Trajectories of Diabetes Medication Adherence and Hospitalization Risk: A Retrospective Cohort Study in a Large State Medicaid Program

Journal of General Internal Medicine

Volumn 31, Issue 9, 2016, Pages 1052-1060

  Lo Ciganic, Wei Hsuan ^a   Donohue, Julie M ^b,c   Jones, Bobby L ^d   Perera, Subashan ^b,e   Thorpe, Joshua M ^c,f   Thorpe, Carolyn T ^c,f   Marcum, Zachary A ^g   Gellad, Walid F ^c,e,f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH GRADUATE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

diabetes; group based trajectory models; Medicaid; medication adherence; oral hypoglycemics

Indexed keywords

INSULIN; ORAL ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT;

ADULT; ARTICLE; COHORT ANALYSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; EMERGENCY WARD; FEMALE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAID; MEDICARE; MEDICATION COMPLIANCE; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PREDICTION; PRESCRIPTION; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODEL; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; ECONOMICS; FOLLOW UP; MIDDLE AGED; PENNSYLVANIA; RISK FACTOR; TRENDS; UNITED STATES;

ADULT; DIABETES MELLITUS; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; MALE; MEDICAID; MEDICATION ADHERENCE; MIDDLE AGED; PENNSYLVANIA; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84969917104     PISSN: 08848734     EISSN: 15251497     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11606-016-3747-6     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes statistics report: estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2014.
2. Hughes DA, Bagust A, Haycox A, Walley T. The impact of non-compliance on the cost-effectiveness of pharmaceuticals: a review of the literature. Health Econ. 2001;10(7):601–615.
3. Ho PM, Rumsfeld JS, Masoudi FA, et al. Effect of medication nonadherence on hospitalization and mortality among patients with diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(17):1836–1841.
4. Cutrona SL, Choudhry NK, Fischer MA, et al. Targeting cardiovascular medication adherence interventions. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2012;52(3):381–397.
5. Steiner JF, Prochazka AV. The assessment of refill compliance using pharmacy records: methods, validity, and applications. J Clin Epidemiol. 1997;50(1):105–116.
6. Woltmann EM, Valenstein M, Welsh DE, et al. Using pharmacy data on partial adherence to inform clinical care of patients with serious mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2007;58(6):864–867.
7. Parris ES, Lawrence DB, Mohn LA, Long LB. Adherence to statin therapy and LDL cholesterol goal attainment by patients with diabetes and dyslipidemia. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(3):595–599.
8. Bramley TJ, Gerbino PP, Nightengale BS, Frech-Tamas F. Relationship of blood pressure control to adherence with antihypertensive monotherapy in 13 managed care organizations. J Manag Care Pharm. 2006;12(3):239–245.
9. Lau DT, Nau DP. Oral antihyperglycemic medication nonadherence and subsequent hospitalization among individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(9):2149–2153.
10. Stroupe KT, Teal EY, Tu W, Weiner M, Murray MD. Association of refill adherence and health care use among adults with hypertension in an urban health care system. Pharmacotherapy. 2006;26(6):779–789.
11. Sokol MC, McGuigan KA, Verbrugge RR, Epstein RS. Impact of medication adherence on hospitalization risk and healthcare cost. Med Care. 2005;43(6):521–530.
12. Gilmer TP, Dolder CR, Lacro JP, et al. Adherence to treatment with antipsychotic medication and health care costs among Medicaid beneficiaries with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(4):692–699.
13. Franklin JM, Shrank WH, Pakes J, et al. Group-based trajectory models: a new approach to classifying and predicting long-term medication adherence. Med Care. 2013;51(9):789–796.
14. Modi AC, Rausch JR, Glauser TA. Patterns of nonadherence to antiepileptic drug therapy in children with newly diagnosed epilepsy. JAMA. 2011;305(16):1669–1676.
15. Modi AC, Cassedy AE, Quittner AL, et al. Trajectories of adherence to airway clearance therapy for patients with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr Psychol. 2010;35(9):1028–1037.
16. Glass TR, Battegay M, Cavassini M, et al. Longitudinal analysis of patterns and predictors of changes in self-reported adherence to antiretroviral therapy: Swiss HIV Cohort Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;54(2):197–203.
17. Franklin JM, Krumme AA, Tong AY, et al. Association between trajectories of statin adherence and subsequent cardiovascular events. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2015.
18. Gellad WF, Donohue JM, Zhao X, et al. Brand-name prescription drug use among Veterans Affairs and Medicare Part D patients with diabetes: a national cohort comparison. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(2):105–114.
19. National Committee for Quality Assurance. Comprehensive Diabetes Care. Washington, DC: NCQA; 2012.
20. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Physician Quality Reporting System MEasures Specifications Manual for Claims and Registry Reporting of Individual Measures. Baltimore: CMS; 2011.
21. Menzin J, Korn JR, Cohen J, et al. Relationship between glycemic control and diabetes-related hospital costs in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Manag Care Pharm. 2010;16(4):264–275.
22. Wang J, Imai K, Engelgau MM, Geiss LS, Wen C, Zhang P. Secular trends in diabetes-related preventable hospitalizations in the United States, 1998-2006. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(7):1213–1217.
23. American Diabetes Association. Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. In 2007. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(3):596–615.
24. Coleman RL, Stevens RJ, Holman RR. Estimating risk of clinically evident neuropathy in type 2 diabetes: a UKPDS risk equation. Diabet Med. 2006;23(Suppl 2):51.
25. Ginde AA, Blanc PG, Lieberman RM, Camargo CA Jr. Validation of ICD-9-CM coding algorithm for improved identification of hypoglycemia visits. BMC Endocr Disord. 2008;8:4.
26. Sheehan DV, Keene MS, Eaddy M, Krulewicz S, Kraus JE, Carpenter DJ. Differences in medication adherence and healthcare resource utilization patterns: older versus newer antidepressant agents in patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders. CNS Drugs. 2008;22(11):963–973.
27. Wu PH, Yang CY, Yao ZL, Lin WZ, Wu LW, Chang CC. Relationship of blood pressure control and hospitalization risk to medication adherence among patients with hypertension in Taiwan. Am J Hypertens. 2010;23(2):155–160.
28. Simoni-Wastila L, Wei YJ, Qian J, et al. Association of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease maintenance medication adherence with all-cause hospitalization and spending in a Medicare population. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2012;10(3):201–210.
29. Lang K, Federico V, Muser E, Menzin J, Menzin J. Rates and predictors of antipsychotic non-adherence and hospitalization in Medicaid and commercially-insured patients with schizophrenia. J Med Econ. 2013;16(8):997–1006.
30. Choudhry NK, Shrank WH, Levin RL, et al. Measuring concurrent adherence to multiple related medications. Am J Manag Care. 2009;15(7):457–464.
31. Hess LM, Raebel MA, Conner DA, Malone DC. Measurement of adherence in pharmacy administrative databases: a proposal for standard definitions and preferred measures. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(7-8):1280–1288.
32. Chu L-H, Kawatkar A, Gu A. A SAS® Macro Program to Calculate Medication Adherence Rate for Single and Multiple Medication Use. In: Western Users of SAS Software 2011 Conference. 2011. http://www.wuss.org/proceedings11/Papers_Chu_L_74886.pdf. (Accessed on April 11, 2016).
33. Nau DP. Proportion of Days Covered (PDC) as a preferred method of measuring medication adherence. Pharm Qual Alliance. 2012. http://www.pqaalliance.org/images/uploads/files/PQA%20PDC%20vs%20%20MPR.pdf. (Accessed April 11, 2016).
34. Jones BL, Nagin DS. A note on a Stata Plugin for estimating group-based trajectory models. Soc Meth Res. 2013;42(4):608–613.
35. Nagin DS, Odgers CL. Group-based trajectory modeling in clinical research. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2010;6:109–138.
36. Nagin DS. Group-Based Modeling of Development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 2005.
37. Twisk J, Hoekstra T. Classifying developmental trajectories over time should be done with great caution: a comparison between methods. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012;65(10):1078–1087.
38. Andersen RM. Revisiting the behavioral model and access to medical care: does it matter? J Health Soc Behav. 1995;36(1):1–10.
39. World Health Organization. Adherence to Long-term Therapy: Evidence for action. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.
40. Bosworth HB, Olsen MK, Oddone EZ. Improving blood pressure control by tailored feedback to patients and clinicians. Am Heart J. 2005;149(5):795–803.
41. Bosworth HB, Oddone EZ. A model of psychosocial and cultural antecedents of blood pressure control. J Natl Med Assoc. 2002;94(4):236–248.
42. Murray MD, Morrow DG, Weiner M, et al. A conceptual framework to study medication adherence in older adults. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2004;2(1):36–43.
43. Choudhry NK, Fischer MA, Avorn J, et al. The implications of therapeutic complexity on adherence to cardiovascular medications. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(9):814–822.
44. Fischer MA, Choudhry NK, Brill G, et al. Trouble getting started: predictors of primary medication nonadherence. Am J Med. 2011;124(11):1081 e9–22.
45. Stroupe KT, Teal EY, Weiner M, Gradus-Pizlo I, Brater DC, Murray MD. Health care and medication costs and use among older adults with heart failure. Am J Med. 2004;116(7):443–450.
46. Thorpe CT, Bryson CL, Maciejewski ML, Bosworth HB. Medication acquisition and self-reported adherence in veterans with hypertension. Med Care. 2009;47(4):474–481.
47. Quan H, Sundararajan V, Halfon P, et al. Coding algorithms for defining comorbidities in ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 administrative data. Med Care. 2005;43(11):1130–1139.
48. Elixhauser A, Steiner C, Harris DR, Coffey RM. Comorbidity measures for use with administrative data. Med Care. 1998;36(1):8–27.
49. Young BA, Lin E, Von Korff M, et al. Diabetes complications severity index and risk of mortality, hospitalization, and healthcare utilization. Am J Manag Care. 2008;14(1):15–23.
50. Chang HY, Weiner JP, Richards TM, Bleich SN, Segal JB. Predicting costs with diabetes complications severity index in claims data. Am J Manag Care. 2012;18(4):213–219.
51. Stuart BC, Dai M, Xu J, Loh FH, Dougherty JS. Does good medication adherence really save payers money? Med Care. 2015;53(6):517–523.
52. Halanych JH, Wang F, Miller DR, et al. Racial/ethnic differences in diabetes care for older veterans: accounting for dual health system use changes conclusions. Med Care. 2006;44(5):439–445.
53. Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) Measure 2015 Physician Documentation Guidelines and Administrative Codes. https://www.anthem.com/provider/noapplication/f5/s2/t0/pw_e192450.pdf?refer=ahpprovider. (Accessed on April 11, 2016).
54. Harrell FE Jr, Lee KL, Mark DB. Multivariable prognostic models: issues in developing models, evaluating assumptions and adequacy, and measuring and reducing errors. Stat Med. 1996;15(4):361–387.
55. Pencina MJ, D’Agostino RB. Overall C as a measure of discrimination in survival analysis: model specific population value and confidence interval estimation. Stat Med. 2004;23(13):2109–2123.
56. Apfel CC, Kranke P, Greim CA, Roewer N. What can be expected from risk scores for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting? Br J Anaesth. 2001;86(6):822–827.
57. Zullig LL, Gellad WF, Moaddeb J, et al. Improving diabetes medication adherence: successful, scalable interventions. Patient Prefer Adher. 2015;9:139–149.
58. Brookhart MA, Patrick AR, Dormuth C, et al. Adherence to lipid-lowering therapy and the use of preventive health services: an investigation of the healthy user effect. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;166(3):348–354.
59. Roberts AW, Dusetzina SB, Farley JF. Revisiting the washout period in the incident user study design: why 6-12 months may not be sufficient. J Comp Eff Res. 2015;4:27–35.