swiss Med. Wkly , vol.133 , Issue.33-34 , pp. 455-460
    • August-Jorg, B.S.1    Borovicka, J.2    Dufour, J.F.3    Gonvers, J.J.4    Henz, S.5    Hermann, R.6
  • 7
    • 33947360829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sustained virological response to interferon-alpha is associated with improved outcome in HCV-related cirrhosis: A retrospective study
    • Bruno, S., Stroffolini, T., Colombo, M., Bollani, S., Benvegnu, L., Mazzella, G., et al. 2007. Sustained virological response to interferon-alpha is associated with improved outcome in HCV-related cirrhosis: a retrospective study. Hepatology, 45(3): 579–587. doi:10.1002/hep.21492. PMID:17326216.
    • (2007) Hepatology , vol.45 , Issue.3 , pp. 579-587
    • Bruno, S.1    Stroffolini, T.2    Colombo, M.3    Bollani, S.4    Benvegnu, L.5    Mazzella, G.6
  • 8
    • 79957982710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IL28B genetic variations are associated with high sustained virological response (SVR) of interferon-alpha plus ribavirin therapy in Taiwanese chronic HCV infection
    • Chen, J.Y., Lin, C.Y., Wang, C.M., Lin, Y.T., Kuo, S.N., Shiu, C.F., et al. 2011. IL28B genetic variations are associated with high sustained virological response (SVR) of interferon-alpha plus ribavirin therapy in Taiwanese chronic HCV infection. Genes Immun. 12(4): 300–309. doi:10.1038/gene.2011.1. PMID:21346780.
    • (2011) Genes Immun , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. 300-309
    • Chen, J.Y.1    Lin, C.Y.2    Wang, C.M.3    Lin, Y.T.4    Kuo, S.N.5    Shiu, C.F.6
  • 9
    • 67651240586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C virus lymphotropism and peculiar immunological phenotype: Effects on natural history and antiviral therapy
    • Conca, P., and Tarantino, G. 2009. Hepatitis C virus lymphotropism and peculiar immunological phenotype: effects on natural history and antiviral therapy. World J. Gastroenterol. 15(19): 2305–2308. doi:10.3748/wjg.15.2305. PMID: 19452570.
    • (2009) World J. Gastroenterol , vol.15 , Issue.19 , pp. 2305-2308
    • Conca, P.1    Tarantino, G.2
  • 10
    • 38649090068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin for 14 versus 24 weeks in patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 2 or 3 and rapid virological response
    • Dalgard, O., Bjoro, K., Ring-Larsen, H., Bjornsson, E., Holberg-Petersen, M., Skovlund, E., et al. 2008. Pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin for 14 versus 24 weeks in patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 2 or 3 and rapid virological response. Hepatology, 47(1): 35–42. doi:10.1002/hep.21975. PMID:17975791.
    • (2008) Hepatology , vol.47 , Issue.1 , pp. 35-42
    • Dalgard, O.1    Bjoro, K.2    Ring-Larsen, H.3    Bjornsson, E.4    Holberg-Petersen, M.5    Skovlund, E.6
  • 11
    • 75149163334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aging of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected persons in the United States: A multiple cohort model of HCV prevalence and disease progression
    • Davis, G.L., Alter, M.J., El-Serag, H., Poynard, T., and Jennings, L.W. 2010. Aging of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected persons in the United States: a multiple cohort model of HCV prevalence and disease progression. Gastroenterology, 138(2): 513–521, 521 e511-516. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.09.067. PMID:19861128.
    • (2010) Gastroenterology , vol.138 , Issue.2
    • Davis, G.L.1    Alter, M.J.2    El-Serag, H.3    Poynard, T.4    Jennings, L.W.5
  • 12
    • 84873895893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-28 and hepatitis C virus genotype-4: Treatment-induced clearance and liver fibrosis
    • Derbala, M., Rizk, N., Shebl, F., Alkaabi, S., Eldweik, N., John, A., et al. 2012. Interleukin-28 and hepatitis C virus genotype-4: treatment-induced clearance and liver fibrosis. World J. Gastroenterol. 18(47): 7003–7008. doi:10.3748/wjg.v18.i47.7003. PMID:23323000.
    • (2012) World J. Gastroenterol , vol.18 , Issue.47 , pp. 7003-7008
    • Derbala, M.1    Rizk, N.2    Shebl, F.3    Alkaabi, S.4    Eldweik, N.5    John, A.6
  • 13
    • 0032583933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Di Bisceglie, A.M. 1998. Hepatitis C. Lancet, 351(9099): 351–355. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)07361-3. PMID:9652633.
    • (1998) Hepatitis C. Lancet , vol.351 , Issue.9099 , pp. 351-355
    • Di Bisceglie, A.M.1
  • 14
    • 69549135689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The autophagy machinery is required to initiate hepatitis C virus replication
    • Dreux, M., Gastaminza, P., Wieland, S.F., and Chisari, F.V. 2009. The autophagy machinery is required to initiate hepatitis C virus replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106(33): 14046–14051. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907344106. PMID:19666601.
    • (2009) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.106 , Issue.33 , pp. 14046-14051
    • Dreux, M.1    Gastaminza, P.2    Wieland, S.F.3    Chisari, F.V.4
  • 15
    • 84892529894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatitis C virus infection
    • European Association for the Study of the Liver. 2014. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of hepatitis C virus infection. J. Hepatol. 60(2): 392–420. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2013.11.003. PMID:24331294.
    • (2014) J. Hepatol , vol.60 , Issue.2 , pp. 392-420
  • 16
    • 0037179698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection
    • Fried, M.W., Shiffman, M.L., Reddy, K.R., Smith, C., Marinos, G., Goncales, F.L., Jr., et al. 2002. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 347(13): 975–982. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa020047. PMID:12324553.
    • (2002) N. Engl. J. Med , vol.347 , Issue.13 , pp. 975-982
    • Fried, M.W.1    Shiffman, M.L.2    Reddy, K.R.3    Smith, C.4    Marinos, G.5    Goncales, F.L.6
  • 17
    • 84890803688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autophagy and apoptosis dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders
    • Ghavami, S., Shojaei, S., Yeganeh, B., Ande, S.R., Jangamreddy, J.R., Mehrpour, M., et al. 2014. Autophagy and apoptosis dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders. Prog. Neurobiol. 112: 24–49. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.10.004. PMID: 24211851.
    • (2014) Prog. Neurobiol , vol.112 , pp. 24-49
    • Ghavami, S.1    Shojaei, S.2    Yeganeh, B.3    E, S.R.4    Jangamreddy, J.R.5    Mehrpour, M.6
  • 18
    • 0031862379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of spontaneous fluctuations of viral load in untreated patients with chronic hepatitis C by two standardized quantitation methods: Branched DNA and Amplicor Monitor
    • Halfon, P., Bourliere, M., Halimi, G., Khiri, H., Bertezene, P., Portal, I., et al. 1998. Assessment of spontaneous fluctuations of viral load in untreated patients with chronic hepatitis C by two standardized quantitation methods: branched DNA and Amplicor Monitor. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36(7): 2073–2075. PMID:9650965.
    • (1998) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.36 , Issue.7 , pp. 2073-2075
    • Halfon, P.1    Bourliere, M.2    Halimi, G.3    Khiri, H.4    Bertezene, P.5    Portal, I.6
  • 19
    • 33845424075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Equal amounts of intracellular and virion-enclosed hepatitis C virus RNA are associated with peripheral-blood mononuclear cells in vivo
    • Kaiser, P., Niederost, B., Joos, B., von Wyl, V., Opravil, M., Weber, R., et al. 2006. Equal amounts of intracellular and virion-enclosed hepatitis C virus RNA are associated with peripheral-blood mononuclear cells in vivo. J. Infect. Dis. 194(12): 1713–1723. doi:10.1086/508431. PMID:17109344.
    • (2006) J. Infect. Dis , vol.194 , Issue.12 , pp. 1713-1723
    • Kaiser, P.1    Niederost, B.2    Joos, B.3    Von Wyl, V.4    Opravil, M.5    Weber, R.6
  • 20
    • 78650961487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of the unfolded protein response and autophagy after hepatitis C virus infection suppresses innate antiviral immunity in vitro
    • Ke, P.Y., and Chen, S.S. 2011. Activation of the unfolded protein response and autophagy after hepatitis C virus infection suppresses innate antiviral immunity in vitro. J. Clin. Invest. 121(1): 37–56. doi:10.1172/JCI41474. PMID:21135505.
    • (2011) J. Clin. Invest , vol.121 , Issue.1 , pp. 37-56
    • Ke, P.Y.1    Chen, S.S.2
  • 21
    • 0034537290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation
    • Klionsky, D.J., and Emr, S.D. 2000. Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation. Science, 290(5497): 1717–1721. doi:10.1126/science.290.5497.1717. PMID:11099404.
    • (2000) Science , vol.290 , Issue.5497 , pp. 1717-1721
    • Klionsky, D.J.1    Emr, S.D.2
  • 22
    • 0035934568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: A randomised trial
    • Manns, M.P., McHutchison, J.G., Gordon, S.C., Rustgi, V.K., Shiffman, M., Reindollar, R., et al. 2001. Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomised trial. Lancet, 358(9286): 958–965. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06102-5. PMID:11583749.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.358 , Issue.9286 , pp. 958-965
    • Manns, M.P.1    McHutchison, J.G.2    Gordon, S.C.3    Rustgi, V.K.4    Shiffman, M.5    Reindollar, R.6
  • 23
    • 77949264265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication by chloroquine targeting virusassociated autophagy
    • Mizui, T., Yamashina, S., Tanida, I., Takei, Y., Ueno, T., Sakamoto, N., et al. 2010. Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication by chloroquine targeting virusassociated autophagy. J. Gastroenterol. 45(2): 195–203. doi:10.1007/s00535-009-0132-9. PMID:19760134.
    • (2010) J. Gastroenterol , vol.45 , Issue.2 , pp. 195-203
    • Mizui, T.1    Yamashina, S.2    Tanida, I.3    Takei, Y.4    Ueno, T.5    Sakamoto, N.6
  • 24
    • 36249025723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autophagy: Process and function
    • Mizushima, N. 2007. Autophagy: process and function. Genes Dev. 21(22): 2861–2873. doi:10.1101/gad.1599207. PMID:18006683.
    • (2007) Genes Dev , vol.21 , Issue.22 , pp. 2861-2873
    • Mizushima, N.1
  • 25
    • 37649018343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The course of hepatitis C viraemia in transfusion recipients prior to availability of antiviral therapy
    • Mosley, J.W., Operskalski, E.A., Tobler, L.H., Buskell, Z.J., Andrews, W.W., Phelps, B., et al. 2008. The course of hepatitis C viraemia in transfusion recipients prior to availability of antiviral therapy. J. Viral Hepat. 15(2): 120–128. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2893.2007.00900.x. PMID:18184195.
    • (2008) J. Viral Hepat , vol.15 , Issue.2 , pp. 120-128
    • Mosley, J.W.1    Operskalski, E.A.2    Tobler, L.H.3    Buskell, Z.J.4    Rews, W.W.5    Phelps, B.6
  • 26
    • 57649166494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eating the enemy within: Autophagy in infectious diseases
    • Orvedahl, A., and Levine, B. 2009. Eating the enemy within: autophagy in infectious diseases. Cell Death Differ. 16(1): 57–69. doi:10.1038/cdd.2008.130. PMID: 18772897.
    • (2009) Cell Death Differ , vol.16 , Issue.1 , pp. 57-69
    • Orvedahl, A.1    Levine, B.2
  • 27
    • 0019866088 scopus 로고
    • Effect of weak bases on the intralysosomal pH in mouse peritoneal macrophages
    • Poole, B., and Ohkuma, S. 1981. Effect of weak bases on the intralysosomal pH in mouse peritoneal macrophages. J. Cell Biol. 90(3): 665–669. doi:10.1083/jcb.90.3.665. PMID:6169733.
    • (1981) J. Cell Biol , vol.90 , Issue.3 , pp. 665-669
    • Poole, B.1    Ohkuma, S.2
  • 28
    • 84912142412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sofosbuvir vs. Combination of Pegylated Interferon and Ribavirin; How Much Shall Pay for Iranian Patients?
    • Pourhoseingholi, M.A., Ashtari, S., and Alavian, S.M. 2014. Sofosbuvir vs. Combination of Pegylated Interferon and Ribavirin; How Much Shall Pay for Iranian Patients? Hepat. Mon. 14(11): e25540. doi:10.5812/hepatmon.25540. PMID:25598793.
    • (2014) Hepat. Mon , vol.14 , Issue.11
    • Pourhoseingholi, M.A.1    Ashtari, S.2    Alavian, S.M.3
  • 29
    • 0036242165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of pegylated interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin on liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C
    • Poynard, T., McHutchison, J., Manns, M., Trepo, C., Lindsay, K., Goodman, Z., et al. 2002. Impact of pegylated interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin on liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology, 122(5): 1303–1313. doi:10.1053/gast.2002.33023. PMID:11984517.
    • (2002) Gastroenterology , vol.122 , Issue.5 , pp. 1303-1313
    • Poynard, T.1    McHutchison, J.2    Manns, M.3    Trepo, C.4    Lindsay, K.5    Goodman, Z.6
  • 30
    • 84881623229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How positive-strand RNA viruses benefit from autophagosome maturation
    • Richards, A.L., and Jackson, W.T. 2013. How positive-strand RNA viruses benefit from autophagosome maturation. J. Virol. 87(18): 9966–9972. doi:10.1128/JVI.00460-13. PMID:23760248.
    • (2013) J. Virol , vol.87 , Issue.18 , pp. 9966-9972
    • Richards, A.L.1    Jackson, W.T.2
  • 31
    • 34548460117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recycling of chloroquine and its hydroxyl analogue to face bacterial, fungal and viral infections in the 21st century
    • Rolain, J.M., Colson, P., and Raoult, D. 2007. Recycling of chloroquine and its hydroxyl analogue to face bacterial, fungal and viral infections in the 21st century. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 30(4): 297–308. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.05.015. PMID:17629679.
    • (2007) Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents , vol.30 , Issue.4 , pp. 297-308
    • Rolain, J.M.1    Colson, P.2    Raoult, D.3
  • 32
    • 12344300756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Random allocation software for parallel group randomized trials
    • Saghaei, M. 2004. Random allocation software for parallel group randomized trials. BMCMed. Res. Methodol. 4: 26. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-4-26. PMID:15535880.
    • (2004) Bmcmed. Res. Methodol , vol.4
    • Saghaei, M.1
  • 33
    • 0242355070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: An old drug against today’s diseases?
    • Savarino, A., Boelaert, J.R., Cassone, A., Majori, G., and Cauda, R. 2003. Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today’s diseases? Lancet Infect. Dis. 3(11): 722–727. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00806-5. PMID:14592603.
    • (2003) Lancet Infect. Dis , vol.3 , Issue.11 , pp. 722-727
    • Savarino, A.1    Boelaert, J.R.2    Cassone, A.3    Majori, G.4    Cauda, R.5
  • 34
    • 0028903955 scopus 로고
    • Combined treatment with interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C in patients with a previous non-response or non-sustained response to interferon alone
    • Schvarcz, R., Yun, Z.B., Sonnerborg, A., and Weiland, O. 1995. Combined treatment with interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C in patients with a previous non-response or non-sustained response to interferon alone. J. Med. Virol. 46(1): 43–47. doi:10.1002/jmv.1890460110. PMID:7623006.
    • (1995) J. Med. Virol , vol.46 , Issue.1 , pp. 43-47
    • Schvarcz, R.1    Yun, Z.B.2    Sonnerborg, A.3    Weiland, O.4
  • 35
    • 79251512287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Knockdown of autophagy enhances the innate immune response in hepatitis C virus-infected hepatocytes
    • Shrivastava, S., Raychoudhuri, A., Steele, R., Ray, R., and Ray, R.B. 2011. Knockdown of autophagy enhances the innate immune response in hepatitis C virus-infected hepatocytes. Hepatology, 53(2): 406–414. doi:10.1002/hep.24073. PMID:21274862.
    • (2011) Hepatology , vol.53 , Issue.2 , pp. 406-414
    • Shrivastava, S.1    Raychoudhuri, A.2    Steele, R.3    Ray, R.4    Ray, R.B.5
  • 36
    • 70349634804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Knockdown of autophagy-related gene decreases the production of infectious hepatitis C virus particles
    • Tanida, I., Fukasawa, M., Ueno, T., Kominami, E., Wakita, T., and Hanada, K. 2009. Knockdown of autophagy-related gene decreases the production of infectious hepatitis C virus particles. Autophagy, 5(7): 937–945. doi:10.4161/auto.5.7.9243. PMID:19625776.
    • (2009) Autophagy , vol.5 , Issue.7 , pp. 937-945
    • Tanida, I.1    Fukasawa, M.2    Ueno, T.3    Kominami, E.4    Wakita, T.5    Hanada, K.6
  • 37
    • 71549119489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What are the implications of the spontaneous spleno-renal shunts in liver cirrhosis?
    • Tarantino, G., Citro, V., Conca, P., Riccio, A., Tarantino, M., Capone, D., et al. 2009a. What are the implications of the spontaneous spleno-renal shunts in liver cirrhosis? BMC Gastroenterol. 9: 89. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-9-89. PMID:19930687.
    • (2009) BMC Gastroenterol , vol.9
    • Tarantino, G.1    Citro, V.2    Conca, P.3    Riccio, A.4    Tarantino, M.5    Capone, D.6
  • 38
    • 64049105177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood ammonia levels in liver cirrhosis: A clue for the presence of portosystemic collateral veins
    • Tarantino, G., Citro, V., Esposito, P., Giaquinto, S., de Leone, A., Milan, G., et al. 2009b. Blood ammonia levels in liver cirrhosis: a clue for the presence of portosystemic collateral veins. BMC Gastroenterol. 9: 21. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-9-21. PMID:19292923.
    • (2009) BMC Gastroenterol , vol.9
    • Tarantino, G.1    Citro, V.2    Esposito, P.3    Giaquinto, S.4    De Leone, A.5    Milan, G.6
  • 39
    • 12444260678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized, controlled trial with IFN-alpha combined with ribavirin with and without amantadine sulphate in non-responders with chronic hepatitis C
    • Teuber, G., Pascu, M., Berg, T., Lafrenz, M., Pausch, J., Kullmann, F., et al. 2003. Randomized, controlled trial with IFN-alpha combined with ribavirin with and without amantadine sulphate in non-responders with chronic hepatitis C. J. Hepatol. 39(4): 606–613. doi:10.1016/S0168-8278(03)00298-8. PMID:12971972.
    • (2003) J. Hepatol , vol.39 , Issue.4 , pp. 606-613
    • Teuber, G.1    Pascu, M.2    Berg, T.3    Lafrenz, M.4    Pausch, J.5    Kullmann, F.6
  • 40
    • 84893824447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dendritic cells treated with chloroquine modulate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Thome, R., Issayama, L.K., DiGangi, R., Bombeiro, A.L., da Costa, T.A., Ferreira, I.T., et al. 2014. Dendritic cells treated with chloroquine modulate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Immunol. Cell Biol. 92(2): 124–132. doi:10.1038/icb.2013.73. PMID:24217811.
    • (2014) Immunol. Cell Biol , vol.92 , Issue.2 , pp. 124-132
    • Thome, R.1    Issayama, L.K.2    Digangi, R.3    Bombeiro, A.L.4    Da Costa, T.A.5    Ferreira, I.T.6
  • 41
    • 84855824374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autophagy required for hepatitis B virus replication in transgenic mice
    • Tian, Y., Sir, D., Kuo, C.F., Ann, D.K., and Ou, J.H. 2011. Autophagy required for hepatitis B virus replication in transgenic mice. J. Virol. 85(24): 13453–13456. doi:10.1128/JVI.06064-11. PMID:21957292.
    • (2011) J. Virol , vol.85 , Issue.24 , pp. 13453-13456
    • Tian, Y.1    Sir, D.2    Kuo, C.F.3    Ann, D.K.4    Ou, J.H.5
  • 42
    • 2442715159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retreatment of hepatitis C non-responsive to interferon. A placebo controlled randomized trial of ribavirin monotherapy versus combination therapy with Ribavirin and Interferon in 121 patients in the Benelux [ISRCTN53821378]
    • Veldt, B.J., Brouwer, J.T., Adler, M., Nevens, F., Michielsen, P., Delwaide, J., et al. 2003. Retreatment of hepatitis C non-responsive to interferon. A placebo controlled randomized trial of ribavirin monotherapy versus combination therapy with Ribavirin and Interferon in 121 patients in the Benelux [ISRCTN53821378]. BMC Gastroenterol. 3: 24. PMID:12948399.
    • (2003) BMC Gastroenterol , vol.3
    • Veldt, B.J.1    Brouwer, J.T.2    Adler, M.3    Nevens, F.4    Michielsen, P.5    Delwaide, J.6
  • 43
    • 23844542010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms based on biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) literature data: Chloroquine phosphate, chloroquine sulfate, and chloroquine hydrochloride
    • Verbeeck, R.K., Junginger, H.E., Midha, K.K., Shah, V.P., and Barends, D.M. 2005. Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms based on biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) literature data: chloroquine phosphate, chloroquine sulfate, and chloroquine hydrochloride. J. Pharm. Sci. 94(7): 1389–1395. doi:10.1002/jps.20343. PMID:15920763.
    • (2005) J. Pharm. Sci , vol.94 , Issue.7 , pp. 1389-1395
    • Verbeeck, R.K.1    Junginger, H.E.2    Midha, K.K.3    Shah, V.P.4    Barends, D.M.5
  • 44
    • 0347626252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autophagy: A regulated bulk degradation process inside cells
    • Yoshimori, T. 2004. Autophagy: a regulated bulk degradation process inside cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 313(2): 453–458. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.07.023. PMID:14684184.
    • (2004) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun , vol.313 , Issue.2 , pp. 453-458
    • Yoshimori, T.1
  • 45
    • 0026761707 scopus 로고
    • Infection of peripheral mononuclear blood cells by hepatitis C virus
    • Zignego, A.L., Macchia, D., Monti, M., Thiers, V., Mazzetti, M., Foschi, M., et al. 1992. Infection of peripheral mononuclear blood cells by hepatitis C virus. J. Hepatol. 15(3): 382–386. doi:10.1016/0168-8278(92)90073-X. PMID:1332999.
    • (1992) J. Hepatol , vol.15 , Issue.3 , pp. 382-386
    • Zignego, A.L.1    Macchia, D.2    Monti, M.3    Thiers, V.4    Mazzetti, M.5    Foschi, M.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.